<->
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Name

<-> — A와 B 사이의 2차원 거리를 반환합니다.

Synopsis

double precision <->( geometry A , geometry B );

double precision <->( geography A , geography B );

설명

The <-> operator returns the 2D distance between two geometries. Used in the "ORDER BY" clause provides index-assisted nearest-neighbor result sets with true KNN distance search for geometries, and distance on the sphere for geographies.

[Note]

이 피연산자(operand)는 도형에 대해 이용할 수 있을지도 모르는 2차원 GiST 인덱스를 활용할 것입니다. 연산자가 ORDER BY 절 안에 있을 때만 공간 인덱스를 쓴다는 점에서 공간 인덱스를 이용하는 다른 연산자들과는 다릅니다.
[Note]

도형 가운데 하나가, 예를 들어 a.geom이 아니라 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry와 같이, (하위 쿼리/CTE(common table expression) 안에 있지 않은) 상수일 경우에만 인덱스의 효과가 나타납니다.

실제 사용례를 살펴보려면 OpenGeo workshop: Nearest-Neighbour Searching 을 참조하십시오.

Enhanced: 2.2.0 -- True KNN ("K nearest neighbor") behavior for geometry and geography. Note for geography KNN is based on sphere rather than spheroid.

Changed: 2.2.0 -- Old hybrid-syntax workarounds may be slower once true KNN is available. See examples below.

Availability: 2.0.0 -- Weak KNN provides nearest neighbors based on geometry centroid distances instead of true distances. Exact results for points, inexact for all other types.

예시

SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
FROM va2005
ORDER BY d limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

그리고 KNN의 가공되지 않은 답은: 

SELECT st_distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
FROM va2005
ORDER BY geom <-> 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

사용자가 이 두 쿼리에 대해 "EXPLAIN ANALYZE"를 실행하면 두 번째 쿼리의 성능이 향상되는 것을 볼 수 있을 겁니다.

When a plan cannot produce exact distances directly, use a hybrid query to find the true nearest neighbors. First a CTE query using the index-assisted KNN, then an exact query to get correct ordering: 

WITH index_query AS (
  SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
        FROM va2005
  ORDER BY geom <-> 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry LIMIT 100)
  SELECT *
        FROM index_query
  ORDER BY d limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)