PostGIS 3.6.3 Посібник користувача

вимагає

tar -xvzf postgis-3.6.3.tar.gz
cd postgis-3.6.3
./configure
make
make install
LDFLAGS=-lstdc++ ./configure [YOUR OPTIONS HERE]
wget https://download.osgeo.org/postgis/source/postgis-3.6.3.tar.gz
tar -xvzf postgis-3.6.3.tar.gz
cd postgis-3.6.3
git clone https://git.osgeo.org/gitea/postgis/postgis.git postgis
cd postgis
sh autogen.sh

./configure
cd extensions
cd postgis
make clean
make
export PGUSER=postgres #overwrite psql variables
make check #to test before install
make install
# to test extensions
make check RUNTESTFLAGS=--extension
SELECT name, default_version,installed_version
FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name LIKE 'postgis%' or name LIKE 'address%';

             name             | default_version | installed_version
------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------
 address_standardizer         | 3.6.3         | 3.6.3
 address_standardizer_data_us | 3.6.3         | 3.6.3
 postgis                      | 3.6.3         | 3.6.3
 postgis_raster               | 3.6.3         | 3.6.3
 postgis_sfcgal               | 3.6.3         |
 postgis_tiger_geocoder       | 3.6.3         | 3.6.3
 postgis_topology             | 3.6.3         |
(6 rows)
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_sfcgal;
CREATE EXTENSION fuzzystrmatch; --needed for postgis_tiger_geocoder
--optional used by postgis_tiger_geocoder, or can be used standalone
CREATE EXTENSION address_standardizer;
CREATE EXTENSION address_standardizer_data_us;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_tiger_geocoder;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology;
\connect mygisdb
\x
\dx postgis*
List of installed extensions
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis
Version     | 3.6.3
Schema      | public
Description | PostGIS geometry, geography, and raster spat..
-[ RECORD 2 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis_raster
Version     | 3.0.0dev
Schema      | public
Description | PostGIS raster types and functions
-[ RECORD 3 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis_tiger_geocoder
Version     | 3.6.3
Schema      | tiger
Description | PostGIS tiger geocoder and reverse geocoder
-[ RECORD 4 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis_topology
Version     | 3.6.3
Schema      | topology
Description | PostGIS topology spatial types and functions
CREATE EXTENSION postgis FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_tiger_geocoder FROM unpackaged;

CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-3
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

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Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites     44     44    n/a      0        0
               tests    300    300    300      0        0
             asserts   4215   4215   4215      0      n/a
Elapsed time =    0.229 seconds

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Running tests

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Run tests: 134
Failed: 0

-- if you build with SFCGAL

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Running tests

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Run tests: 13
Failed: 0

-- if you built with raster support

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        .

Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites     12     12    n/a      0        0
               tests     65     65     65      0        0
             asserts  45896  45896  45896      0      n/a

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        .

Running tests

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Run tests: 101
Failed: 0

-- topology regress

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Running tests

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Run tests: 51
Failed: 0

-- if you built --with-gui, you should see this too

     CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-2
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

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Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites      2      2    n/a      0        0
               tests      4      4      4      0        0
             asserts      4      4      4      0      n/a
cd extensions/address_standardizer
make install
make installcheck

============== dropping database "contrib_regression" ==============
DROP DATABASE
============== creating database "contrib_regression" ==============
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE
============== running regression test queries        ==============
test test-init-extensions     ... ok
test test-parseaddress        ... ok
test test-standardize_address_1 ... ok
test test-standardize_address_2 ... ok

=====================
 All 4 tests passed.
=====================
cd extensions/postgis_tiger_geocoder
make install
make installcheck

============== dropping database "contrib_regression" ==============
DROP DATABASE
============== creating database "contrib_regression" ==============
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE
============== installing fuzzystrmatch               ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== installing postgis                     ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== installing postgis_tiger_geocoder      ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== installing address_standardizer        ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== running regression test queries        ==============
test test-normalize_address   ... ok
test test-pagc_normalize_address ... ok

=====================
All 2 tests passed.
=====================
CREATE EXTENSION address_standardizer;
SELECT num, street, city, state, zip
 FROM parse_address('1 Devonshire Place PH301, Boston, MA 02109');
num |         street         |  city  | state |  zip
-----+------------------------+--------+-------+-------
 1   | Devonshire Place PH301 | Boston | MA    | 02109
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
CREATE EXTENSION fuzzystrmatch;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_tiger_geocoder;
--this one is optional if you want to use the rules based standardizer (pagc_normalize_address)
CREATE EXTENSION address_standardizer;
ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE;
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_tiger_geocoder UPDATE;
SELECT na.address, na.streetname,na.streettypeabbrev, na.zip
        FROM normalize_address('1 Devonshire Place, Boston, MA 02109') AS na;
address | streetname | streettypeabbrev |  zip
---------+------------+------------------+-------
           1 | Devonshire | Pl               | 02109
INSERT INTO tiger.loader_platform(os, declare_sect, pgbin, wget, unzip_command, psql, path_sep,
                   loader, environ_set_command, county_process_command)
SELECT 'debbie', declare_sect, pgbin, wget, unzip_command, psql, path_sep,
           loader, environ_set_command, county_process_command
  FROM tiger.loader_platform
  WHERE os = 'sh';
UPDATE tiger.loader_lookuptables SET load = true WHERE table_name = 'zcta520';
psql -c "SELECT Loader_Generate_Nation_Script('debbie')" -d geocoder -tA > /gisdata/nation_script_load.sh
cd /gisdata
sh nation_script_load.sh
SELECT count(*) FROM tiger_data.county_all;
count
-------
  3235
(1 row)
SELECT count(*) FROM tiger_data.state_all;
count
-------
    56
(1 row)

SELECT count(*) FROM tiger_data.zcta5_all;
count
-------
  33933
(1 row)

UPDATE tiger.loader_lookuptables SET load = true WHERE load = false AND lookup_name IN('tract', 'bg', 'tabblock20');
psql -c "SELECT Loader_Generate_Script(ARRAY['MA'], 'debbie')" -d geocoder -tA > /gisdata/ma_load.sh
cd /gisdata
sh ma_load.sh
SELECT install_missing_indexes();
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.addr;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.edges;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.faces;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.featnames;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.place;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.cousub;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.county;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.state;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.zcta5;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.zip_lookup_base;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.zip_state;
vacuum (analyze, verbose) tiger.zip_state_loc;
SELECT install_missing_indexes();
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_tiger_geocoder UPDATE;
SELECT drop_nation_tables_generate_script();
SELECT loader_generate_nation_script('windows'); 
SELECT loader_generate_nation_script('sh');
SELECT version();
SELECT postgis_full_version();
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '256MB';
-- this forces non-startup configs to take effect for new connections
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
-- show current setting value
-- use SHOW ALL to see all settings
SHOW work_mem;
SET work_mem TO '256MB';
SET maintenance_work_mem TO '1GB';
POSTGIS_ENABLE_OUTDB_RASTERS=1
POSTGIS_GDAL_ENABLED_DRIVERS=ENABLE_ALL
POSTGIS_GDAL_ENABLED_DRIVERS="GTiff PNG JPEG GIF XYZ"
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS plpgsql;
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster; -- OPTIONAL
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology; -- OPTIONAL

DB=[yourdatabase]
    SCRIPTSDIR=`pg_config --sharedir`/contrib/postgis-3.5/

    # Core objects
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/postgis.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/spatial_ref_sys.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/postgis_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

    # Raster support (OPTIONAL)
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/rtpostgis.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/raster_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

    # Topology support (OPTIONAL)
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/topology.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/topology_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();
ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE;
SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();
-- This second call is needed to rebundle postgis_raster extension
SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();

ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO "3.6.3";
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_topology UPDATE TO "3.6.3";
No migration path defined for … to 3.6.3
Version "3.6.3" of extension "postgis" is already installed
ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO "3.6.3next";
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_topology UPDATE TO "3.6.3next";
DROP EXTENSION postgis_raster;
can't drop … because postgis extension depends on it
ls `pg_config --sharedir`/contrib/postgis-3.6.3/*_upgrade.sql
psql -f postgis_upgrade.sql -d your_spatial_database
psql -f rtpostgis_upgrade.sql -d your_spatial_database
psql -f topology_upgrade.sql -d your_spatial_database
psql -f sfcgal_upgrade.sql -d your_spatial_database
psql -c "SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();"
pg_dump -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres -Fc -b -v -f "/somepath/olddb.backup" olddb
postgis_restore "/somepath/olddb.backup" | psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres newdb 2> errors.txt
ALTER TABLE spatial_ref_sys ADD CONSTRAINT spatial_ref_sys_srid_check check (srid 
> 0 AND srid < 999000 );

ALTER TABLE spatial_ref_sys ADD PRIMARY KEY(srid));

WARNING: SRID 310642222 converted to 999175 (in reserved zone)
postgis_restore "/somepath/olddb.backup" > olddb.sql
grep -v IGNF olddb.sql > olddb-without-IGN.sql
psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres -d newdb -f olddb-without-IGN.sql  2> errors.txt
POINT (1 2)
POINT Z (1 2 3)
POINT ZM (1 2 3 4)

LINESTRING (1 2, 3 4, 5 6)
LINEARRING (0 0 0, 4 0 0, 4 4 0, 0 4 0, 0 0 0)
POLYGON ((0 0 0,4 0 0,4 4 0,0 4 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2 0,1 1 0))
MULTIPOINT ( (0 0), (1 2) )
MULTILINESTRING ( (0 0,1 1,1 2), (2 3,3 2,5 4) )
MULTIPOLYGON (((1 5, 5 5, 5 1, 1 1, 1 5)), ((6 5, 9 1, 6 1, 6 5)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ( POINT(2 3), LINESTRING(2 3, 3 4))
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
  ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
  ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
  ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
  ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
  ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
  ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )
TRIANGLE ((0 0, 0 9, 9 0, 0 0))
TIN Z ( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 0 0 0)) )
CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0)

CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0)
COMPOUNDCURVE( CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0),(1 0, 0 1))
CURVEPOLYGON(
  CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0),
  (1 1, 3 3, 3 1, 1 1) )
CURVEPOLYGON(
  COMPOUNDCURVE( CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 0, 2 1, 2 3, 4 3),
                 (4 3, 4 5, 1 4, 0 0)),
  CIRCULARSTRING(1.7 1, 1.4 0.4, 1.6 0.4, 1.6 0.5, 1.7 1) )
MULTICURVE( (0 0, 5 5), CIRCULARSTRING(4 0, 4 4, 8 4))
MULTISURFACE(
  CURVEPOLYGON(
    CIRCULARSTRING( 0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0),
    (1 1, 3 3, 3 1, 1 1)),
  ((10 10, 14 12, 11 10, 10 10), (11 11, 11.5 11, 11 11.5, 11 11)))
text WKT = ST_AsText(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromText(text WKT, SRID);
INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-126.4 45.32)', 312), 'A Place');
bytea WKB = ST_AsBinary(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromWKB(bytea WKB, SRID);

INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromWKB('\x0101000000000000000000f03f000000000000f03f', 312), 'A Place');
SELECT 'SRID=4;POINT(0 0)'::geometry;
  geometry
  ----------------------------------------------------
  01010000200400000000000000000000000000000000000000

bytea EWKB = ST_AsEWKB(geometry);
text EWKT = ST_AsEWKT(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromEWKB(bytea EWKB);
geometry = ST_GeomFromEWKT(text EWKT);
INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=312;POINTM(-126.4 45.32 15)'), 'A Place' )
CREATE TABLE global_points (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(64),
    location geography(POINT,4326)
  );
CREATE TABLE ptgeogwgs(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINT) );
CREATE TABLE ptgeognad83(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINT,4269) );
CREATE TABLE ptzgeogwgs84(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINTZ,4326) );
CREATE TABLE lgeog(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(LINESTRING) );
CREATE TABLE lgeognad27(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POLYGON,4267) );
SELECT * FROM geography_columns;
-- Index the test table with a spherical index
CREATE INDEX global_points_gix ON global_points USING GIST ( location );
-- Add some data into the test table
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('Town', 'SRID=4326;POINT(-110 30)');
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('Forest', 'SRID=4326;POINT(-109 29)');
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('London', 'SRID=4326;POINT(0 49)');

-- NAD 83 lon/lat
SELECT 'SRID=4269;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
                    geography
----------------------------------------------------
 0101000020AD1000000000000000C05EC00000000000004140

-- NAD27 lon/lat
SELECT 'SRID=4267;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
                    geography
----------------------------------------------------
 0101000020AB1000000000000000C05EC00000000000004140

-- NAD83 UTM zone meters - gives an error since it is a meter-based planar projection
SELECT 'SRID=26910;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;

ERROR:  Only lon/lat coordinate systems are supported in geography.

-- A distance query using a 1000km tolerance
SELECT name FROM global_points WHERE ST_DWithin(location, 'SRID=4326;POINT(-110 29)'::geography, 1000000);
-- Distance calculation using GEOGRAPHY
SELECT ST_Distance('LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606, 0.0 51.5)'::geography, 'POINT(-21.96 64.15)'::geography);
   st_distance
-----------------
 122235.23815667
-- Distance calculation using GEOMETRY
SELECT ST_Distance('LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606, 0.0 51.5)'::geometry, 'POINT(-21.96 64.15)'::geometry);
      st_distance
--------------------
 13.342271221453624

SELECT
   ST_IsSimple('LINESTRING(0 0, 100 100)') AS straight,
   ST_IsSimple('LINESTRING(0 0, 100 100, 100 0, 0 100)') AS crossing;

 straight | crossing
----------+----------
 t        | f

SELECT
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)') AS len_nonzero,
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0, 0 0)') AS len_zero,
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(10 10, 150 150, 180 50, 20 130)') AS self_int;

 len_nonzero | len_zero | self_int
-------------+----------+----------
 t           | f        | t

SELECT ST_IsValid('POLYGON ((20 180, 180 180, 180 20, 20 20, 20 180))');
-----------------
 t

SELECT valid, reason, ST_AsText(location) AS location
    FROM ST_IsValidDetail('POLYGON ((20 20, 120 190, 50 190, 170 50, 20 20))') AS t;

 valid |      reason       |                  location
-------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------
 f     | Self-intersection | POINT(91.51162790697674 141.56976744186045)

ALTER TABLE mytable
  ADD CONSTRAINT geometry_valid_check
        CHECK (ST_IsValid(geom));
CREATE TABLE spatial_ref_sys (
  srid       INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  auth_name  VARCHAR(256),
  auth_srid  INTEGER,
  srtext     VARCHAR(2048),
  proj4text  VARCHAR(2048)
)
PROJCS["NAD83 / UTM Zone 10N",
  GEOGCS["NAD83",
        DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",
          SPHEROID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101]
        ],
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],
        UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]
  ],
  PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
  PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],
  PARAMETER["central_meridian",-123],
  PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],
  PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],
  PARAMETER["false_northing",0],
  UNIT["metre",1]
]
+proj=utm +zone=10 +ellps=clrk66 +datum=NAD27 +units=m
INSERT INTO spatial_ref_sys (srid, proj4text)
VALUES ( 990000,
  '+proj=lcc  +lon_0=-95 +lat_0=25 +lat_1=25 +lat_2=25 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs'
);

CREATE TABLE roads (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(64),
    geom geometry(LINESTRING,3005)
  );
CREATE TABLE geoms(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry );
CREATE TABLE pts(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POINT) );
CREATE TABLE pts(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POINTZ,3005) );
CREATE TABLE lines(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(LINESTRINGZM) );
CREATE TABLE polys(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POLYGON,4267) );
ALTER TABLE roads ADD COLUMN geom2 geometry(LINESTRINGZ,4326);
\d geometry_columns
View "public.geometry_columns"
      Column       |          Type          | Modifiers
-------------------+------------------------+-----------
 f_table_catalog   | character varying(256) |
 f_table_schema    | character varying(256) |
 f_table_name      | character varying(256) |
 f_geometry_column | character varying(256) |
 coord_dimension   | integer                |
 srid              | integer                |
 type              | character varying(30)  |
-- Lets say you have a view created like this
CREATE VIEW public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;

-- For it to register correctly
-- You need to cast the geometry
--
DROP VIEW public.vwmytablemercator;
CREATE VIEW  public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395)::geometry(Geometry, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;

-- If you know the geometry type for sure is a 2D POLYGON then you could do
DROP VIEW public.vwmytablemercator;
CREATE VIEW  public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom,3395)::geometry(Polygon, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;
--Lets say you created a derivative table by doing a bulk insert
SELECT poi.gid, poi.geom, citybounds.city_name
INTO myschema.my_special_pois
FROM poi INNER JOIN citybounds ON ST_Intersects(citybounds.geom, poi.geom);

-- Create 2D index on new table
CREATE INDEX idx_myschema_myspecialpois_geom_gist
  ON myschema.my_special_pois USING gist(geom);

-- If your points are 3D points or 3M points,
-- then you might want to create an nd index instead of a 2D index
CREATE INDEX my_special_pois_geom_gist_nd
        ON my_special_pois USING gist(geom gist_geometry_ops_nd);

-- To manually register this new table's geometry column in geometry_columns.
-- Note it will also change the underlying structure of the table to
-- to make the column typmod based.
SELECT populate_geometry_columns('myschema.my_special_pois'::regclass);

-- If you are using PostGIS 2.0 and for whatever reason, you
-- you need the constraint based definition behavior
-- (such as case of inherited tables where all children do not have the same type and srid)
-- set optional use_typmod argument to false
SELECT populate_geometry_columns('myschema.my_special_pois'::regclass, false); 
CREATE TABLE pois_ny(gid SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, poi_name text, cat text, geom geometry(POINT,4326));
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('pois_ny', 'geom_2160', 2160, 'POINT', 2, false);
\d pois_ny;
Table "public.pois_ny"
  Column   |         Type          |                       Modifiers

-----------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------
 gid       | integer               | not null default nextval('pois_ny_gid_seq'::regclass)
 poi_name  | text                  |
 cat       | character varying(20) |
 geom      | geometry(Point,4326)  |
 geom_2160 | geometry              |
Indexes:
    "pois_ny_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (gid)
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom_2160" CHECK (st_ndims(geom_2160) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom_2160" CHECK (geometrytype(geom_2160) = 'POINT'::text
        OR geom_2160 IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom_2160" CHECK (st_srid(geom_2160) = 2160)
SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'pois_ny';
f_table_name | f_geometry_column | srid | type
-------------+-------------------+------+-------
pois_ny      | geom              | 4326 | POINT
pois_ny      | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT
CREATE VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks AS
SELECT *
  FROM pois_ny
  WHERE cat='park';

SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'vw_pois_ny_parks';
f_table_name   | f_geometry_column | srid |   type
------------------+-------------------+------+----------
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom              | 4326 | POINT
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom_2160         |    0 | GEOMETRY
DROP VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks;
CREATE VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks AS
SELECT gid, poi_name, cat,
  geom,
  geom_2160::geometry(POINT,2160) As geom_2160
  FROM pois_ny
  WHERE cat = 'park';
SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'vw_pois_ny_parks';
f_table_name   | f_geometry_column | srid | type
------------------+-------------------+------+-------
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom              | 4326 | POINT
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (1,'LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)','Jeff Rd');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (2,'LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817)','Geordie Rd');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (3,'LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814)','Paul St');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (4,'LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122)','Graeme Ave');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (5,'LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134)','Phil Tce');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (6,'LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322)','Dave Cres');
COMMIT;
psql -d [database] -f roads.sql
COLUMNNAME DBFFIELD1
AVERYLONGCOLUMNNAME DBFFIELD2
# shp2pgsql -c -D -s 4269 -i -I shaperoads.shp myschema.roadstable 
> roads.sql
# psql -d roadsdb -f roads.sql

# shp2pgsql shaperoads.shp myschema.roadstable | psql -d roadsdb
db=# SELECT road_id, ST_AsText(road_geom) AS geom, road_name FROM roads;

road_id | geom                                    | road_name
--------+-----------------------------------------+-----------
          1 | LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242) | Jeff Rd
          2 | LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817) | Geordie Rd
          3 | LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814) | Paul St
          4 | LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122) | Graeme Ave
          5 | LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134) | Phil Tce
          6 | LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322) | Dave Cres
          7 | LINESTRING(218421 284121,224123 241231) | Chris Way
(6 rows)
SELECT road_id, road_name
  FROM roads
  WHERE roads_geom='SRID=312;LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)'::geometry;
SELECT road_id, road_name
FROM roads
WHERE ST_Intersects(roads_geom, 'SRID=312;POLYGON((...))');
SELECT ST_AsText(roads_geom) AS geom
FROM roads
WHERE
  roads_geom && ST_MakeEnvelope(191232, 243117,191232, 243119,312);

pgsql2shp [<options
>] <database
> [<schema
>.]<table>

pgsql2shp [<options
>] <database
> <query>

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ( [geometryfield] ); 
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ([geometryfield] gist_geometry_ops_nd);
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ( [geometryfield] ); 
VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [(column_name)];
CREATE TABLE table_sorted AS
   SELECT * FROM table  ORDER BY geom;

CREATE INDEX idx_temp_geohash ON table
    USING btree (ST_GeoHash( ST_Transform( geom, 4326 ), 20));
CLUSTER table USING idx_temp_geohash;

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING BRIN ( [geome_col] ); 
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ([geome_col] brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_3d);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ([geome_col] brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_4d);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ( [geome_col] ) WITH (pages_per_range = [number]); 
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING BRIN ( [geog_col] ); 
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ( [geometryfield] ); 
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ([geometryfield] spgist_geometry_ops_3d);
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ( [geometryfield] ); 
VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [(column_name)];
SELECT city.name, state.name, city.geom
FROM city JOIN state ON ST_Intersects(city.geom, state.geom);

SELECT ST_Relate( 'LINESTRING (1 1, 5 5)',
                  'POLYGON ((3 3, 3 7, 7 7, 7 3, 3 3))' );
st_relate
-----------
1010F0212

-- Find road segments that intersect in a line
SELECT a.id
FROM roads a, roads b
WHERE a.id != b.id
      AND a.geom && b.geom
      AND ST_Relate(a.geom, b.geom, '1*1***1**');
-- Find wharves partly on a lake's shoreline
SELECT a.lake_id, b.wharf_id
FROM lakes a, wharfs b
WHERE a.geom && b.geom
      AND ST_Relate(a.geom, b.geom, '102101FF2');

SELECT geom
FROM geom_table
WHERE ST_Distance( geom, 'SRID=312;POINT(100000 200000)' ) < 100

SELECT geom
FROM geom_table
WHERE ST_DWithin( geom, 'SRID=312;POINT(100000 200000)', 100 )

Column    | Type              | Description
----------+-------------------+-------------------
gid       | integer           | Unique ID
name      | character varying | Road Name
geom      | geometry          | Location Geometry (Linestring)
Column   | Type              | Description
---------+-------------------+-------------------
gid      | integer           | Unique ID
code     | integer           | Unique ID
name     | character varying | City / Town Name
geom     | geometry          | Location Geometry (Polygon)
SELECT sum(ST_Length(geom))/1000 AS km_roads FROM bc_roads;

km_roads
------------------
70842.1243039643

SELECT
  ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares
FROM bc_municipality
WHERE name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';

hectares
------------------
32657.9103824927

SELECT
  name,
  ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares
FROM bc_municipality
ORDER BY hectares DESC
LIMIT 1;

name           | hectares
---------------+-----------------
TUMBLER RIDGE  | 155020.02556131

SELECT
  m.name,
  sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 as roads_km
FROM bc_roads AS r
JOIN bc_municipality AS m
  ON ST_Contains(m.geom, r.geom)
GROUP BY m.name
ORDER BY roads_km;

name                        | roads_km
----------------------------+------------------
SURREY                      | 1539.47553551242
VANCOUVER                   | 1450.33093486576
LANGLEY DISTRICT            | 833.793392535662
BURNABY                     | 773.769091404338
PRINCE GEORGE               | 694.37554369147
...
CREATE TABLE pg_roads as
SELECT
  ST_Intersection(r.geom, m.geom) AS intersection_geom,
  ST_Length(r.geom) AS rd_orig_length,
  r.*
FROM bc_roads AS r
JOIN bc_municipality AS m
  ON ST_Intersects(r.geom, m.geom)
WHERE
  m.name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';

SELECT
  sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 AS kilometers
FROM bc_roads r
JOIN bc_municipality m
  ON ST_Intersects(m.geom, r.geom
WHERE
  r.name = 'Douglas St'
  AND m.name = 'VICTORIA';

kilometers
------------------
4.89151904172838

SELECT gid, name, ST_Area(geom) AS area
FROM bc_municipality
WHERE ST_NRings(geom) 
> 1
ORDER BY area DESC LIMIT 1;

gid  | name         | area
-----+--------------+------------------
12   | SPALLUMCHEEN | 257374619.430216

SELECT AddGeometryColumn('myschema','mytable','bbox','4326','GEOMETRY','2');
UPDATE mytable SET bbox = ST_Envelope(ST_Force2D(geom));
SELECT geom_column
FROM mytable
WHERE bbox && ST_SetSRID('BOX3D(0 0,1 1)'::box3d,4326);

lwgeom=# CLUSTER my_geom_index ON my_table;
ERROR: cannot cluster when index access method does not handle null values
HINT: You may be able to work around this by marking column "geom" NOT NULL.
lwgeom=# ALTER TABLE my_table ALTER COLUMN geom SET not null;
ALTER TABLE
UPDATE mytable SET geom = ST_Force2D(geom);
VACUUM FULL ANALYZE mytable;
-- Create schema to hold data
CREATE SCHEMA my_schema;
-- Create a new simple PostgreSQL table
CREATE TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table (id serial);

-- Describing the table shows a simple table with a single "id" column.
postgis=# \d my_schema.my_spatial_table
                                                         Table "my_schema.my_spatial_table"
 Column |  Type   |                                Modifiers
--------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 id     | integer | not null default nextval('my_schema.my_spatial_table_id_seq'::regclass)

-- Add a spatial column to the table
SELECT AddGeometryColumn ('my_schema','my_spatial_table','geom',4326,'POINT',2);

-- Add a point using the old constraint based behavior
SELECT AddGeometryColumn ('my_schema','my_spatial_table','geom_c',4326,'POINT',2, false);

--Add a curvepolygon using old constraint behavior
SELECT AddGeometryColumn ('my_schema','my_spatial_table','geomcp_c',4326,'CURVEPOLYGON',2, false);

-- Describe the table again reveals the addition of a new geometry columns.
\d my_schema.my_spatial_table
                            addgeometrycolumn
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 my_schema.my_spatial_table.geomcp_c SRID:4326 TYPE:CURVEPOLYGON DIMS:2
(1 row)

                                    Table "my_schema.my_spatial_table"
  Column  |         Type         |                                Modifiers
----------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 id       | integer              | not null default nextval('my_schema.my_spatial_table_id_seq'::regclass)
 geom     | geometry(Point,4326) |
 geom_c   | geometry             |
 geomcp_c | geometry             |
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom_c" CHECK (st_ndims(geom_c) = 2)
    "enforce_dims_geomcp_c" CHECK (st_ndims(geomcp_c) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom_c" CHECK (geometrytype(geom_c) = 'POINT'::text OR geom_c IS NULL)
    "enforce_geotype_geomcp_c" CHECK (geometrytype(geomcp_c) = 'CURVEPOLYGON'::text OR geomcp_c IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom_c" CHECK (st_srid(geom_c) = 4326)
    "enforce_srid_geomcp_c" CHECK (st_srid(geomcp_c) = 4326)

-- geometry_columns view also registers the new columns --
SELECT f_geometry_column As col_name, type, srid, coord_dimension As ndims
    FROM geometry_columns
    WHERE f_table_name = 'my_spatial_table' AND f_table_schema = 'my_schema';

 col_name |     type     | srid | ndims
----------+--------------+------+-------
 geom     | Point        | 4326 |     2
 geom_c   | Point        | 4326 |     2
 geomcp_c | CurvePolygon | 4326 |     2

SELECT DropGeometryColumn ('my_schema','my_spatial_table','geom');
                        ----RESULT output ---
                                          dropgeometrycolumn
------------------------------------------------------
 my_schema.my_spatial_table.geom effectively removed.

-- In PostGIS 2.0+ the above is also equivalent to the standard
-- the standard alter table.  Both will deregister from geometry_columns
ALTER TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table DROP column geom;

SELECT DropGeometryTable ('my_schema','my_spatial_table');
----RESULT output ---
my_schema.my_spatial_table dropped.

-- The above is now equivalent to --
DROP TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table;

SELECT Find_SRID('public', 'tiger_us_state_2007', 'geom_4269');
find_srid
----------
4269

CREATE TABLE public.myspatial_table(gid serial, geom geometry);
INSERT INTO myspatial_table(geom) VALUES(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)',4326) );
-- This will now use typ modifiers.  For this to work, there must exist data
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('public.myspatial_table'::regclass);

populate_geometry_columns
--------------------------
                        1

\d myspatial_table

                                   Table "public.myspatial_table"
 Column |           Type            |                           Modifiers
--------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
 gid    | integer                   | not null default nextval('myspatial_table_gid_seq'::regclass)
 geom   | geometry(LineString,4326) |

-- This will change the geometry columns to use constraints if they are not typmod or have constraints already.
--For this to work, there must exist data
CREATE TABLE public.myspatial_table_cs(gid serial, geom geometry);
INSERT INTO myspatial_table_cs(geom) VALUES(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)',4326) );
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('public.myspatial_table_cs'::regclass, false);
populate_geometry_columns
--------------------------
                        1
\d myspatial_table_cs

                          Table "public.myspatial_table_cs"
 Column |   Type   |                            Modifiers
--------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------
 gid    | integer  | not null default nextval('myspatial_table_cs_gid_seq'::regclass)
 geom   | geometry |
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom" CHECK (st_ndims(geom) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom" CHECK (geometrytype(geom) = 'LINESTRING'::text OR geom IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom" CHECK (st_srid(geom) = 4326)
COPY roads (geom) FROM STDIN;
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(10 10, 15 0)
\.

SELECT UpdateGeometrySRID('roads','geom',4326);
ALTER TABLE roads
  ALTER COLUMN geom TYPE geometry(MULTILINESTRING, 4326)
    USING ST_SetSRID(geom,4326);
ALTER TABLE roads
 ALTER COLUMN geom TYPE geometry(MULTILINESTRING, 3857) USING ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(geom,4326),3857) ;
SELECT ST_AsText( ST_Collect( ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'),
        ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-2 3)') ));

st_astext
----------
MULTIPOINT((1 2),(-2 3))

SELECT ST_AsEWKT( ST_Collect( ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3)'),
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 4)') ) );

                st_asewkt
-------------------------
 MULTIPOINT(1 2 3,1 2 4)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_Collect( 'CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)',
                'CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406)'));

                st_astext
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MULTICURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406),
 CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406))

SELECT ST_Collect( ARRAY( SELECT geom FROM sometable ) );

SELECT ST_AsText(  ST_Collect(
                ARRAY[ ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'),
                        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(3 4, 4 5)') ] )) As wktcollect;

--wkt collect --
MULTILINESTRING((1 2,3 4),(3 4,4 5))

SELECT stusps, ST_Collect(f.geom) as geom
         FROM (SELECT stusps, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom As geom
                                FROM
                                somestatetable ) As f
        GROUP BY stusps

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(  ST_LineFromMultiPoint('MULTIPOINT(1 2 3, 4 5 6, 7 8 9)')  );

--result--
LINESTRING(1 2 3,4 5 6,7 8 9)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 10, 11, 11, 4326) );

st_asewkt
-----------
POLYGON((10 10, 10 11, 11 11, 11 10, 10 10))

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,2), ST_Point(3,4)) );

          st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT( ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePoint(1,2,3), ST_MakePoint(3,4,5) ));

                st_asewkt
-------------------------
 LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5)

select ST_AsText( ST_MakeLine( 'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)', 'LINESTRING(2 2, 3 3)' ) );

          st_astext
-----------------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,2 2,3 3)

SELECT ST_MakeLine( ARRAY( SELECT ST_Centroid(geom) FROM visit_locations ORDER BY visit_time) );

SELECT ST_AsEWKT( ST_MakeLine(
          ARRAY[ ST_MakePoint(1,2,3), ST_MakePoint(3,4,5), ST_MakePoint(6,6,6) ]  ));

                st_asewkt
-------------------------
LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5,6 6 6)

SELECT gps.track_id, ST_MakeLine(gps.geom ORDER BY gps_time) As geom
        FROM gps_points As gps
        GROUP BY track_id;
SELECT gps.track_id, ST_MakeLine(gps.geom) As geom
        FROM ( SELECT track_id, gps_time, geom
                        FROM gps_points ORDER BY track_id, gps_time ) As gps
        GROUP BY track_id;
-- Create a point with unknown SRID
SELECT ST_MakePoint(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829);

-- Create a point in the WGS 84 geodetic CRS
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829),4326);

-- Create a 3D point (e.g. has altitude)
SELECT ST_MakePoint(1, 2,1.5);

-- Get z of point
SELECT ST_Z(ST_MakePoint(1, 2,1.5));
result
-------
1.5
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(  ST_MakePointM(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829, 10)  );

                                   st_asewkt
-----------------------------------------------
 POINTM(-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829 10)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT( ST_SetSRID(  ST_MakePointM(-71.104, 42.315, 10),  4326));

                                                st_asewkt
---------------------------------------------------------
SRID=4326;POINTM(-71.104 42.315 10)

SELECT ST_M(  ST_MakePointM(-71.104, 42.315, 10)  );

result
-------
10

SELECT ST_MakePolygon( ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(75 29,77 29,77 29, 75 29)'));

SELECT ST_MakePolygon( ST_AddPoint(foo.open_line, ST_StartPoint(foo.open_line)) )
FROM (
  SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(75 29,77 29,77 29, 75 29)') As open_line) As foo;

SELECT ST_AsEWKT( ST_MakePolygon( 'LINESTRING(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1, 75.15 29.53 1)'));

st_asewkt
-----------
POLYGON((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1,75.15 29.53 1))

SELECT ST_AsEWKT( ST_MakePolygon( 'LINESTRINGM(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 2, 75.15 29.53 2)' ));

st_asewkt
----------
POLYGONM((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 2,75.15 29.53 2))

SELECT ST_MakePolygon( ST_ExteriorRing( ST_Buffer(ring.line,10)),
        ARRAY[  ST_Translate(ring.line, 1, 1),
                ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(20,20),1)) ]
        )
FROM (SELECT ST_ExteriorRing(
        ST_Buffer(ST_Point(10,10),10,10)) AS line ) AS ring;

SELECT p.gid, p.province_name,
        CASE WHEN array_agg(w.geom) IS NULL
        THEN p.geom
        ELSE  ST_MakePolygon( ST_LineMerge(ST_Boundary(p.geom)),
                        array_agg(w.geom)) END
FROM
        provinces p LEFT JOIN waterlines w
                ON (ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom) AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom))
GROUP BY p.gid, p.province_name, p.geom;

SELECT p.gid,  p.province_name,
    CASE WHEN EXISTS( SELECT w.geom
        FROM waterlines w
        WHERE ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom)
        AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom))
    THEN ST_MakePolygon(
        ST_LineMerge(ST_Boundary(p.geom)),
        ARRAY( SELECT w.geom
            FROM waterlines w
            WHERE ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom)
            AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom)))
    ELSE p.geom
    END AS geom
FROM provinces p;

SELECT ST_Point( -71.104, 42.315);
SELECT ST_Point( -71.104, 42.315, 4326);
SELECT ST_SetSRID( ST_Point( -71.104, 42.315), 4326);
SELECT ST_Point( -71.104, 42.315, 4326)::geography;
SELECT CAST( ST_SetSRID(ST_Point( -71.104, 42.315), 4326) AS geography);
SELECT ST_Transform( ST_Point( 3637510, 3014852, 2273), 4326)::geography;
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5)
SELECT ST_AsText( ST_Polygon('LINESTRING(75 29, 77 29, 77 29, 75 29)'::geometry, 4326) );

-- result --
POLYGON((75 29, 77 29, 77 29, 75 29))

SELECT ST_AsEWKT( ST_Polygon( ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(75 29 1, 77 29 2, 77 29 3, 75 29 1)'), 4326) );

-- result --
SRID=4326;POLYGON((75 29 1, 77 29 2, 77 29 3, 75 29 1))

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_TileEnvelope(2, 1, 1) );

 st_astext
------------------------------
 POLYGON((-10018754.1713945 0,-10018754.1713945 10018754.1713945,0 10018754.1713945,0 0,-10018754.1713945 0))

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_TileEnvelope(3, 1, 1, ST_MakeEnvelope(-180, -90, 180, 90, 4326) ) );

                      st_astext
------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((-135 45,-135 67.5,-90 67.5,-90 45,-135 45))

SELECT COUNT(*), hexes.geom
FROM
    ST_HexagonGrid(
        10000,
        ST_SetSRID(ST_EstimatedExtent('pointtable', 'geom'), 3857)
    ) AS hexes
    INNER JOIN
    pointtable AS pts
    ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, hexes.geom)
GROUP BY hexes.geom;
SELECT admin1.gid, hex.geom
FROM
    admin1
    CROSS JOIN
    ST_HexagonGrid(100000, admin1.geom) AS hex
WHERE
    adm0_a3 = 'USA'
    AND
    ST_Intersects(admin1.geom, hex.geom)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetSRID(ST_Hexagon(1.0, 0, 0), 3857));

POLYGON((-1 0,-0.5
         -0.866025403784439,0.5
         -0.866025403784439,1
         0,0.5
         0.866025403784439,-0.5
         0.866025403784439,-1 0)) 
WITH grid AS (
SELECT (ST_SquareGrid(1, ST_Transform(geom,4326))).*
FROM admin0 WHERE name = 'Canada'
)
  SELEcT ST_AsText(geom)
  FROM grid
SELECT COUNT(*), squares.geom
    FROM
    pointtable AS pts
    INNER JOIN
    ST_SquareGrid(
        1000,
        ST_SetSRID(ST_EstimatedExtent('pointtable', 'geom'), 3857)
    ) AS squares
    ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, squares.geom)
    GROUP BY squares.geom
SELECT COUNT(*), squares.geom
    FROM
    pointtable AS pts
    INNER JOIN
    ST_SquareGrid(
        1000,
       pts.geom
    ) AS squares
    ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, squares.geom)
    GROUP BY squares.geom
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetSRID(ST_Square(1.0, 0, 0), 3857));

 POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Letters('Yo'), 1);
SELECT ST_Translate(ST_Scale(ST_Letters('Yo'), 10, 10), 100,100);
SELECT GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
 geometrytype
--------------
 LINESTRING

SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
                        --result
                        POLYHEDRALSURFACE

SELECT GeometryType(geom) as result
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')  AS geom
    ) AS g;
 result
--------
 TIN    
SELECT ST_Boundary(geom)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(100 150,50 60, 70 80, 160 170)'::geometry As geom) As f;

ST_AsText output

MULTIPOINT((100 150),(160 170))

SELECT ST_Boundary(geom)
FROM (SELECT
'POLYGON (( 10 130, 50 190, 110 190, 140 150, 150 80, 100 10, 20 40, 10 130 ),
        ( 70 40, 100 50, 120 80, 80 110, 50 90, 70 40 ))'::geometry As geom) As f;

ST_AsText output

MULTILINESTRING((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130),
        (70 40,100 50,120 80,80 110,50 90,70 40))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 1,0 0, -1 1)')));
st_astext
-----------
MULTIPOINT((1 1),(-1 1))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 1,0 0, -1 1, 1 1))')));
st_astext
----------
LINESTRING(1 1,0 0,-1 1,1 1)

--Using a 3d polygon
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((1 1 1,0 0 1, -1 1 1, 1 1 1))')));

st_asewkt
-----------------------------------
LINESTRING(1 1 1,0 0 1,-1 1 1,1 1 1)

--Using a 3d multilinestring
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((1 1 1,0 0 0.5, -1 1 1),(1 1 0.5,0 0 0.5, -1 1 0.5, 1 1 0.5) )')));

st_asewkt
----------
MULTIPOINT((-1 1 1),(1 1 0.75))

-- Get the minimum X in a buffer around a point
SELECT ST_X(ST_StartPoint(ST_BoundingDiagonal(
  ST_Buffer(ST_Point(0,0),10)
)));
 st_x
------
  -10

SELECT ST_CoordDim('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2 3, 1 3 4, 5 6 7, 8 9 10, 11 12 13)');
                        ---result--
                                3

                                SELECT ST_CoordDim(ST_Point(1,2));
                        --result--
                                2

SELECT ST_Dimension('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(1 1,0 0),POINT(0 0))');
ST_Dimension
-----------
1

SELECT sometable.field1, sometable.field1,
      (ST_Dump(sometable.geom)).geom AS geom
FROM sometable;

-- Break a compound curve into its constituent linestrings and circularstrings
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(a.geom), ST_HasArc(a.geom)
  FROM ( SELECT (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
         FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0),(1 0, 0 1))') AS p_geom) AS b
        ) AS a;
          st_asewkt          | st_hasarc
-----------------------------+----------
 CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 1,1 0) | t
 LINESTRING(1 0,0 1)         | f
(2 rows)
-- Polyhedral surface example
-- Break a Polyhedral surface into its faces
SELECT (a.p_geom).path[1] As path, ST_AsEWKT((a.p_geom).geom) As geom_ewkt
  FROM (SELECT ST_Dump(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),  ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),  ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1))
)') ) AS p_geom )  AS a;

 path |                geom_ewkt
------+------------------------------------------
    1 | POLYGON((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0))
    2 | POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0))
    3 | POLYGON((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0))
    4 | POLYGON((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0))
    5 | POLYGON((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0))
    6 | POLYGON((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
-- TIN --
SELECT (g.gdump).path, ST_AsEWKT((g.gdump).geom) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_Dump( ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )') ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
-- result --
 path |                 wkt
------+-------------------------------------
 {1}  | TRIANGLE((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 0,0 0 0))
 {2}  | TRIANGLE((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,0 0 0))

SELECT edge_id, (dp).path[1] As index, ST_AsText((dp).geom) As wktnode
FROM (SELECT 1 As edge_id
        , ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 10 10)')) AS dp
     UNION ALL
     SELECT 2 As edge_id
        , ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(3 5, 5 6, 9 10)')) AS dp
   ) As foo;
 edge_id | index |    wktnode
---------+-------+--------------
       1 |     1 | POINT(1 2)
       1 |     2 | POINT(3 4)
       1 |     3 | POINT(10 10)
       2 |     1 | POINT(3 5)
       2 |     2 | POINT(5 6)
       2 |     3 | POINT(9 10)
SELECT path, ST_AsText(geom)
FROM (
  SELECT (ST_DumpPoints(g.geom)).*
  FROM
    (SELECT
       'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
          POINT ( 0 1 ),
          LINESTRING ( 0 3, 3 4 ),
          POLYGON (( 2 0, 2 3, 0 2, 2 0 )),
          POLYGON (( 3 0, 3 3, 6 3, 6 0, 3 0 ),
                   ( 5 1, 4 2, 5 2, 5 1 )),
          MULTIPOLYGON (
                  (( 0 5, 0 8, 4 8, 4 5, 0 5 ),
                   ( 1 6, 3 6, 2 7, 1 6 )),
                  (( 5 4, 5 8, 6 7, 5 4 ))
          )
        )'::geometry AS geom
    ) AS g
  ) j;

   path    | st_astext
-----------+------------
 {1,1}     | POINT(0 1)
 {2,1}     | POINT(0 3)
 {2,2}     | POINT(3 4)
 {3,1,1}   | POINT(2 0)
 {3,1,2}   | POINT(2 3)
 {3,1,3}   | POINT(0 2)
 {3,1,4}   | POINT(2 0)
 {4,1,1}   | POINT(3 0)
 {4,1,2}   | POINT(3 3)
 {4,1,3}   | POINT(6 3)
 {4,1,4}   | POINT(6 0)
 {4,1,5}   | POINT(3 0)
 {4,2,1}   | POINT(5 1)
 {4,2,2}   | POINT(4 2)
 {4,2,3}   | POINT(5 2)
 {4,2,4}   | POINT(5 1)
 {5,1,1,1} | POINT(0 5)
 {5,1,1,2} | POINT(0 8)
 {5,1,1,3} | POINT(4 8)
 {5,1,1,4} | POINT(4 5)
 {5,1,1,5} | POINT(0 5)
 {5,1,2,1} | POINT(1 6)
 {5,1,2,2} | POINT(3 6)
 {5,1,2,3} | POINT(2 7)
 {5,1,2,4} | POINT(1 6)
 {5,2,1,1} | POINT(5 4)
 {5,2,1,2} | POINT(5 8)
 {5,2,1,3} | POINT(6 7)
 {5,2,1,4} | POINT(5 4)
(29 rows)
-- Polyhedral surface cube --
SELECT (g.gdump).path, ST_AsEWKT((g.gdump).geom) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )') ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
-- result --
  path   |     wkt
---------+--------------
 {1,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {1,1,2} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {1,1,3} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {1,1,4} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {1,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,2} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {2,1,3} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {2,1,4} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {2,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {3,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {3,1,2} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {3,1,3} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {3,1,4} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {3,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {4,1,1} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {4,1,2} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {4,1,3} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {4,1,4} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {4,1,5} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {5,1,1} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {5,1,2} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {5,1,3} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {5,1,4} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {5,1,5} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {6,1,1} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {6,1,2} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {6,1,3} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {6,1,4} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {6,1,5} | POINT(0 0 1)
(30 rows)
-- Triangle --
SELECT (g.gdump).path, ST_AsText((g.gdump).geom) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints( ST_GeomFromEWKT('TRIANGLE ((
                0 0,
                0 9,
                9 0,
                0 0
            ))') ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
-- result --
 path |    wkt
------+------------
 {1}  | POINT(0 0)
 {2}  | POINT(0 9)
 {3}  | POINT(9 0)
 {4}  | POINT(0 0)

-- TIN --
SELECT (g.gdump).path, ST_AsEWKT((g.gdump).geom) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints( ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )') ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
-- result --
  path   |     wkt
---------+--------------
 {1,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {1,1,2} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {1,1,3} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {1,1,4} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,2} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {2,1,3} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {2,1,4} | POINT(0 0 0)
(8 rows)

SELECT path, ST_AsText(geom)
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    LINESTRING(1 1, 3 3, 4 4),
    POLYGON((5 5, 6 6, 7 7, 5 5))
)'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;

  path   │      st_astext
---------------------------------
 {1,1}   │ LINESTRING(1 1,3 3)
 {1,2}   │ LINESTRING(3 3,4 4)
 {2,1,1} │ LINESTRING(5 5,6 6)
 {2,1,2} │ LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)
 {2,1,3} │ LINESTRING(7 7,5 5)
(5 rows)
-- Triangle --
SELECT path, ST_AsText(geom)
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'TRIANGLE((
        0 0,
        0 9,
        9 0,
        0 0
    ))'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;

 path  │      st_astext
 ---------------------------------
 {1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0,0 9)
 {1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 9,9 0)
 {1,3} │ LINESTRING(9 0,0 0)
(3 rows)

-- TIN --
SELECT path, ST_AsEWKT(geom)
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'TIN(((
        0 0 0,
        0 0 1,
        0 1 0,
        0 0 0
    )), ((
        0 0 0,
        0 1 0,
        1 1 0,
        0 0 0
    ))
    )'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;

  path   │        st_asewkt
  ---------------------------------
 {1,1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0 0,0 0 1)
 {1,1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 0 1,0 1 0)
 {1,1,3} │ LINESTRING(0 1 0,0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0 0,0 1 0)
 {2,1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 1 0,1 1 0)
 {2,1,3} │ LINESTRING(1 1 0,0 0 0)
(6 rows)

SELECT polyTable.field1, polyTable.field1,
          (ST_DumpRings(polyTable.geom)).geom As geom
FROM polyTable;

SELECT path, ST_AsEWKT(geom) As geom
        FROM ST_DumpRings(
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((-8149064 5133092 1,-8149064 5132986 1,-8148996 5132839 1,-8148972 5132767 1,-8148958 5132508 1,-8148941 5132466 1,-8148924 5132394 1,
                -8148903 5132210 1,-8148930 5131967 1,-8148992 5131978 1,-8149237 5132093 1,-8149404 5132211 1,-8149647 5132310 1,-8149757 5132394 1,
                -8150305 5132788 1,-8149064 5133092 1),
                (-8149362 5132394 1,-8149446 5132501 1,-8149548 5132597 1,-8149695 5132675 1,-8149362 5132394 1))')
                )  as foo;
 path |                                            geom
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  {0} | POLYGON((-8149064 5133092 1,-8149064 5132986 1,-8148996 5132839 1,-8148972 5132767 1,-8148958 5132508 1,
          |          -8148941 5132466 1,-8148924 5132394 1,
          |          -8148903 5132210 1,-8148930 5131967 1,
          |          -8148992 5131978 1,-8149237 5132093 1,
          |          -8149404 5132211 1,-8149647 5132310 1,-8149757 5132394 1,-8150305 5132788 1,-8149064 5133092 1))
  {1} | POLYGON((-8149362 5132394 1,-8149446 5132501 1,
          |          -8149548 5132597 1,-8149695 5132675 1,-8149362 5132394 1))
postgis=# SELECT ST_AsText(ST_EndPoint('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2, 3 3)'::geometry));
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(3 3)

SELECT ST_EndPoint('POINT(1 1)'::geometry) IS NULL AS is_null;
  is_null
----------
 t

--3d endpoint
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_EndPoint('LINESTRING(1 1 2, 1 2 3, 0 0 5)'));
  st_asewkt
--------------
 POINT(0 0 5)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_EndPoint('CIRCULARSTRING(5 2,-3 1.999999, -2 1, -4 2, 6 3)'::geometry));
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(6 3)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope('POINT(1 3)'::geometry));
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(1 3)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 3)'::geometry));
                   st_astext
--------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0,0 3,1 3,1 0,0 0))
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1.0000001 1, 1.0000001 0, 0 0))'::geometry));
                                                  st_astext
--------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1.00000011920929 1,1.00000011920929 0,0 0))
(1 row)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1.0000000001 1, 1.0000000001 0, 0 0))'::geometry));
                                                  st_astext
--------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1.00000011920929 1,1.00000011920929 0,0 0))
(1 row)

SELECT Box3D(geom), Box2D(geom), ST_AsText(ST_Envelope(geom)) As envelopewkt
        FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1000012333334.34545678, 1.0000001 1, 1.0000001 0, 0 0))'::geometry As geom) As foo;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope(
                ST_Collect(
                        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)'),
                                ST_Point(20, 80))
                                )) As wktenv;
wktenv
-----------
POLYGON((20 75,20 150,125 150,125 75,20 75))
--If you have a table of polygons
SELECT gid, ST_ExteriorRing(geom) AS ering
FROM sometable;

--If you have a table of MULTIPOLYGONs
--and want to return a MULTILINESTRING composed of the exterior rings of each polygon
SELECT gid, ST_Collect(ST_ExteriorRing(geom)) AS erings
        FROM (SELECT gid, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom As geom
                        FROM sometable) As foo
GROUP BY gid;

--3d Example
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(
        ST_ExteriorRing(
        ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((0 0 1, 1 1 1, 1 2 1, 1 1 1, 0 0 1))')
        )
);

st_asewkt
---------
LINESTRING(0 0 1,1 1 1,1 2 1,1 1 1,0 0 1)

--Extracting a subset of points from a 3d multipoint
SELECT n, ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeometryN(geom, n)) As geomewkt
FROM (
VALUES (ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTIPOINT((1 2 7), (3 4 7), (5 6 7), (8 9 10))') ),
( ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTICURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5,4.5 2.5, 3.5 3.5), (10 11, 12 11))') )
        )As foo(geom)
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,100) n
WHERE n <= ST_NumGeometries(geom);

 n |               geomewkt
---+-----------------------------------------
 1 | POINT(1 2 7)
 2 | POINT(3 4 7)
 3 | POINT(5 6 7)
 4 | POINT(8 9 10)
 1 | CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5,4.5 2.5,3.5 3.5)
 2 | LINESTRING(10 11,12 11)

--Extracting all geometries (useful when you want to assign an id)
SELECT gid, n, ST_GeometryN(geom, n)
FROM sometable CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,100) n
WHERE n <= ST_NumGeometries(geom);

-- Polyhedral surface example
-- Break a Polyhedral surface into its faces
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeometryN(p_geom,3)) As geom_ewkt
  FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1))
)')  AS p_geom )  AS a;

                geom_ewkt
------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0))
-- TIN --
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeometryN(geom,2)) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')  AS geom
    ) AS g;
-- result --
                 wkt
-------------------------------------
 TRIANGLE((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,0 0 0))
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
                        --result
                        ST_LineString
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
                        --result
                        ST_PolyhedralSurface
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
                        --result
                        ST_PolyhedralSurface
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) as result
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')  AS geom
    ) AS g;
 result
--------
 ST_Tin    
SELECT ST_HasArc(ST_Collect('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 5 6)', 'CIRCULARSTRING(1 1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 5 6)'));
                st_hasarc
                --------
                t

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_InteriorRingN(geom, 1)) As geom
FROM (SELECT ST_BuildArea(
                ST_Collect(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,2), 20,3),
                        ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 2), 10,3))) As geom
                )  as foo;

-- Returns 3
SELECT ST_NumCurves('COMPOUNDCURVE(
    (2 2, 2.5 2.5),
    CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5, 4.5 2.5, 3.5 3.5),
    (3.5 3.5, 2.5 4.5, 3 5, 2 2)
  )');

-- Returns 0
SELECT ST_NumCurves('COMPOUNDCURVE EMPTY');

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CurveN('COMPOUNDCURVE(
    (2 2, 2.5 2.5),
    CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5, 4.5 2.5, 3.5 3.5),
    (3.5 3.5, 2.5 4.5, 3 5, 2 2)
  )', 1));

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsClosed('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry);
 st_isclosed
-------------
 f
(1 row)

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsClosed('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0)'::geometry);
 st_isclosed
-------------
 t
(1 row)

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsClosed('MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0),(0 0, 1 1))'::geometry);
 st_isclosed
-------------
 f
(1 row)

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsClosed('POINT(0 0)'::geometry);
 st_isclosed
-------------
 t
(1 row)

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsClosed('MULTIPOINT((0 0), (1 1))'::geometry);
 st_isclosed
-------------
 t
(1 row)
-- A cube --
                SELECT ST_IsClosed(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));

 st_isclosed
-------------
 t

 -- Same as cube but missing a side --
 SELECT ST_IsClosed(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)) )'));

 st_isclosed
-------------
 f

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsCollection('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry);
 st_iscollection
-------------
 f
(1 row)

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT EMPTY'::geometry);
 st_iscollection
-------------
 t
(1 row)

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT((0 0))'::geometry);
 st_iscollection
-------------
 t
(1 row)

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT((0 0), (42 42))'::geometry);
 st_iscollection
-------------
 t
(1 row)

postgis=# SELECT ST_IsCollection('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0))'::geometry);
 st_iscollection
-------------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY'));
 st_isempty
------------
 t
(1 row)

 SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON EMPTY'));
 st_isempty
------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 1 2))'));

 st_isempty
------------
 f
(1 row)

 SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 1 2))')) = false;
 ?column?
----------
 t
(1 row)

 SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING EMPTY'));
  st_isempty
------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_IsRing(geom), ST_IsClosed(geom), ST_IsSimple(geom)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
 st_isring | st_isclosed | st_issimple
-----------+-------------+-------------
 t         | t           | t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_IsRing(geom), ST_IsClosed(geom), ST_IsSimple(geom)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 0, 1 1, 0 0)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
 st_isring | st_isclosed | st_issimple
-----------+-------------+-------------
 f         | t           | f
(1 row)
SELECT ST_IsSimple(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 1 2))'));
 st_issimple
-------------
 f
(1 row)

 SELECT ST_IsSimple(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 1,2 2,2 3.5,1 3,1 2,2 1)'));
 st_issimple
-------------
 f
(1 row)
SELECT ST_M(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
 st_m
------
        4
(1 row)

--Return how much byte space Boston takes up  in our Mass data set
SELECT pg_size_pretty(SUM(ST_MemSize(geom))) as totgeomsum,
pg_size_pretty(SUM(CASE WHEN town = 'BOSTON' THEN ST_MemSize(geom) ELSE 0 END)) As bossum,
CAST(SUM(CASE WHEN town = 'BOSTON' THEN ST_MemSize(geom) ELSE 0 END)*1.00 /
                SUM(ST_MemSize(geom))*100 As numeric(10,2)) As perbos
FROM towns;

totgeomsum        bossum        perbos
----------        ------        ------
1522 kB                30 kB        1.99

SELECT ST_MemSize(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'));

---
73

--What percentage of our table is taken up by just the geometry
SELECT pg_total_relation_size('public.neighborhoods') As fulltable_size, sum(ST_MemSize(geom)) As geomsize,
sum(ST_MemSize(geom))*1.00/pg_total_relation_size('public.neighborhoods')*100 As pergeom
FROM neighborhoods;
fulltable_size geomsize  pergeom
------------------------------------------------
262144         96238         36.71188354492187500000

SELECT ST_NDims(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 1)')) As d2point,
        ST_NDims(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 1 2)')) As d3point,
        ST_NDims(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINTM(1 1 0.5)')) As d2pointm;

         d2point | d3point | d2pointm
---------+---------+----------
           2 |       3 |        3

SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
--result
4

--Polygon in 3D space
SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07 1,77.42 29.26 0,77.27 29.31 -1,77.29 29.07 3)'))
--result
4
SELECT ST_NRings(geom) As Nrings, ST_NumInteriorRings(geom) As ninterrings
                                        FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 1 2))') As geom) As foo;
         nrings | ninterrings
--------+-------------
          1 |           0
(1 row)

--Prior versions would have returned NULL for this -- in 2.0.0 this returns 1
SELECT ST_NumGeometries(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
--result
1

--Geometry Collection Example - multis count as one geom in a collection
SELECT ST_NumGeometries(ST_GeomFromEWKT('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTIPOINT((-2 3),(-2 2)),
LINESTRING(5 5 ,10 10),
POLYGON((-7 4.2,-7.1 5,-7.1 4.3,-7 4.2)))'));
--result
3

--If you have a regular polygon
SELECT gid, field1, field2, ST_NumInteriorRings(geom) AS numholes
FROM sometable;

--If you have multipolygons
--And you want to know the total number of interior rings in the MULTIPOLYGON
SELECT gid, field1, field2, SUM(ST_NumInteriorRings(geom)) AS numholes
FROM (SELECT gid, field1, field2, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom As geom
        FROM sometable) As foo
GROUP BY gid, field1,field2;

SELECT ST_NumPatches(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
                --result
                6

SELECT ST_NumPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
                --result
                4

--Extract the 2nd face of the polyhedral surface
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_PatchN(geom, 2)) As geomewkt
FROM (
VALUES (ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
        ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
        ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )')) ) As foo(geom);

              geomewkt
---+-----------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0))

-- Extract all POINTs from a LINESTRING
SELECT ST_AsText(
   ST_PointN(
          column1,
          generate_series(1, ST_NPoints(column1))
   ))
FROM ( VALUES ('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'::geometry) ) AS foo;

 st_astext
------------
 POINT(0 0)
 POINT(1 1)
 POINT(2 2)
(3 rows)

--Example circular string
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointN(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2, 3 2, 1 2)'), 2));

 st_astext
------------
 POINT(3 2)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(f)
FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0 0, 1 1 1, 2 2 2)') AS g
  ,ST_PointN(g, -2) AS f; -- 1 based index

    st_astext
-----------------
 POINT Z (1 1 1)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Points('POLYGON Z ((30 10 4,10 30 5,40 40 6, 30 10))'));

--result
MULTIPOINT Z ((30 10 4),(10 30 5),(40 40 6),(30 10 4))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_StartPoint('LINESTRING(0 1, 0 2)'::geometry));
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(0 1)

SELECT ST_StartPoint('POINT(0 1)'::geometry) IS NULL AS is_null;
  is_null
----------
 t

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_StartPoint('LINESTRING(0 1 1, 0 2 2)'::geometry));
 st_asewkt
------------
 POINT(0 1 1)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_StartPoint('CIRCULARSTRING(5 2,-3 1.999999, -2 1, -4 2, 6 3)'::geometry));
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(5 2)

=# SELECT ST_Summary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)')) as geom,
        ST_Summary(ST_GeogFromText('POLYGON((0 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 1, 0 0))')) geog;
            geom             |          geog
-----------------------------+--------------------------
 LineString[B] with 2 points | Polygon[BGS] with 1 rings
                             | ring 0 has 5 points
                             :
(1 row)

=# SELECT ST_Summary(ST_GeogFromText('LINESTRING(0 0 1, 1 1 1)')) As geog_line,
        ST_Summary(ST_GeomFromText('SRID=4326;POLYGON((0 0 1, 1 1 2, 1 2 3, 1 1 1, 0 0 1))')) As geom_poly;
;
           geog_line             |        geom_poly
-------------------------------- +--------------------------
 LineString[ZBGS] with 2 points | Polygon[ZBS] with 1 rings
                                :    ring 0 has 5 points
                                :
(1 row)

SELECT ST_X(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
 st_x
------
        1
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Y(ST_Centroid(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4, 1 1 1 1)')));
 st_y
------
  1.5
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Y(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
 st_y
------
        2
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Y(ST_Centroid(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4, 1 1 1 1)')));
 st_y
------
  1.5
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Z(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
 st_z
------
        3
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Zmflag(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'));
 st_zmflag
-----------
                 0

SELECT ST_Zmflag(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRINGM(1 2 3, 3 4 3)'));
 st_zmflag
-----------
                 1

SELECT ST_Zmflag(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2 3, 3 4 3, 5 6 3)'));
 st_zmflag
-----------
                 2
SELECT ST_Zmflag(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
 st_zmflag
-----------
                 3

SELECT ST_HasZ(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2 3)'));
 --result
 true

SELECT ST_HasZ(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'));
 --result
 false

SELECT ST_HasM(ST_GeomFromText('POINTM(1 2 3)'));
 --result
 true

SELECT ST_HasM(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'));
 --result
 false

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_AddPoint('LINESTRING(0 0 1, 1 1 1)', ST_MakePoint(1, 2, 3)));

    st_asewkt
    ----------
    LINESTRING(0 0 1,1 1 1,1 2 3)

UPDATE sometable
SET geom = ST_AddPoint(geom, ST_StartPoint(geom))
FROM sometable
WHERE ST_IsClosed(geom) = false;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionExtract(
        'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION( POINT(0 0), LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2) )'));
    st_astext
    ---------------
    MULTILINESTRING((1 1, 2 2))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionExtract(
        'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0)))',
        1 ));
    st_astext
    ---------------
    MULTIPOINT((0 0))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionExtract(
        'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)),LINESTRING(2 2, 3 3))',
        2 ));
    st_astext
    ---------------
    MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 1 1), (2 2, 3 3))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0))'));

        st_astext
        ------------
        POINT(0 0)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTIPOINT((0 0)))'));

        st_astext
        ------------
        POINT(0 0)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0),POINT(1 1))'));

        st_astext
        ---------------------
        MULTIPOINT((0 0),(1 1))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0), GEOMETRYCOLLECTION( LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)))'));

        st_astext
        ---------------------
        GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0),LINESTRING(1 1,2 2))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((10 50, 50 50, 50 10, 10 10, 10 50)), POLYGON ((90 50, 90 10, 50 10, 50 50, 90 50)))'));

        st_astext
        ---------------------
        MULTIPOLYGON(((10 50,50 50,50 10,10 10,10 50)),((90 50,90 10,50 10,50 50,90 50)))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CurveToLine(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)')));

--Result --
 LINESTRING(220268 150415,220269.95064912 150416.539364228,220271.823415575 150418.17258804,220273.613787707 150419.895736857,
 220275.317452352 150421.704659462,220276.930305234 150423.594998003,220278.448460847 150425.562198489,
 220279.868261823 150427.60152176,220281.186287736 150429.708054909,220282.399363347 150431.876723113,
 220283.50456625 150434.10230186,220284.499233914 150436.379429536,220285.380970099 150438.702620341,220286.147650624 150441.066277505,
 220286.797428488 150443.464706771,220287.328738321 150445.892130112,220287.740300149 150448.342699654,
 220288.031122486 150450.810511759,220288.200504713 150453.289621251,220288.248038775 150455.77405574,
 220288.173610157 150458.257830005,220287.977398166 150460.734960415,220287.659875492 150463.199479347,
 220287.221807076 150465.64544956,220286.664248262 150468.066978495,220285.988542259 150470.458232479,220285.196316903 150472.81345077,
 220284.289480732 150475.126959442,220283.270218395 150477.39318505,220282.140985384 150479.606668057,
 220280.90450212 150481.762075989,220279.5637474 150483.85421628,220278.12195122 150485.87804878,
 220276.582586992 150487.828697901,220274.949363179 150489.701464356,220273.226214362 150491.491836488,
 220271.417291757 150493.195501133,220269.526953216 150494.808354014,220267.559752731 150496.326509628,
 220265.520429459 150497.746310603,220263.41389631 150499.064336517,220261.245228106 150500.277412127,
 220259.019649359 150501.38261503,220256.742521683 150502.377282695,220254.419330878 150503.259018879,
 220252.055673714 150504.025699404,220249.657244448 150504.675477269,220247.229821107 150505.206787101,
 220244.779251566 150505.61834893,220242.311439461 150505.909171266,220239.832329968 150506.078553494,
 220237.347895479 150506.126087555,220234.864121215 150506.051658938,220232.386990804 150505.855446946,
 220229.922471872 150505.537924272,220227.47650166 150505.099855856,220225.054972724 150504.542297043,
 220222.663718741 150503.86659104,220220.308500449 150503.074365683,
 220217.994991777 150502.167529512,220215.72876617 150501.148267175,
 220213.515283163 150500.019034164,220211.35987523 150498.7825509,
 220209.267734939 150497.441796181,220207.243902439 150496,
 220205.293253319 150494.460635772,220203.420486864 150492.82741196,220201.630114732 150491.104263143,
 220199.926450087 150489.295340538,220198.313597205 150487.405001997,220196.795441592 150485.437801511,
 220195.375640616 150483.39847824,220194.057614703 150481.291945091,220192.844539092 150479.123276887,220191.739336189 150476.89769814,
 220190.744668525 150474.620570464,220189.86293234 150472.297379659,220189.096251815 150469.933722495,
 220188.446473951 150467.535293229,220187.915164118 150465.107869888,220187.50360229 150462.657300346,
 220187.212779953 150460.189488241,220187.043397726 150457.710378749,220186.995863664 150455.22594426,
 220187.070292282 150452.742169995,220187.266504273 150450.265039585,220187.584026947 150447.800520653,
 220188.022095363 150445.35455044,220188.579654177 150442.933021505,220189.25536018 150440.541767521,
 220190.047585536 150438.18654923,220190.954421707 150435.873040558,220191.973684044 150433.60681495,
 220193.102917055 150431.393331943,220194.339400319 150429.237924011,220195.680155039 150427.14578372,220197.12195122 150425.12195122,
 220198.661315447 150423.171302099,220200.29453926 150421.298535644,220202.017688077 150419.508163512,220203.826610682 150417.804498867,
 220205.716949223 150416.191645986,220207.684149708 150414.673490372,220209.72347298 150413.253689397,220211.830006129 150411.935663483,
 220213.998674333 150410.722587873,220216.22425308 150409.61738497,220218.501380756 150408.622717305,220220.824571561 150407.740981121,
 220223.188228725 150406.974300596,220225.586657991 150406.324522731,220227 150406)

--3d example
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_CurveToLine(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)')));
Output
------
 LINESTRING(220268 150415 1,220269.95064912 150416.539364228 1.0181172856673,
 220271.823415575 150418.17258804 1.03623457133459,220273.613787707 150419.895736857 1.05435185700189,....AD INFINITUM ....
    220225.586657991 150406.324522731 1.32611114201132,220227 150406 3)

--use only 2 segments to approximate quarter circle
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CurveToLine(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'),2));
st_astext
------------------------------
 LINESTRING(220268 150415,220287.740300149 150448.342699654,220278.12195122 150485.87804878,
 220244.779251566 150505.61834893,220207.243902439 150496,220187.50360229 150462.657300346,
 220197.12195122 150425.12195122,220227 150406)

-- Ensure approximated line is no further than 20 units away from
-- original curve, and make the result direction-neutral
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CurveToLine(
 'CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,100 -100,200 0)'::geometry,
    20, -- Tolerance
    1, -- Above is max distance between curve and line
    1  -- Symmetric flag
));
st_astext
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,50 -86.6025403784438,150 -86.6025403784439,200 -1.1331077795296e-13,200 0)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Scroll('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(0 0 0 1, 10 0 2 0, 5 5 4 2,0 0 0 1)', 'POINT(5 5 4 2)'));

st_asewkt
----------
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(5 5 4 2,0 0 0 1,10 0 2 0,5 5 4 2)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_FlipCoordinates(GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2)')));
 st_asewkt
------------
POINT(2 1)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force2D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
                st_asewkt
-------------------------------------
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,5 6)

SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force2D('POLYGON((0 0 2,0 5 2,5 0 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,3 1 2,1 3 2,1 1 2))'));

                                  st_asewkt
----------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))

--Nothing happens to an already 3D geometry
                SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
                                   st_asewkt
-----------------------------------------------
 CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)

SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3D('POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))'));

                                                 st_asewkt
--------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))

--Nothing happens to an already 3D geometry
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3DZ(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
                                   st_asewkt
-----------------------------------------------
 CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)

SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3DZ('POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))'));

                                                 st_asewkt
--------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))

--Nothing happens to an already 3D geometry
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3DM(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
                                   st_asewkt
------------------------------------------------
 CIRCULARSTRINGM(1 1 0,2 3 0,4 5 0,6 7 0,5 6 0)

SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3DM('POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))'));

                                                  st_asewkt
---------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGONM((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))

--Nothing happens to an already 3D geometry
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force4D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
                                                st_asewkt
---------------------------------------------------------
 CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2 0,2 3 2 0,4 5 2 0,6 7 2 0,5 6 2 0)

SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force4D('MULTILINESTRINGM((0 0 1,0 5 2,5 0 3,0 0 4),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))'));

                                                                          st_asewkt
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTILINESTRING((0 0 0 1,0 5 0 2,5 0 0 3,0 0 0 4),(1 1 0 1,3 1 0 1,1 3 0 1,1 1 0 1))

SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_ForceCollection('POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))'));

                                                                   st_asewkt
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1)))

  SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ForceCollection('CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406)'));
                                                                   st_astext
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406))
(1 row)

-- POLYHEDRAL example --
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_ForceCollection('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
 ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
 ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
 ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)))'))

                                                                   st_asewkt
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
  POLYGON((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
  POLYGON((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
)

SELECT ST_AsText(
  ST_ForceCurve(
        'POLYGON((0 0 2, 5 0 2, 0 5 2, 0 0 2),(1 1 2, 1 3 2, 3 1 2, 1 1 2))'::geometry
  )
);
                              st_astext
----------------------------------------------------------------------
 CURVEPOLYGON Z ((0 0 2,5 0 2,0 5 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,1 3 2,3 1 2,1 1 2))
(1 row)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(
  ST_ForceRHR(
        'POLYGON((0 0 2, 5 0 2, 0 5 2, 0 0 2),(1 1 2, 1 3 2, 3 1 2, 1 1 2))'
  )
);
                                                  st_asewkt
--------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0 2,0 5 2,5 0 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,3 1 2,1 3 2,1 1 2))
(1 row)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineExtend('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 10)'::geometry, 5, 6));
--------------------------------------------
LINESTRING(0 -6,0 0,0 10,0 15)

-- 2D Example
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineToCurve(foo.geom)) As curvedastext,ST_AsText(foo.geom) As non_curvedastext
    FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)'::geometry, 3) As geom) As foo;

curvedatext                                                            non_curvedastext
--------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(4 3,3.12132034355964 0.878679656440359, | POLYGON((4 3,3.94235584120969 2.41472903395162,3.77163859753386 1.85194970290473,
1 0,-1.12132034355965 5.12132034355963,4 3))                        |  3.49440883690764 1.33328930094119,3.12132034355964 0.878679656440359,
                                                                    |  2.66671069905881 0.505591163092366,2.14805029709527 0.228361402466141,
                                                                    |  1.58527096604839 0.0576441587903094,1 0,
                                                                    |  0.414729033951621 0.0576441587903077,-0.148050297095264 0.228361402466137,
                                                                    |  -0.666710699058802 0.505591163092361,-1.12132034355964 0.878679656440353,
                                                                    |  -1.49440883690763 1.33328930094119,-1.77163859753386 1.85194970290472
                                                                    |  --ETC-- ,3.94235584120969 3.58527096604839,4 3))

--3D example
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineToCurve(geom)) As curved, ST_AsText(geom) AS not_curved
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_Force3D(ST_Boundary(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,3), 2,2))),0,0,3) AS geom) AS foo;

                        curved                        |               not_curved
------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------
 CIRCULARSTRING Z (3 3 3,-1 2.99999999999999 3,3 3 3) | LINESTRING Z (3 3 3,2.4142135623731 1.58578643762691 3,1 1 3,
                                                      | -0.414213562373092 1.5857864376269 3,-1 2.99999999999999 3,
                                                      | -0.414213562373101 4.41421356237309 3,
                                                      | 0.999999999999991 5 3,2.41421356237309 4.4142135623731 3,3 3 3)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Multi('POLYGON ((10 30, 30 30, 30 10, 10 10, 10 30))'));
                    st_astext
    -------------------------------------------------
    MULTIPOLYGON(((10 30,30 30,30 10,10 10,10 30)))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_GeomFromText(
  'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    POINT(2 3),
    MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 1 1),(2 2, 3 3)),
    POLYGON(
      (0 10,0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10),
      (4 2,2 2,2 4,4 4,4 2),
      (6 8,8 8,8 6,6 6,6 8)
    )
  )'
)));
                                                                     st_astext
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0,0 10,10 10,10 0,0 0),(6 6,8 6,8 8,6 8,6 6),(2 2,4 2,4 4,2 4,2 2)),MULTILINESTRING((2 2,3 3),(0 0,1 1)),POINT(2 3))
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Project('POINT(0 0)'::geography, 100000, radians(45.0)));
--------------------------------------------
 POINT(0.635231029125537 0.639472334729198)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_QuantizeCoordinates('POINT (100.123456 0)'::geometry, 4));
st_astext
-------------------------
POINT(100.123455047607 0)

WITH test AS (SELECT 'POINT (123.456789123456 123.456789123456)'::geometry AS geom)
SELECT
  digits,
  encode(ST_QuantizeCoordinates(geom, digits), 'hex'),
  ST_AsText(ST_QuantizeCoordinates(geom, digits))
FROM test, generate_series(15, -15, -1) AS digits;

digits  |                   encode                   |                st_astext
--------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------
15      | 01010000005f9a72083cdd5e405f9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
14      | 01010000005f9a72083cdd5e405f9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
13      | 01010000005f9a72083cdd5e405f9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
12      | 01010000005c9a72083cdd5e405c9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
11      | 0101000000409a72083cdd5e40409a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
10      | 0101000000009a72083cdd5e40009a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123455 123.456789123455)
9       | 0101000000009072083cdd5e40009072083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123418 123.456789123418)
8       | 0101000000008072083cdd5e40008072083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912336 123.45678912336)
7       | 0101000000000070083cdd5e40000070083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789121032 123.456789121032)
6       | 0101000000000040083cdd5e40000040083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789076328 123.456789076328)
5       | 0101000000000000083cdd5e40000000083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789016724 123.456789016724)
4       | 0101000000000000003cdd5e40000000003cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456787109375 123.456787109375)
3       | 0101000000000000003cdd5e40000000003cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456787109375 123.456787109375)
2       | 01010000000000000038dd5e400000000038dd5e40 | POINT(123.45654296875 123.45654296875)
1       | 01010000000000000000dd5e400000000000dd5e40 | POINT(123.453125 123.453125)
0       | 01010000000000000000dc5e400000000000dc5e40 | POINT(123.4375 123.4375)
-1      | 01010000000000000000c05e400000000000c05e40 | POINT(123 123)
-2      | 01010000000000000000005e400000000000005e40 | POINT(120 120)
-3      | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-4      | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-5      | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-6      | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-7      | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-8      | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-9      | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-10     | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-11     | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-12     | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-13     | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-14     | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
-15     | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)

UPDATE sometable
        SET geom = ST_RemovePoint(geom, ST_NPoints(geom) - 1)
        FROM sometable
        WHERE ST_IsClosed(geom);

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints( 'MULTIPOINT ((1 1), (2 2), (3 3), (2 2))'));
-------------------------
 MULTIPOINT(1 1,2 2,3 3)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints( 'LINESTRING (0 0, 0 0, 1 1, 0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'));
---------------------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,0 0,1 1,2 2)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints( 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (LINESTRING (1 1, 2 2, 2 2, 3 3), POINT (4 4), POINT (4 4), POINT (5 5))'));
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(1 1,2 2,3 3),POINT(4 4),POINT(4 4),POINT(5 5))

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints( 'LINESTRING (0 0, 0 0, 1 1, 5 5, 1 1, 2 2)', 2));
-------------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,5 5,2 2)

SELECT ST_AsText(
                        ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(
                        ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((10 10, 20 10, 30 10, 40 10, 20 20, 10 20, 10 10)),((10 10, 20 10, 20 20, 10 20, 10 10)))'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18), true));

                st_astext
                ---------
                    MULTIPOLYGON(((10 10,40 10,20 20,10 20,10 10)),((10 10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10 10)))

SELECT ST_AsText(
                        ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(
                        ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 10 0,20 0,30 0), (0 15, 5 15, 10 15, 15 15, 20 15, 25 15, 30 15, 40 15), (13 13,15 15,17 17))'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18), true));

                st_astext
                ---------
                        MULTILINESTRING((10 15,15 15,20 15),(13 13,15 15,17 17))

SELECT ST_AsText(
                        ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(
                        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 0,20 0,30 0)'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18), true));

                st_astext
                ---------
                    LINESTRING EMPTY

SELECT ST_AsText(
                        ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(
                        ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 30, 15 30, 30 30, 30 0, 0 0, 0 30))'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18), true));

                st_astext
                ---------
                    POLYGON((15 30,30 0,0 0,15 30))

SELECT ST_AsText(
                        ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(
                        ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 30, 15 30, 30 30, 30 0, 0 0, 0 30))'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18)));

                st_astext
                ---------
                    POLYGON((0 30,30 30,30 0,0 0,0 30))

SELECT ST_AsText(
                        ST_RemoveSmallParts(
                        ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
                                ((60 160, 120 160, 120 220, 60 220, 60 160), (70 170, 70 210, 110 210, 110 170, 70 170)),
                                ((85 75, 155 75, 155 145, 85 145, 85 75)),
                                ((50 110, 70 110, 70 130, 50 130, 50 110)))'),
                                50, 50));

                st_astext
                ---------
                        MULTIPOLYGON(((60 160,120 160,120 220,60 220,60 160)),((85 75,155 75,155 145,85 145,85 75)))

SELECT ST_AsText(
                        ST_RemoveSmallParts(
                        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(10 10, 20 20)'),
                                50, 50));

                st_astext
                ---------
                        LINESTRING EMPTY

SELECT ST_AsText(geom) as line, ST_AsText(ST_Reverse(geom)) As reverseline
FROM
(SELECT ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,2),
                ST_Point(1,10)) As geom) as foo;
--result
                line         |     reverseline
---------------------+----------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,1 10) | LINESTRING(1 10,1 2)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Segmentize(
    'MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 0 1, 0 9),(1 10, 1 18))'::geometry,
        5 ) );
---------------------------------------------------
MULTILINESTRING((0 0,0 1,0 5,0 9),(1 10,1 14,1 18))

SELECT ST_AsText(
        ST_Segmentize(('POLYGON((0 0, 0 8, 30 0, 0 0))'::geometry), 10));
-------------------------------------------------------
POLYGON((0 0,0 8,7.5 6,15 4,22.5 2,30 0,20 0,10 0,0 0))

SELECT ST_AsText(
        ST_Segmentize(('LINESTRING (0 0, 60 60)'::geography), 2000000));
-------------------------------------------------------------
LINESTRING(0 0,4.252632294621186 8.43596525986862,8.69579947419404 16.824093489701564,13.550465473227048 25.107950473646188,19.1066053508691 33.21091076089908,25.779290201459894 41.01711439406505,34.188839517966954 48.337222885886,45.238153936612264 54.84733442373889,60 60)

--Change first point in line string from -1 3 to -1 1
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetPoint('LINESTRING(-1 2,-1 3)', 0, 'POINT(-1 1)'));
           st_astext
-----------------------
 LINESTRING(-1 1,-1 3)

---Change last point in a line string (lets play with 3d linestring this time)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SetPoint(foo.geom, ST_NumPoints(foo.geom) - 1, ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(-1 1 3)')))
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(-1 2 3,-1 3 4, 5 6 7)') As geom) As foo;
           st_asewkt
-----------------------
LINESTRING(-1 2 3,-1 3 4,-1 1 3)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetPoint(g, -3, p))
FROM ST_GEomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2, 3 3, 4 4)') AS g
        , ST_PointN(g,1) as p;
           st_astext
-----------------------
LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,0 0,3 3,4 4)

--single point forward transformation
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;POINT(270 0)'::geometry))

st_astext
----------
POINT(-90 0)

--single point reverse transformation
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;POINT(-90 0)'::geometry))

st_astext
----------
POINT(270 0)

--for linestrings the functions affects only to the sufficient coordinates
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(174 12, 182 13)'::geometry))

st_astext
----------
LINESTRING(174 12,-178 13)

-- Move all components of the given geometries whose bounding box
-- falls completely on the left of x=0 to +360
select ST_WrapX(geom, 0, 360);

-- Move all components of the given geometries whose bounding box
-- falls completely on the left of x=-30 to +360
select ST_WrapX(geom, -30, 360);

--Snap your geometries to a precision grid of 10^-3
UPDATE mytable
   SET geom = ST_SnapToGrid(geom, 0.001);

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SnapToGrid(
                        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1.1115678 2.123, 4.111111 3.2374897, 4.11112 3.23748667)'),
                        0.001)
                );
                          st_astext
-------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(1.112 2.123,4.111 3.237)
 --Snap a 4d geometry
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SnapToGrid(
        ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(-1.1115678 2.123 2.3456 1.11111,
                4.111111 3.2374897 3.1234 1.1111, -1.11111112 2.123 2.3456 1.1111112)'),
 ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1.12 2.22 3.2 4.4444)'),
 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.01) );
                                                                  st_asewkt
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(-1.08 2.12 2.3 1.1144,4.12 3.22 3.1 1.1144,-1.08 2.12 2.3 1.1144)

--With a 4d geometry - the ST_SnapToGrid(geom,size) only touches x and y coords but keeps m and z the same
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SnapToGrid(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(-1.1115678 2.123 3 2.3456,
                4.111111 3.2374897 3.1234 1.1111)'),
           0.01)      );
                                                st_asewkt
---------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(-1.11 2.12 3 2.3456,4.11 3.24 3.1234 1.1111)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Snap(poly,line, ST_Distance(poly,line)*1.01)) AS polysnapped
FROM (SELECT
   ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     ((26 125, 26 200, 126 200, 126 125, 26 125 ),
      ( 51 150, 101 150, 76 175, 51 150 )),
      (( 151 100, 151 200, 176 175, 151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107, 54 84, 101 100)') As line
        ) As foo;

                             polysnapped
---------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPOLYGON(((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,101 100,26 125),
 (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150)),((151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100)))

SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_Snap(poly,line, ST_Distance(poly,line)*1.25)
  ) AS polysnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
    (( 26 125, 26 200, 126 200, 126 125, 26 125 ),
      ( 51 150, 101 150, 76 175, 51 150 )),
      (( 151 100, 151 200, 176 175, 151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107, 54 84, 101 100)') As line
        ) As foo;

                             polysnapped
---------------------------------------------------------------------
MULTIPOLYGON(((5 107,26 200,126 200,126 125,101 100,54 84,5 107),
(51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150)),((151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100)))

SELECT ST_AsText(
   ST_Snap(line, poly, ST_Distance(poly,line)*1.01)
  ) AS linesnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     ((26 125, 26 200, 126 200, 126 125, 26 125),
      (51 150, 101 150, 76 175, 51 150 )),
      ((151 100, 151 200, 176 175, 151 100)))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107, 54 84, 101 100)') As line
        ) As foo;

              linesnapped
----------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(5 107,26 125,54 84,101 100)

SELECT ST_AsText(
 ST_Snap(line, poly, ST_Distance(poly,line)*1.25)
  ) AS linesnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     (( 26 125, 26 200, 126 200, 126 125, 26 125 ),
      (51 150, 101 150, 76 175, 51 150 )),
      ((151 100, 151 200, 176 175, 151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107, 54 84, 101 100)') As line
        ) As foo;
              linesnapped
---------------------------------------
LINESTRING(26 125,54 84,101 100)

-- Scale M value by 2
SELECT ST_AsText(
  ST_SwapOrdinates(
    ST_Scale(
      ST_SwapOrdinates(g,'xm'),
      2, 1
    ),
  'xm')
) FROM ( SELECT 'POINT ZM (0 0 0 2)'::geometry g ) foo;
     st_astext
--------------------
 POINT ZM (0 0 0 4)

SELECT ST_IsValid(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)')) As good_line,
        ST_IsValid(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 1, 0 0))')) As bad_poly
--results
NOTICE:  Self-intersection at or near point 0 0
 good_line | bad_poly
-----------+----------
 t         | f

--First 3 Rejects from a successful quintuplet experiment
SELECT gid, reason(ST_IsValidDetail(geom)), ST_AsText(location(ST_IsValidDetail(geom))) as location
FROM
(SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_ExteriorRing(e.buff), array_agg(f.line)) As geom, gid
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1) As buff, x1*10 + y1*100 + z1*1000 As gid
        FROM generate_series(-4,6) x1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,8) z1
        WHERE x1 
> y1*0.5 AND z1 < x1*y1) As e
        INNER JOIN (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1)),y1*1, z1*2) As line
        FROM generate_series(-3,6) x1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10) z1
        WHERE x1 
> y1*0.75 AND z1 < x1*y1) As f
ON (ST_Area(e.buff) 
> 78 AND ST_Contains(e.buff, f.line))
GROUP BY gid, e.buff) As quintuplet_experiment
WHERE ST_IsValid(geom) = false
ORDER BY gid
LIMIT 3;

 gid  |      reason       |  location
------+-------------------+-------------
 5330 | Self-intersection | POINT(32 5)
 5340 | Self-intersection | POINT(42 5)
 5350 | Self-intersection | POINT(52 5)

 --simple example
SELECT * FROM ST_IsValidDetail('LINESTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,222020 150410)');

 valid | reason | location
-------+--------+----------
 t     |        |

-- invalid bow-tie polygon
SELECT ST_IsValidReason(
    'POLYGON ((100 200, 100 100, 200 200,
     200 100, 100 200))'::geometry) as validity_info;
validity_info
--------------------------
Self-intersection[150 150]

--First 3 Rejects from a successful quintuplet experiment
SELECT gid, ST_IsValidReason(geom) as validity_info
FROM
(SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_ExteriorRing(e.buff), array_agg(f.line)) As geom, gid
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1) As buff, x1*10 + y1*100 + z1*1000 As gid
        FROM generate_series(-4,6) x1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,8) z1
        WHERE x1 
> y1*0.5 AND z1 < x1*y1) As e
        INNER JOIN (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1)),y1*1, z1*2) As line
        FROM generate_series(-3,6) x1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10) z1
        WHERE x1 
> y1*0.75 AND z1 < x1*y1) As f
ON (ST_Area(e.buff) 
> 78 AND ST_Contains(e.buff, f.line))
GROUP BY gid, e.buff) As quintuplet_experiment
WHERE ST_IsValid(geom) = false
ORDER BY gid
LIMIT 3;

 gid  |      validity_info
------+--------------------------
 5330 | Self-intersection [32 5]
 5340 | Self-intersection [42 5]
 5350 | Self-intersection [52 5]

 --simple example
SELECT ST_IsValidReason('LINESTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,222020 150410)');

 st_isvalidreason
------------------
 Valid Geometry

SELECT f.geom AS before_geom, ST_MakeValid(f.geom) AS after_geom, ST_MakeValid(f.geom, 'method=structure') AS after_geom_structure
FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOLYGON(((186 194,187 194,188 195,189 195,190 195,
191 195,192 195,193 194,194 194,194 193,195 192,195 191,
195 190,195 189,195 188,194 187,194 186,14 6,13 6,12 5,11 5,
10 5,9 5,8 5,7 6,6 6,6 7,5 8,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,6 13,6 14,186 194)),
((150 90,149 80,146 71,142 62,135 55,128 48,119 44,110 41,100 40,
90 41,81 44,72 48,65 55,58 62,54 71,51 80,50 90,51 100,
54 109,58 118,65 125,72 132,81 136,90 139,100 140,110 139,
119 136,128 132,135 125,142 118,146 109,149 100,150 90)))'::geometry AS geom) AS f;
SELECT c.geom AS before_geom,
                    ST_MakeValid(c.geom) AS after_geom,
                    ST_MakeValid(c.geom, 'method=structure') AS after_geom_structure
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOLYGON(((91 50,79 22,51 10,23 22,11 50,23 78,51 90,79 78,91 50)),
                  ((91 100,79 72,51 60,23 72,11 100,23 128,51 140,79 128,91 100)),
                  ((91 150,79 122,51 110,23 122,11 150,23 178,51 190,79 178,91 150)),
                  ((141 50,129 22,101 10,73 22,61 50,73 78,101 90,129 78,141 50)),
                  ((141 100,129 72,101 60,73 72,61 100,73 128,101 140,129 128,141 100)),
                  ((141 150,129 122,101 110,73 122,61 150,73 178,101 190,129 178,141 150)))'::geometry AS geom) AS c;
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeValid(
    'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0)',
    'method=structure keepcollapsed=true'
    ));

 st_astext
------------
 POINT(0 0)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeValid(
    'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0)',
    'method=structure keepcollapsed=false'
    ));

    st_astext
------------------
 LINESTRING EMPTY
-- Inverse direction
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_InverseTransformPipeline('POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)'::geometry,
  'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031')) AS wgs_geom;

          wgs_geom
----------------------------
 POINT(2 48.99999999999999)
(1 row)

-- using ST_Transform with automatic selection of a conversion pipeline.
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform('SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry, 7844)) AS gda2020_auto;

                 gda2020_auto
-----------------------------------------------
 POINT(143.00000635638918 -36.999986706128176)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-123.365556, 48.428611),4326) As wgs84long_lat;
-- the ewkt representation (wrap with ST_AsEWKT) -
SRID=4326;POINT(-123.365556 48.428611)

SELECT ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-123.365556, 48.428611),4326),3785) As spere_merc;
-- the ewkt representation (wrap with ST_AsEWKT) -
SRID=3785;POINT(-13732990.8753491 6178458.96425423)

SELECT ST_SRID(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.1043 42.315)',4326));
    --result
    4326

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
  743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))',2249),4326)) As wgs_geom;

 wgs_geom
---------------------------
 POLYGON((-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902,-71.1776843766326 42.3903829478009,
-71.1775844305465 42.3903826677917,-71.1775825927231 42.3902893647987,-71.177684
8522251 42.3902896512902));
(1 row)

--3D Circular String example
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=2249;CIRCULARSTRING(743238 2967416 1,743238 2967450 2,743265 2967450 3,743265.625 2967416 3,743238 2967416 4)'),4326));

         st_asewkt
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 SRID=4326;CIRCULARSTRING(-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902 1,-71.1776843766326 42.3903829478009 2,
 -71.1775844305465 42.3903826677917 3,
 -71.1775825927231 42.3902893647987 3,-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902 4)

CREATE INDEX idx_geom_26986_parcels
  ON parcels
  USING gist
  (ST_Transform(geom, 26986))
  WHERE geom IS NOT NULL;

-- Find intersection of two polygons near the North pole, using a custom Gnomic projection
-- See http://boundlessgeo.com/2012/02/flattening-the-peel/
 WITH data AS (
   SELECT
     ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((170 50,170 72,-130 72,-130 50,170 50))', 4326) AS p1,
     ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((-170 68,-170 90,-141 90,-141 68,-170 68))', 4326) AS p2,
     '+proj=gnom +ellps=WGS84 +lat_0=70 +lon_0=-160 +no_defs'::text AS gnom
 )
 SELECT ST_AsText(
   ST_Transform(
     ST_Intersection(ST_Transform(p1, gnom), ST_Transform(p2, gnom)),
   gnom, 4326))
 FROM data;
                                          st_astext
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  POLYGON((-170 74.053793645338,-141 73.4268621378904,-141 68,-170 68,-170 74.053793645338))

+nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat
+nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat,null
UPDATE spatial_ref_sys SET proj4text = '+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat,null +no_defs' WHERE srid = 4267;
-- Forward direction
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TransformPipeline('SRID=4326;POINT(2 49)'::geometry,
  'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031')) AS utm_geom;

                  utm_geom
--------------------------------------------
 POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)
(1 row)

-- Inverse direction
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_InverseTransformPipeline('POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)'::geometry,
  'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031')) AS wgs_geom;

          wgs_geom
----------------------------
 POINT(2 48.99999999999999)
(1 row)

-- using ST_Transform with automatic selection of a conversion pipeline.
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform('SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry, 7844)) AS gda2020_auto;

                 gda2020_auto
-----------------------------------------------
 POINT(143.00000635638918 -36.999986706128176)
(1 row)

-- using a defined conversion (EPSG:8447)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TransformPipeline('SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry,
  'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::8447')) AS gda2020_code;

                   gda2020_code
----------------------------------------------
 POINT(143.0000063280214 -36.999986718287545)
(1 row)

-- using a PROJ pipeline definition matching EPSG:8447, as returned from
-- 'projinfo -s EPSG:4939 -t EPSG:7844'.
-- NOTE: any 'axisswap' steps must be removed.
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TransformPipeline('SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry,
  '+proj=pipeline
   +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad
   +step +proj=hgridshift +grids=au_icsm_GDA94_GDA2020_conformal_and_distortion.tif
   +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg')) AS gda2020_pipeline;

                   gda2020_pipeline
----------------------------------------------
 POINT(143.0000063280214 -36.999986718287545)
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM postgis_srs_codes('EPSG') LIMIT 10;

 postgis_srs_codes
-------------------
 2000
 20004
 20005
 20006
 20007
 20008
 20009
 2001
 20010
 20011

SELECT * FROM postgis_srs('EPSG', '3005');

auth_name | EPSG
auth_srid | 3005
srname    | NAD83 / BC Albers
srtext    | PROJCS["NAD83 / BC Albers", ... ]]
proj4text | +proj=aea +lat_0=45 +lon_0=-126 +lat_1=50 +lat_2=58.5 +x_0=1000000 +y_0=0 +datum=NAD83 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs
point_sw  | 0101000020E6100000E17A14AE476161C00000000000204840
point_ne  | 0101000020E610000085EB51B81E855CC0E17A14AE47014E40

SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname FROM postgis_srs_all() LIMIT 10;

 auth_name | auth_srid |                  srname
-----------+-----------+------------------------------------------
 EPSG      | 2000      | Anguilla 1957 / British West Indies Grid
 EPSG      | 20004     | Pulkovo 1995 / Gauss-Kruger zone 4
 EPSG      | 20005     | Pulkovo 1995 / Gauss-Kruger zone 5
 EPSG      | 20006     | Pulkovo 1995 / Gauss-Kruger zone 6
 EPSG      | 20007     | Pulkovo 1995 / Gauss-Kruger zone 7
 EPSG      | 20008     | Pulkovo 1995 / Gauss-Kruger zone 8
 EPSG      | 20009     | Pulkovo 1995 / Gauss-Kruger zone 9
 EPSG      | 2001      | Antigua 1943 / British West Indies Grid
 EPSG      | 20010     | Pulkovo 1995 / Gauss-Kruger zone 10
 EPSG      | 20011     | Pulkovo 1995 / Gauss-Kruger zone 11    
SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname,
  ST_AsText(point_sw) AS point_sw,
  ST_AsText(point_ne) AS point_ne
FROM postgis_srs_search('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-90 30, -91 31)')
LIMIT 3;

 auth_name | auth_srid |                srname                |      point_sw       |      point_ne
-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------------+---------------------
 EPSG      | 2801      | NAD83(HARN) / Louisiana South        | POINT(-93.94 28.85) | POINT(-88.75 31.07)
 EPSG      | 3452      | NAD83 / Louisiana South (ftUS)       | POINT(-93.94 28.85) | POINT(-88.75 31.07)
 EPSG      | 3457      | NAD83(HARN) / Louisiana South (ftUS) | POINT(-93.94 28.85) | POINT(-88.75 31.07)

WITH ext AS (
  SELECT ST_Extent(geom) AS geom, Max(ST_SRID(geom)) AS srid
  FROM foo
)
SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname,
  ST_AsText(point_sw) AS point_sw,
  ST_AsText(point_ne) AS point_ne
FROM ext
CROSS JOIN postgis_srs_search(ST_SetSRID(ext.geom, ext.srid))
LIMIT 3;
--- converting lon lat coords to geography
ALTER TABLE sometable ADD COLUMN geog geography(POINT,4326);
UPDATE sometable SET geog = ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(' || lon || ' ' || lat || ')');

--- specify a geography point using EPSG:4267, NAD27
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4267;POINT(-77.0092 38.889588)'));

SELECT ST_GeomCollFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(1 2),LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)');
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;MULTILINESTRING((-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236,
-71.1031627617667 42.3152960829043,-71.102923838298 42.3149156848307,
-71.1023097974109 42.3151969047397,-71.1019285062273 42.3147384934248,
-71.102505233663 42.3144722937587,-71.10277487471 42.3141658254797,
-71.103113945163 42.3142739188902,-71.10324876416 42.31402489987,
-71.1033002961013 42.3140393340215,-71.1033488797549 42.3139495090772,
-71.103396240451 42.3138632439557,-71.1041521907712 42.3141153348029,
-71.1041411411543 42.3141545014533,-71.1041287795912 42.3142114839058,
-71.1041188134329 42.3142693656241,-71.1041112482575 42.3143272556118,
-71.1041072845732 42.3143851580048,-71.1041057218871 42.3144430686681,
-71.1041065602059 42.3145009876017,-71.1041097995362 42.3145589148055,
-71.1041166403905 42.3146168544148,-71.1041258822717 42.3146748022936,
-71.1041375307579 42.3147318674446,-71.1041492906949 42.3147711126569,
-71.1041598612795 42.314808571739,-71.1042515013869 42.3151287620809,
-71.1041173835118 42.3150739481917,-71.1040809891419 42.3151344119048,
-71.1040438678912 42.3151191367447,-71.1040194562988 42.3151832057859,
-71.1038734225584 42.3151140942995,-71.1038446938243 42.3151006300338,
-71.1038315271889 42.315094347535,-71.1037393329282 42.315054824985,
-71.1035447555574 42.3152608696313,-71.1033436658644 42.3151648370544,
-71.1032580383161 42.3152269126061,-71.103223066939 42.3152517403219,
-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236)),
((-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546,-71.1043583974082 42.3151211109857,
-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829,-71.1043850704575 42.3150793250568,-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546)))');

--3d circular string
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)');

--Polyhedral Surface example
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
        ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
        ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
        ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
        ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1))
)');

                SELECT
                ST_AsText(
                    ST_GeomFromMARC21('
                        <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                            <leader
>00000nz a2200000nc 4500</leader>
                            <controlfield tag="001"
>040277569</controlfield>
                            <datafield tag="034" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
                                <subfield code="d"
>W004.500000</subfield>
                                <subfield code="e"
>W004.500000</subfield>
                                <subfield code="f"
>N054.250000</subfield>
                                <subfield code="g"
>N054.250000</subfield>
                            </datafield>
                        </record
>'));

                st_astext
                -------------------
                POINT(-4.5 54.25)
                (1 row)

                SELECT
                ST_AsText(
                    ST_GeomFromMARC21('
                        <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                            <leader
>01062cem a2200241 a 4500</leader>
                            <controlfield tag="001"
>   84696781 </controlfield>
                            <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                                <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                                <subfield code="b"
>50000</subfield>
                                <subfield code="d"
>E0130600</subfield>
                                <subfield code="e"
>E0133100</subfield>
                                <subfield code="f"
>N0523900</subfield>
                                <subfield code="g"
>N0522300</subfield>
                            </datafield>
                        </record
>'));

                st_astext
                -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65))
                (1 row)

                SELECT
                ST_AsText(
                    ST_GeomFromMARC21('
                <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="b"
>50000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>E0130600</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>E0133100</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N0523900</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N0522300</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="d"
>W004.500000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>W004.500000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N054.250000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N054.250000</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                </record
>'));
                                                                                        st_astext
                -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65)),POINT(-4.5 54.25))
                (1 row)

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)');
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)',4269);

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236,
-71.1031627617667 42.3152960829043,-71.102923838298 42.3149156848307,
-71.1023097974109 42.3151969047397,-71.1019285062273 42.3147384934248,
-71.102505233663 42.3144722937587,-71.10277487471 42.3141658254797,
-71.103113945163 42.3142739188902,-71.10324876416 42.31402489987,
-71.1033002961013 42.3140393340215,-71.1033488797549 42.3139495090772,
-71.103396240451 42.3138632439557,-71.1041521907712 42.3141153348029,
-71.1041411411543 42.3141545014533,-71.1041287795912 42.3142114839058,
-71.1041188134329 42.3142693656241,-71.1041112482575 42.3143272556118,
-71.1041072845732 42.3143851580048,-71.1041057218871 42.3144430686681,
-71.1041065602059 42.3145009876017,-71.1041097995362 42.3145589148055,
-71.1041166403905 42.3146168544148,-71.1041258822717 42.3146748022936,
-71.1041375307579 42.3147318674446,-71.1041492906949 42.3147711126569,
-71.1041598612795 42.314808571739,-71.1042515013869 42.3151287620809,
-71.1041173835118 42.3150739481917,-71.1040809891419 42.3151344119048,
-71.1040438678912 42.3151191367447,-71.1040194562988 42.3151832057859,
-71.1038734225584 42.3151140942995,-71.1038446938243 42.3151006300338,
-71.1038315271889 42.315094347535,-71.1037393329282 42.315054824985,
-71.1035447555574 42.3152608696313,-71.1033436658644 42.3151648370544,
-71.1032580383161 42.3152269126061,-71.103223066939 42.3152517403219,
-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236)),
((-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546,-71.1043583974082 42.3151211109857,
-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829,-71.1043850704575 42.3150793250568,-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546)))',4326);

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)');

SELECT ST_LineFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)') AS aline, ST_LineFromText('POINT(1 2)') AS null_return;
aline                            | null_return
------------------------------------------------
010200000002000000000000000000F ... | t

SELECT ST_MLineFromText('MULTILINESTRING((1 2, 3 4), (4 5, 6 7))');
SELECT ST_MPointFromText('MULTIPOINT((1 2),(3 4))');
SELECT ST_MPointFromText('MULTIPOINT((-70.9590 42.1180),(-70.9611 42.1223))', 4326);
SELECT ST_MPolyFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0 1,20 0 1,20 20 1,0 20 1,0 0 1),(5 5 3,5 7 3,7 7 3,7 5 3,5 5 3)))');
SELECt ST_MPolyFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-70.916 42.1002,-70.9468 42.0946,-70.9765 42.0872,-70.9754 42.0875,-70.9749 42.0879,-70.9752 42.0881,-70.9754 42.0891,-70.9758 42.0894,-70.9759 42.0897,-70.9759 42.0899,-70.9754 42.0902,-70.9756 42.0906,-70.9753 42.0907,-70.9753 42.0917,-70.9757 42.0924,-70.9755 42.0928,-70.9755 42.0942,-70.9751 42.0948,-70.9755 42.0953,-70.9751 42.0958,-70.9751 42.0962,-70.9759 42.0983,-70.9767 42.0987,-70.9768 42.0991,-70.9771 42.0997,-70.9771 42.1003,-70.9768 42.1005,-70.977 42.1011,-70.9766 42.1019,-70.9768 42.1026,-70.9769 42.1033,-70.9775 42.1042,-70.9773 42.1043,-70.9776 42.1043,-70.9778 42.1048,-70.9773 42.1058,-70.9774 42.1061,-70.9779 42.1065,-70.9782 42.1078,-70.9788 42.1085,-70.9798 42.1087,-70.9806 42.109,-70.9807 42.1093,-70.9806 42.1099,-70.9809 42.1109,-70.9808 42.1112,-70.9798 42.1116,-70.9792 42.1127,-70.979 42.1129,-70.9787 42.1134,-70.979 42.1139,-70.9791 42.1141,-70.9987 42.1116,-71.0022 42.1273,
        -70.9408 42.1513,-70.9315 42.1165,-70.916 42.1002)))',4326);

SELECT ST_PointFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');
SELECT ST_PointFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)', 4326);

SELECT ST_PolygonFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');
st_polygonfromtext
------------------
010300000001000000050000006...

SELECT ST_PolygonFromText('POINT(1 2)') IS NULL as point_is_notpoly;

point_is_not_poly
----------
t

--Although bytea rep contains single \, these need to be escaped when inserting into a table
SELECT ST_AsText(
ST_GeogFromWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\000\\002\\000\\000\\000\\037\\205\\353Q\\270~\\\\\\300\\323Mb\\020X\\231C@\\020X9\\264\\310~\\\\\\300)\\\\\\217\\302\\365\\230C@')
);
                                          st_astext
------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000 \\255\\020\\000\\000\\003\\000\\000\\000\\344J=
\\013B\\312Q\\300n\\303(\\010\\036!E@''\\277E''K
\\312Q\\300\\366{b\\235*!E@\\225|\\354.P\\312Q
\\300p\\231\\323e1!E@');
set standard_conforming_strings = on;
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKB('\001\002\000\000 \255\020\000\000\003\000\000\000\344J=\012\013B
    \312Q\300n\303(\010\036!E@''\277E''K\012\312Q\300\366{b\235*!E@\225|\354.P\312Q\012\300p\231\323e1')
--Although bytea rep contains single \, these need to be escaped when inserting into a table
                -- unless standard_conforming_strings is set to on.
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(
ST_GeomFromWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\000\\002\\000\\000\\000\\037\\205\\353Q\\270~\\\\\\300\\323Mb\\020X\\231C@\\020X9\\264\\310~\\\\\\300)\\\\\\217\\302\\365\\230C@',4326)
);
                                          st_asewkt
------------------------------------------------------
 SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
(1 row)

SELECT
  ST_AsText(
        ST_GeomFromWKB(
          ST_AsEWKB('POINT(2 5)'::geometry)
        )
  );
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(2 5)
(1 row)
SELECT ST_LineFromWKB(ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'))) AS aline,
                ST_LineFromWKB(ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'))) IS NULL AS null_return;
aline                            | null_return
------------------------------------------------
010200000002000000000000000000F ... | t

SELECT
  ST_LineStringFromWKB(
        ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'))
  ) AS aline,
  ST_LinestringFromWKB(
        ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'))
  ) IS NULL AS null_return;
   aline                            | null_return
------------------------------------------------
010200000002000000000000000000F ... | t
SELECT
  ST_AsText(
        ST_PointFromWKB(
          ST_AsEWKB('POINT(2 5)'::geometry)
        )
  );
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(2 5)
(1 row)

SELECT
  ST_AsText(
        ST_PointFromWKB(
          ST_AsEWKB('LINESTRING(2 5, 2 6)'::geometry)
        )
  );
 st_astext
-----------

(1 row)
SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0');

                st_geomfromgeohash
--------------------------------------------------
 BOX(-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646)

SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 0);

 st_box2dfromgeohash
----------------------
 BOX(-180 -90,180 90)

 SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10);
                            st_box2dfromgeohash
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 BOX(-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473,-115.172810554504 36.1146461963654)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0'));
                                                        st_astext
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 4));
                                                          st_astext
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((-115.3125 36.03515625,-115.3125 36.2109375,-114.9609375 36.2109375,-114.9609375 36.03515625,-115.3125 36.03515625))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10));
                                                                                       st_astext
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473,-115.17282128334 36.1146461963654,-115.172810554504 36.1146461963654,-115.172810554504 36.1146408319473,-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473))

SELECT ST_GeomFromGML($$
    <gml:LineString xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
                        srsName="EPSG:4269">
        <gml:coordinates>
            -71.16028,42.258729 -71.160837,42.259112 -71.161143,42.25932
        </gml:coordinates>
    </gml:LineString>
$$);

SELECT ST_GeomFromGML($$
    <gml:LineString xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
            xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
            srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4269">
        <gml:pointProperty>
            <gml:Point gml:id="p1"
><gml:pos
>42.258729 -71.16028</gml:pos
></gml:Point>
        </gml:pointProperty>
        <gml:pos
>42.259112 -71.160837</gml:pos>
        <gml:pointProperty>
            <gml:Point xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#p1"/>
        </gml:pointProperty>
    </gml:LineString>
$$);

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeomFromGML('
<gml:PolyhedralSurface xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<gml:polygonPatches>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
      <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
</gml:polygonPatches>
</gml:PolyhedralSurface
>'));

-- result --
 POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
 ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
 ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
 ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoJSON('{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-48.23456,20.12345]}')) As wkt;
wkt
------
POINT(-48.23456 20.12345)

-- a 3D linestring
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoJSON('{"type":"LineString","coordinates":[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]}')) As wkt;

wkt
-------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,4 5,7 8)

SELECT ST_GeomFromKML($$
    <LineString>
        <coordinates
>-71.1663,42.2614
            -71.1667,42.2616</coordinates>
    </LineString>
$$);

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromTWKB(ST_AsTWKB('LINESTRING(126 34, 127 35)'::geometry)));

         st_astext
-----------------------------
 LINESTRING(126 34, 127 35)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(
  ST_GeomFromTWKB(E'\\x620002f7f40dbce4040105')
);
                                          st_asewkt
------------------------------------------------------
LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
(1 row)

-- Create a line string from a polyline
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline('_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@'));
-- result --
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-120.2 38.5,-120.95 40.7,-126.453 43.252)

-- Select different precision that was used for polyline encoding
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline('_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@',6));
-- result --
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-12.02 3.85,-12.095 4.07,-12.6453 4.3252)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0'));
          st_astext
------------------------------
 POINT(-115.172816 36.114646)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 4));
             st_astext
-----------------------------------
 POINT(-115.13671875 36.123046875)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10));
                 st_astext
-------------------------------------------
 POINT(-115.172815918922 36.1146435141563)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT('0103000020E61000000100000005000000000000
      000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
      F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03
      F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'::geometry);

       st_asewkt
--------------------------------
SRID=4326;POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT('0108000080030000000000000060E30A4100000000785C0241000000000000F03F0000000018
E20A4100000000485F024100000000000000400000000018
E20A4100000000305C02410000000000000840')

--st_asewkt---
CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)

SELECT ST_AsText('01030000000100000005000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03
F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000');

    st_astext
--------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))

SELECT ST_AsText('POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)'));
    st_astext
------------------------------
 POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)

SELECT ST_AsText('POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)'), 2);
    st_astext
--------------------
 POINT(111.11 1.11)

SELECT ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));

       st_asbinary
--------------------------------
\x01030000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f0000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000

SELECT ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326), 'XDR');
       st_asbinary
--------------------------------
\x000000000300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003ff000
00000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000

SELECT ST_AsEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));

       st_asewkb
--------------------------------
\x0103000020e610000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f00000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000

SELECT ST_AsEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326), 'XDR');
       st_asewkb
--------------------------------
\x0020000003000010e600000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000

SELECT ST_AsHEXEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));
    which gives same answer as

    SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326)::text;

    st_ashexewkb
    --------
    0103000020E6100000010000000500
    00000000000000000000000000000000
    00000000000000000000000000000000F03F
    000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03
    F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsEncodedPolyline(GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-120.2 38.5,-120.95 40.7,-126.453 43.252)'));
  --result--
  |_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@

-- the SQL for Boston to San Francisco, segments every 100 KM
  SELECT ST_AsEncodedPolyline(
    ST_Segmentize(
      ST_GeogFromText('LINESTRING(-71.0519 42.4935,-122.4483 37.64)'),
        100000)::geometry) As encodedFlightPath;
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?libraries=geometry"
></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
   flightPath = new google.maps.Polyline({
      path:  google.maps.geometry.encoding.decodePath("$encodedFlightPath"),
      map: map,
      strokeColor: '#0000CC',
      strokeOpacity: 1.0,
      strokeWeight: 4
    });
</script>

SELECT encode(ST_AsGeobuf(q, 'geom'), 'base64')
    FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))') AS geom) AS q;
 st_asgeobuf
----------------------------------
 GAAiEAoOCgwIBBoIAAAAAgIAAAE=

SELECT json_build_object(
    'type', 'FeatureCollection',
    'features', json_agg(ST_AsGeoJSON(t.*, id_column =
> 'id')::json)
    )
FROM ( VALUES (1, 'one', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry),
              (2, 'two', 'POINT(2 2)'),
              (3, 'three', 'POINT(3 3)')
     ) as t(id, name, geom);
{"type" : "FeatureCollection", "features" : [{"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[1,1]}, "id": 1, "properties": {"name": "one"}}, {"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[2,2]}, "id": 2, "properties": {"name": "two"}}, {"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[3,3]}, "id": 3, "properties": {"name": "three"}}]}
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(t.*, id_column =
> 'id')
FROM (VALUES (1, 'one', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry)) AS t(id, name, geom);
st_asgeojson
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 {"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[1,1]}, "id": 1, "properties": {"name": "one"}}

SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(ST_Transform(geom,4326)) from fe_edges limit 1;
st_asgeojson
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

{"type":"MultiLineString","coordinates":[[[-89.734634999999997,31.492072000000000],
[-89.734955999999997,31.492237999999997]]]}

SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
{"type":"LineString","coordinates":[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]}
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(ST_SetSRID('POINT(1 1)'::geometry, 4326), 9, 4|1);
{"type":"Point","crs":{"type":"name","properties":{"name":"urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326"}},"bbox":[1.000000000,1.000000000,1.000000000,1.000000000],"coordinates":[1,1]}

SELECT ST_AsGML(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));
    st_asgml
    --------
    <gml:Polygon srsName="EPSG:4326"
><gml:outerBoundaryIs
><gml:LinearRing
><gml:coordinates
>0,0 0,1 1,1 1,0 0,0</gml:coordinates
></gml:LinearRing
></gml:outerBoundaryIs
></gml:Polygon>

-- Flip coordinates and output extended EPSG (16 | 1)--
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(5.234234233242 6.34534534534)',4326), 5, 17);
      st_asgml
      --------
    <gml:Point srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326"
><gml:pos
>6.34535 5.23423</gml:pos
></gml:Point>

-- Output the envelope (32) --
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 10 20)',4326), 5, 32);
    st_asgml
    --------
  <gml:Envelope srsName="EPSG:4326">
    <gml:lowerCorner
>1 2</gml:lowerCorner>
    <gml:upperCorner
>10 20</gml:upperCorner>
  </gml:Envelope>

-- Output the envelope (32) , reverse (lat lon instead of lon lat) (16), long srs (1)= 32 | 16 | 1 = 49 --
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 10 20)',4326), 5, 49);
  st_asgml
  --------
<gml:Envelope srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326">
  <gml:lowerCorner
>2 1</gml:lowerCorner>
  <gml:upperCorner
>20 10</gml:upperCorner>
</gml:Envelope>

-- Polyhedral Example --
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
  st_asgml
  --------
 <gml:PolyhedralSurface>
<gml:polygonPatches>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
</gml:polygonPatches>
</gml:PolyhedralSurface>

SELECT ST_AsKML(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));

    st_askml
    --------
    <Polygon
><outerBoundaryIs
><LinearRing
><coordinates
>0,0 0,1 1,1 1,0 0,0</coordinates
></LinearRing
></outerBoundaryIs
></Polygon>

    --3d linestring
    SELECT ST_AsKML('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
    <LineString
><coordinates
>1,2,3 4,5,6</coordinates
></LineString>

SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)'));
      st_aslatlontext
----------------------------
 2°19'29.928"S 3°14'3.243"W

SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D°M''S.SSS"C'));
      st_aslatlontext
----------------------------
 2°19'29.928"S 3°14'3.243"W

SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D degrees, M minutes, S seconds to the C'));
                                   st_aslatlontext
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 2 degrees, 19 minutes, 30 seconds to the S 3 degrees, 14 minutes, 3 seconds to the W

SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D°M''S.SSS"'));
      st_aslatlontext
----------------------------
 -2°19'29.928" -3°14'3.243"

SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D.DDDD degrees C'));
          st_aslatlontext
-----------------------------------
 2.3250 degrees S 3.2342 degrees W

SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-302.2342342 -792.32498)'));
        st_aslatlontext
-------------------------------
 72°19'29.928"S 57°45'56.757"E

                SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;POINT(-4.504289 54.253312)'::geometry);

                                st_asmarc21
                -------------------------------------------------
                <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>W0043015</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>W0043015</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N0541512</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N0541512</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                </record>

                SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;POLYGON((-4.5792388916015625 54.18172660239091,-4.56756591796875 54.196993557130355,-4.546623229980469 54.18313300502024,-4.5792388916015625 54.18172660239091))'::geometry,'hddd.dddd');

                <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>W004.5792</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>W004.5466</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N054.1970</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N054.1817</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                </record>

                SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65)),POINT(-4.5 54.25))'::geometry,'hdddmm.mmmm');

                                st_asmarc21
                -------------------------------------------------
                <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>E01307.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>E01331.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N05240.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N05224.0000</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>W00430.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>W00430.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N05415.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N05415.0000</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                </record>

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AsMVTGeom(
  ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((0 0, 10 0, 10 5, 0 -5, 0 0))'),
  ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0, 0), ST_Point(4096, 4096)),
  4096, 0, false));
                              st_astext
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPOLYGON(((5 4096,10 4091,10 4096,5 4096)),((5 4096,0 4101,0 4096,5 4096)))

SELECT ST_AsMVTGeom(
            ST_Transform( geom, 3857 ),
            ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412), extent =
> 4096, buffer =
> 64) AS geom
  FROM data
  WHERE geom && ST_Transform(ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412, margin =
> (64.0 / 4096)),4326)

WITH mvtgeom AS
(
  SELECT ST_AsMVTGeom(geom, ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412), extent =
> 4096, buffer =
> 64) AS geom, name, description
  FROM points_of_interest
  WHERE geom && ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412, margin =
> (64.0 / 4096))
)
SELECT ST_AsMVT(mvtgeom.*)
FROM mvtgeom;

SELECT ST_AsSVG('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))'::geometry);

st_assvg
--------
M 0 0 L 0 -1 1 -1 1 0 Z
SELECT ST_AsSVG( ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(-2 0,0 2,2 0,0 2,2 4)') );

st_assvg
--------
M -2 0 A 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 A 2 2 0 0 1 2 -4
SELECT ST_AsSVG('MULTICURVE((5 5,3 5,3 3,0 3),
 CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 1,2 2))'::geometry, 0, 0);
 st_assvg
------------------------------------------------
 M 5 -5 L 3 -5 3 -3 0 -3 M 0 0 A 2 2 0 0 0 2 -2

SELECT ST_AsSVG('MULTISURFACE(
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(-2 0,-1 -1,0 0,1 -1,2 0,0 2,-2 0),
    (-1 0,0 0.5,1 0,0 1,-1 0)),
((7 8,10 10,6 14,4 11,7 8)))'::geometry, 0, 2);

st_assvg
---------------------------------------------------------
M -2 0 A 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 A 2 2 0 0 0 -2 0 Z
M -1 0 L 0 -0.5 1 0 0 -1 -1 0 Z
M 7 -8 L 10 -10 6 -14 4 -11 Z

SELECT ST_AsTWKB('LINESTRING(1 1,5 5)'::geometry);
                 st_astwkb
--------------------------------------------
\x02000202020808

SELECT ST_AsTWKB(array_agg(geom), array_agg(gid)) FROM mytable;
                 st_astwkb
--------------------------------------------
\x040402020400000202

SELECT '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE X3D PUBLIC "ISO//Web3D//DTD X3D 3.0//EN" "http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.dtd">
<X3D>
  <Scene>
    <Transform>
      <Shape>
       <Appearance>
            <Material emissiveColor=''0 0 1''/>
       </Appearance
> ' ||
       ST_AsX3D( ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )')) ||
      '</Shape>
    </Transform>
  </Scene>
</X3D
>' As x3ddoc;

    x3ddoc
    --------
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE X3D PUBLIC "ISO//Web3D//DTD X3D 3.0//EN" "http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.dtd">
<X3D>
  <Scene>
    <Transform>
      <Shape>
       <Appearance>
            <Material emissiveColor='0 0 1'/>
       </Appearance>
       <IndexedFaceSet  coordIndex='0 1 2 3 -1 4 5 6 7 -1 8 9 10 11 -1 12 13 14 15 -1 16 17 18 19 -1 20 21 22 23'>
            <Coordinate point='0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1' />
      </IndexedFaceSet>
      </Shape>
    </Transform>
  </Scene>
</X3D>

SELECT string_agg('<Shape
>' || ST_AsX3D(ST_Extrude(geom, 0,0, i*0.5)) ||
    '<Appearance>
          <Material diffuseColor="' || (0.01*i)::text || ' 0.8 0.2" specularColor="' || (0.05*i)::text || ' 0 0.5"/>
        </Appearance>
    </Shape
>', '')
FROM ST_Subdivide(ST_Letters('PostGIS'),20) WITH ORDINALITY AS f(geom,i);

SELECT ST_AsX3D(
ST_Translate(
    ST_Force_3d(
        ST_Buffer(ST_Point(10,10),5, 'quad_segs=2')), 0,0,
    3)
  ,6) As x3dfrag;

x3dfrag
--------
<IndexedFaceSet coordIndex="0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7">
    <Coordinate point="15 10 3 13.535534 6.464466 3 10 5 3 6.464466 6.464466 3 5 10 3 6.464466 13.535534 3 10 15 3 13.535534 13.535534 3 " />
</IndexedFaceSet>

SELECT ST_AsX3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')) As x3dfrag;

    x3dfrag
    --------
<IndexedTriangleSet  index='0 1 2 3 4 5'
><Coordinate point='0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0'/></IndexedTriangleSet>

SELECT ST_AsX3D(
        ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((20 0 10,16 -12 10,0 -16 10,-12 -12 10,-20 0 10,-12 16 10,0 24 10,16 16 10,20 0 10),
  (12 0 10,8 8 10,0 12 10,-8 8 10,-8 0 10,-8 -4 10,0 -8 10,8 -4 10,12 0 10))')
) As x3dfrag;

    x3dfrag
    --------
<IndexedLineSet  coordIndex='0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 -1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8'>
    <Coordinate point='20 0 10 16 -12 10 0 -16 10 -12 -12 10 -20 0 10 -12 16 10 0 24 10 16 16 10 12 0 10 8 8 10 0 12 10 -8 8 10 -8 0 10 -8 -4 10 0 -8 10 8 -4 10 ' />
 </IndexedLineSet>

SELECT ST_GeoHash( ST_Point(-126,48) );

   st_geohash
----------------------
 c0w3hf1s70w3hf1s70w3

SELECT ST_GeoHash( ST_Point(-126,48), 5);

 st_geohash
------------
 c0w3h

-- This line contains the point, so the GeoHash is a prefix of the point code
SELECT ST_GeoHash('LINESTRING(-126 48, -126.1 48.1)'::geometry);

 st_geohash
------------
 c0w3

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps
FROM ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
        (3, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps
---------+---------+----------
           1 |       3 | t
           2 |       3 | f
(2 rows)

SELECT ST_Point(1,1) && ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) && ST_Point(1,1) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) && ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(3,3)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &&& tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_3d,
                                    tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_2d
FROM ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING Z(0 0 1, 3 3 2)'::geometry),
        (2, 'LINESTRING Z(1 2 0, 0 5 -1)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
        (3, 'LINESTRING Z(1 2 1, 4 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps_3d | overlaps_2d
---------+---------+-------------+-------------
       1 |       3 | t           | t
       2 |       3 | f           | t

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &&& tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_3zm,
                                    tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_2d
FROM ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING M(0 0 1, 3 3 2)'::geometry),
        (2, 'LINESTRING M(1 2 0, 0 5 -1)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
        (3, 'LINESTRING M(1 2 1, 4 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps_3zm | overlaps_2d
---------+---------+-------------+-------------
       1 |       3 | t           | t
       2 |       3 | f           | t

SELECT ST_MakePoint(1,1,1) &&& ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) &&& ST_MakePoint(1,1,1) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) &&& ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(1,1,1), ST_MakePoint(3,3,3)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &< tbl2.column2 AS overleft
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overleft
---------+---------+----------
           1 |       2 | f
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &<| tbl2.column2 AS overbelow
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 4)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overbelow
---------+---------+-----------
           1 |       2 | f
           1 |       3 | t
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &
> tbl2.column2 AS overright
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overright
---------+---------+-----------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | t
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 << tbl2.column2 AS left
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (1 2, 1 5)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (6 0, 6 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (2 2, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | left
---------+---------+------
           1 |       2 | f
           1 |       3 | t
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 <<| tbl2.column2 AS below
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (1 4, 1 7)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1, 6 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (2 3, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | below
---------+---------+-------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 0)'::geometry = 'LINESTRING(1 1, 0 0)'::geometry;
 ?column?
----------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(column1)
FROM ( VALUES
        ('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry),
        ('LINESTRING(1 1, 0 0)'::geometry)) AS foo;
          st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)
 LINESTRING(1 1,0 0)
(2 rows)

-- Note: the GROUP BY uses the "=" to compare for geometry equivalency.
SELECT ST_AsText(column1)
FROM ( VALUES
        ('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry),
        ('LINESTRING(1 1, 0 0)'::geometry)) AS foo
GROUP BY column1;
      st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)
 LINESTRING(1 1,0 0)
(2 rows)

-- In versions prior to 2.0, this used to return true --
 SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1707296.37 4820536.77)') =
        ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1707296.27 4820536.87)') As pt_intersect;

--pt_intersect --
f

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 
>
> tbl2.column2 AS right
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (2 3, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (1 4, 1 7)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1, 6 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | right
---------+---------+-------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 @ tbl2.column2 AS contained
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (1 1, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 4)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (2 2, 4 4)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (1 1, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | contained
---------+---------+-----------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(2 2)'), 1) @ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(5,5)) AS is_contained;

 is_contained
--------------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2,2), ST_Point(3,3)) @ ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 1)'), 10) AS is_contained;

 is_contained
--------------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2,2), ST_Point(3,3)) @ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(5,5)) AS is_contained;

 is_contained
--------------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 |&
> tbl2.column2 AS overabove
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 4)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overabove
---------+---------+-----------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 |>> tbl2.column2 AS above
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (1 4, 1 7)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 2)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1, 6 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (2 3, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | above
---------+---------+-------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 ~ tbl2.column2 AS contains
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 4)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (1 1, 2 2)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | contains
---------+---------+----------
           1 |       2 | f
           1 |       3 | t
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)
SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 1)'), 10) ~ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) AS contains;

 contains
----------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(5,5)) ~ ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(2 2)'), 1) AS contains;

 contains
----------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(5,5)) ~ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2,2), ST_Point(3,3)) AS contains;

 contains
----------
 t
(1 row)
select 'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry ~= 'LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)'::geometry as equality;
 equality   |
-----------------+
          t    |

SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
FROM va2005
ORDER BY d limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

SELECT st_distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
FROM va2005
ORDER BY geom <-> 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

WITH index_query AS (
  SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
        FROM va2005
  ORDER BY geom <-> 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry LIMIT 100)
  SELECT *
        FROM index_query
  ORDER BY d limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

-- Save a literal query trajectory in a psql variable...
\set qt 'ST_AddMeasure(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePointM(-350,300,0),ST_MakePointM(-410,490,0)),10,20)'
-- Run the query !
SELECT track_id, dist FROM (
  SELECT track_id, ST_DistanceCPA(tr,:qt) dist
  FROM trajectories
  ORDER BY tr |=| :qt
  LIMIT 5
) foo;
 track_id        dist
----------+-------------------
      395 | 0.576496831518066
      380 |  5.06797130410151
      390 |  7.72262293958322
      385 |   9.8004461358071
      405 |  10.9534397988433
(5 rows)

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT b.tlid, b.mtfcc,
        b.geom <#
> ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(746149 2948672,745954 2948576,
                745787 2948499,745740 2948468,745712 2948438,
                745690 2948384,745677 2948319)',2249) As b_dist,
                ST_Distance(b.geom, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(746149 2948672,745954 2948576,
                745787 2948499,745740 2948468,745712 2948438,
                745690 2948384,745677 2948319)',2249)) As act_dist
    FROM bos_roads As b
    ORDER BY b_dist, b.tlid
    LIMIT 100) As foo
    ORDER BY act_dist, tlid LIMIT 10;

   tlid    | mtfcc |      b_dist      |     act_dist
-----------+-------+------------------+------------------
  85732027 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85732029 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85732031 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85734335 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85736037 | S1400 |                0 |                0
 624683742 | S1400 |                0 | 128.528874268666
  85719343 | S1400 | 260.839270432962 | 260.839270432962
  85741826 | S1400 | 164.759294123275 | 260.839270432962
  85732032 | S1400 |           277.75 | 311.830282365264
  85735592 | S1400 |           222.25 | 311.830282365264
(10 rows)

SELECT ST_3DIntersects(pt, line), ST_Intersects(pt, line)
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(0 0 2)'::geometry As pt, 'LINESTRING (0 0 1, 0 2 3)'::geometry As line) As foo;
 st_3dintersects | st_intersects
-----------------+---------------
 f               | t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_3DIntersects('TIN(((0 0 0,1 0 0,0 1 0,0 0 0)))'::geometry, 'POINT(.1 .1 0)'::geometry);
 st_3dintersects
-----------------
 t
-- A circle within a circle
SELECT ST_Contains(smallc, bigc) As smallcontainsbig,
     ST_Contains(bigc,smallc) As bigcontainssmall,
     ST_Contains(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigcontainsunion,
     ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion,
     ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
     ST_Contains(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
       ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;

-- Result
  smallcontainsbig | bigcontainssmall | bigcontainsunion | bigisunion | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
------------------+------------------+------------------+------------+-------------------+---------------------
 f                | t                | t                | t          | t        | f

-- Example demonstrating difference between contains and contains properly
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geomA) As geomtype, ST_Contains(geomA,geomA) AS acontainsa, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, geomA) AS acontainspropa,
   ST_Contains(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainsba, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainspropba
FROM (VALUES ( ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,1), 5,1) ),
       ( ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(-1,-1) ) ),
       ( ST_Point(1,1) )
    ) As foo(geomA);

  geomtype    | acontainsa | acontainspropa | acontainsba | acontainspropba
--------------+------------+----------------+-------------+-----------------
ST_Polygon    | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_LineString | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_Point      | t          | t              | f           | f

--a circle within a circle
  SELECT ST_ContainsProperly(smallc, bigc) As smallcontainspropbig,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc,smallc) As bigcontainspropsmall,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigcontainspropunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
  --Result
  smallcontainspropbig | bigcontainspropsmall | bigcontainspropunion | bigisunion | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
------------------+------------------+------------------+------------+-------------------+---------------------
 f                     | t                    | f                    | t          | t                 | f

 --example demonstrating difference between contains and contains properly
 SELECT ST_GeometryType(geomA) As geomtype, ST_Contains(geomA,geomA) AS acontainsa, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, geomA) AS acontainspropa,
 ST_Contains(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainsba, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainspropba
 FROM (VALUES ( ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,1), 5,1) ),
      ( ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(-1,-1) ) ),
      ( ST_Point(1,1) )
  ) As foo(geomA);

  geomtype    | acontainsa | acontainspropa | acontainsba | acontainspropba
--------------+------------+----------------+-------------+-----------------
ST_Polygon    | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_LineString | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_Point      | t          | t              | f           | f

--a circle coveredby a circle
SELECT ST_CoveredBy(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_CoveredBy(smallc, bigc) As smallcoveredbybig,
  ST_CoveredBy(ST_ExteriorRing(bigc), bigc) As exteriorcoveredbybig,
  ST_Within(ST_ExteriorRing(bigc),bigc) As exeriorwithinbig
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
  --Result
 smallinsmall | smallcoveredbybig | exteriorcoveredbybig | exeriorwithinbig
--------------+-------------------+----------------------+------------------
 t            | t                 | t                    | f
(1 row) 
--a circle covering a circle
SELECT ST_Covers(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_Covers(smallc, bigc) As smallcoversbig,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
  ST_Contains(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
  --Result
 smallinsmall | smallcoversbig | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
--------------+----------------+-------------------+---------------------
 t            | f              | t                 | f
(1 row) 
-- a point with a 300 meter buffer compared to a point, a point and its 10 meter buffer
SELECT ST_Covers(geog_poly, geog_pt) As poly_covers_pt,
  ST_Covers(ST_Buffer(geog_pt,10), geog_pt) As buff_10m_covers_cent
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(-99.327 31.4821)'), 300) As geog_poly,
        ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(-99.33 31.483)') As geog_pt ) As foo;

 poly_covers_pt | buff_10m_covers_cent
----------------+------------------
 f              | t

CREATE TABLE roads (
  id serial NOT NULL,
  geom geometry,
  CONSTRAINT roads_pkey PRIMARY KEY (road_id)
);
CREATE TABLE highways (
  id serial NOT NULL,
  the_gem geometry,
  CONSTRAINT roads_pkey PRIMARY KEY (road_id)
);
SELECT roads.id
FROM roads, highways
WHERE ST_Crosses(roads.geom, highways.geom);
SELECT ST_Disjoint('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
 st_disjoint
---------------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Disjoint('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
 st_disjoint
---------------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Equals(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)'),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)'));
 st_equals
-----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Equals(ST_Reverse(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)')),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)'));
 st_equals
-----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
 st_intersects
---------------
 f
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
 st_intersects
---------------
 t
(1 row)

-- Look up in table. Make sure table has a GiST index on geometry column for faster lookup.
SELECT id, name FROM cities WHERE ST_Intersects(geom, 'SRID=4326;POLYGON((28 53,27.707 52.293,27 52,26.293 52.293,26 53,26.293 53.707,27 54,27.707 53.707,28 53))');
 id | name
----+-------
  2 | Minsk
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Intersects(
    'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-43.23456 72.4567,-43.23456 72.4568)'::geography,
    'SRID=4326;POINT(-43.23456 72.4567772)'::geography
    );

 st_intersects
---------------
t

SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (20 140, 71 74, 161 53)') As lineB
  ) As foo;

 A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
        -1 |         1

SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(171 154,20 140,71 74,161 53)') As lineB
  ) As foo;

 A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
         3 |        -3

SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(5 90, 71 74, 20 140, 171 154)') As lineB
  ) As foo;

 A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
        -2 |         2

SELECT s1.gid, s2.gid, ST_LineCrossingDirection(s1.geom, s2.geom)
  FROM streets s1 CROSS JOIN streets s2
         ON (s1.gid != s2.gid AND s1.geom && s2.geom )
WHERE ST_LineCrossingDirection(s1.geom, s2.geom) 
> 0;

SELECT ST_OrderingEquals(
  'LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)',
  'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)');

 st_orderingequals
-----------
 f

SELECT ST_OrderingEquals(
  'LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)',
  'LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)');

 st_orderingequals
-----------
 t

SELECT ST_OrderingEquals(
  'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))',
  'POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))');

 st_orderingequals
-----------
 f

SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,       ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,  ST_Contains(b,a) AS b_contains_a
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT (100 100)') As a,
             ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (30 50, 40 160, 160 40, 180 160)')  AS b) AS t

overlaps | crosses | intersects | b_contains_a
---------+----------------------+--------------
f        | f       | t          | t

SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,        ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,   ST_Contains(a,b) AS contains
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((40 170, 90 30, 180 100, 40 170))') AS a,
             ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(10 10, 190 190)') AS b) AS t;

 overlap | crosses | intersects | contains
---------+---------+------------+--------------
 f       | t       | t          | f

SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,       ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,  ST_Contains(b, a) AS b_contains_a,
       ST_Dimension(a) AS dim_a, ST_Dimension(b) AS dim_b,
       ST_Dimension(ST_Intersection(a,b)) AS dim_int
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((40 170, 90 30, 180 100, 40 170))') AS a,
             ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((110 180, 20 60, 130 90, 110 180))') AS b) As t;

 overlaps | crosses | intersects | b_contains_a | dim_a | dim_b | dim_int
----------+---------+------------+--------------+-------+-------+-----------
 t        | f       | t          | f            |     2 |     2 |       2

SELECT ST_Relate('POINT(1 2)', ST_Buffer( 'POINT(1 2)', 2), '0FFFFF212');
st_relate
-----------
t

SELECT ST_Relate(POINT(1 2)', ST_Buffer( 'POINT(1 2)', 2), '*FF*FF212');
st_relate
-----------
t

-- Find compounds that properly intersect (not just touch) a poly (Interior Intersects)

SELECT c.* , p.name As poly_name
    FROM polys AS p
    INNER JOIN compounds As c
          ON c.geom && p.geom
             AND ST_Relate(p.geom, c.geom,'T********');

SELECT ST_Relate( 'POINT(1 2)',
                  ST_Buffer( 'POINT(1 2)', 2));
-----------
0FFFFF212

SELECT ST_Relate( 'LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)',
                  'LINESTRING(5 6, 7 8)' );
-----------
FF1FF0102

WITH data AS (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(1 1, 3 3)'::geometry AS a_line,
  'MULTILINESTRING((3 3, 3 5), (3 3, 5 3))':: geometry AS b_multiline
)
SELECT ST_Relate( a_line, b_multiline, 1) AS bnr_mod2,
       ST_Relate( a_line, b_multiline, 2) AS bnr_endpoint
    FROM data;

 bnr_mod2  | bnr_endpoint
-----------+--------------
 FF10F0102 | FF1F00102

SELECT ST_RelateMatch('101202FFF', 'TTTTTTFFF') ;
-- result --
t

SELECT pat.name AS relationship, pat.val AS pattern,
       mat.name AS position, mat.val AS matrix,
       ST_RelateMatch(mat.val, pat.val) AS match
    FROM (VALUES ( 'Equality', 'T1FF1FFF1' ),
                 ( 'Overlaps', 'T*T***T**' ),
                 ( 'Within',   'T*F**F***' ),
                 ( 'Disjoint', 'FF*FF****' )) AS pat(name,val)
    CROSS JOIN
        (VALUES  ('non-intersecting', 'FF1FF0212'),
                 ('overlapping',      '1010F0212'),
                 ('inside',           '1FF0FF212')) AS mat(name,val);

 relationship |  pattern  |     position     |  matrix   | match
--------------+-----------+------------------+-----------+-------
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | t
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | t
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | t
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f

SELECT ST_Touches('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 0 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry);
 st_touches
------------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Touches('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 0 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(0 2)'::geometry);
 st_touches
------------
 t
(1 row)
--a circle within a circle
SELECT ST_Within(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_Within(smallc, bigc) As smallinbig,
  ST_Within(bigc,smallc) As biginsmall,
  ST_Within(ST_Union(smallc, bigc), bigc) as unioninbig,
  ST_Within(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as biginunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion
FROM
(
SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(50 50)'), 20) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(50 50)'), 40) As bigc) As foo;
--Result
 smallinsmall | smallinbig | biginsmall | unioninbig | biginunion | bigisunion
--------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
 t            | t          | f          | t          | t          | t
(1 row)

-- Geometry example - units in meters (SRID: 2163 US National Atlas Equal area) (3D point and line compared 2D point and line)
-- Note: currently no vertical datum support so Z is not transformed and assumed to be same units as final.
SELECT ST_3DDWithin(
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'),2163),
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163),
      126.8
    ) As within_dist_3d,
ST_DWithin(
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'),2163),
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163),
      126.8
    ) As within_dist_2d;

 within_dist_3d | within_dist_2d
----------------+----------------
 f              | t

-- This compares the difference between fully within and distance within as well
    -- as the distance fully within for the 2D footprint of the line/point vs. the 3d fully within
    SELECT ST_3DDFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) as D3DFullyWithin10, ST_3DDWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) as D3DWithin10,
  ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) as D2DFullyWithin20,
  ST_3DDFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) as D3DFullyWithin20 from
    (select ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 1 2)') as geom_a,
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 5 2, 2 7 20, 1 9 100, 14 12 3)') as geom_b) t1;
 d3dfullywithin10 | d3dwithin10 | d2dfullywithin20 | d3dfullywithin20
------------------+-------------+------------------+------------------
 f                | t           | t                | f 
SELECT
    ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS DFullyWithin10,
    ST_DWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS DWithin10,
    ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) AS DFullyWithin20
FROM (VALUES
    ('POINT(1 1)', 'LINESTRING(1 5, 2 7, 1 9, 14 12)')
    ) AS v(geom_a, geom_b)

 dfullywithin10 | dwithin10 | dfullywithin20
----------------+-----------+----------------
 f              | t         | t

-- Find the nearest hospital to each school
-- that is within 3000 units of the school.
--  We do an ST_DWithin search to utilize indexes to limit our search list
--  that the non-indexable ST_Distance needs to process
-- If the units of the spatial reference is meters then units would be meters
SELECT DISTINCT ON (s.gid) s.gid, s.school_name, s.geom, h.hospital_name
  FROM schools s
    LEFT JOIN hospitals h ON ST_DWithin(s.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  ORDER BY s.gid, ST_Distance(s.geom, h.geom);

-- The schools with no close hospitals
-- Find all schools with no hospital within 3000 units
-- away from the school.  Units is in units of spatial ref (e.g. meters, feet, degrees)
SELECT s.gid, s.school_name
  FROM schools s
    LEFT JOIN hospitals h ON ST_DWithin(s.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  WHERE h.gid IS NULL;

-- Find broadcasting towers that receiver with limited range can receive.
-- Data is geometry in Spherical Mercator (SRID=3857), ranges are approximate.

-- Create geometry index that will check proximity limit of user to tower
CREATE INDEX ON broadcasting_towers using gist (geom);

-- Create geometry index that will check proximity limit of tower to user
CREATE INDEX ON broadcasting_towers using gist (ST_Expand(geom, sending_range));

-- Query towers that 4-kilometer receiver in Minsk Hackerspace can get
-- Note: two conditions, because shorter LEAST(b.sending_range, 4000) will not use index.
SELECT b.tower_id, b.geom
  FROM broadcasting_towers b
  WHERE ST_DWithin(b.geom, 'SRID=3857;POINT(3072163.4 7159374.1)', 4000)
    AND ST_DWithin(b.geom, 'SRID=3857;POINT(3072163.4 7159374.1)', b.sending_range);

SELECT ST_PointInsideCircle(ST_Point(1,2), 0.5, 2, 3);
 st_pointinsidecircle
------------------------
 t

select ST_Area(geom) sqft,
    ST_Area(geom) * 0.3048 ^ 2 sqm
from (
         select 'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
                                 743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))' :: geometry geom
     ) subquery;
┌─────────┬─────────────┐
│  sqft   │     sqm     │
├─────────┼─────────────┤
│ 928.625 │ 86.27208552 │
└─────────┴─────────────┘

select ST_Area(geom) sqft,
    ST_Area(ST_Transform(geom, 26986)) As sqm
from (
         select
             'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
             743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))' :: geometry geom
     ) subquery;
┌─────────┬─────────────────┐
│  sqft   │       sqm       │
├─────────┼─────────────────┤
│ 928.625 │ 86.272430607008 │
└─────────┴─────────────────┘

select ST_Area(geog) / 0.3048 ^ 2 sqft_spheroid,
    ST_Area(geog, false) / 0.3048 ^ 2 sqft_sphere,
    ST_Area(geog) sqm_spheroid
from (
         select ST_Transform(
                    'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))'::geometry,
                    4326
             ) :: geography geog
     ) as subquery;
┌──────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────┐
│  sqft_spheroid   │   sqft_sphere    │   sqm_spheroid   │
├──────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────┤
│ 928.684405784452 │ 927.049336105925 │ 86.2776044979692 │
└──────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────┘

select ST_Area(geog) / 0.3048 ^ 2 sqft,
    ST_Area(the_geog) sqm
from somegeogtable;
SELECT degrees(ST_Azimuth( ST_Point(25, 45),  ST_Point(75, 100))) AS degA_B,
       degrees(ST_Azimuth( ST_Point(75, 100), ST_Point(25, 45) )) AS degB_A;

      dega_b       |     degb_a
------------------+------------------
 42.2736890060937 | 222.273689006094

SELECT degrees( ST_Angle('POINT(0 0)', 'POINT(10 10)', 'POINT(20 0)') );

 degrees
---------
     270

SELECT degrees( ST_Angle('POINT (10 10)', 'POINT (0 0)', 'POINT(90 90)', 'POINT (100 80)') );

      degrees
-------------------
 269.9999999999999

SELECT degrees( ST_Angle('LINESTRING(0 0, 0.3 0.7, 1 1)', 'LINESTRING(0 0, 0.2 0.5, 1 0)') );

      degrees
--------------
           45

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_ClosestPoint(pt,line)) AS cp_pt_line,
       ST_AsText( ST_ClosestPoint(line,pt)) AS cp_line_pt
    FROM (SELECT 'POINT (160 40)'::geometry AS pt,
                 'LINESTRING (10 30, 50 50, 30 110, 70 90, 180 140, 130 190)'::geometry AS line ) AS t;

   cp_pt_line   |                cp_line_pt
----------------+------------------------------------------
 POINT(160 40)  | POINT(125.75342465753425 115.34246575342466)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_ClosestPoint(
                'POLYGON ((190 150, 20 10, 160 70, 190 150))',
                ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)', 30)        )) As ptwkt;
------------------------------------------
 POINT(131.59149149528952 101.89887534906197)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DClosestPoint(line,pt)) AS cp3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_ClosestPoint(line,pt)) As cp2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 1000)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;

 cp3d_line_pt                                                |               cp2d_line_pt
-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------
 POINT(54.6993798867619 128.935022917228 11.5475869506606) | POINT(73.0769230769231 115.384615384615)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DClosestPoint(line,pt)) AS cp3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_ClosestPoint(line,pt)) As cp2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30, 50 74 1000)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 900)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;

                       cp3d_line_pt                        | cp2d_line_pt
-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------
 POINT(54.6993798867619 128.935022917228 11.5475869506606) | POINT(50 75)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DClosestPoint(poly, mline)) As cp3d,
    ST_AsEWKT(ST_ClosestPoint(poly, mline)) As cp2d
        FROM (SELECT  ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((175 150 5, 20 40 5, 35 45 5, 50 60 5, 100 100 5, 175 150 5))') As poly,
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2, 20 40 20, 50 60 -2, 125 100 1, 175 155 1),
                (1 10 2, 5 20 1))') As mline ) As foo;
                   cp3d                    |     cp2d
-------------------------------------------+--------------
 POINT(39.993580415989 54.1889925532825 5) | POINT(20 40)

SELECT ST_Distance(
    'SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry,
    'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry );
-----------------
0.00150567726382282
SELECT ST_Distance(
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 3857),
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 3857) );
-----------------
167.441410065196
SELECT ST_Distance(
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 3857),
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 3857)
                ) * cosd(42.3521);
-----------------
123.742351254151
SELECT ST_Distance(
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 26986),
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 26986) );
-----------------
123.797937878454
SELECT ST_Distance(
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 2163),
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 2163) );
------------------
126.664256056812
SELECT ST_Distance(gg1, gg2) As spheroid_dist, ST_Distance(gg1, gg2, false) As sphere_dist
FROM (SELECT
    'SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geography as gg1,
    'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geography as gg2
        ) As foo  ;

  spheroid_dist   |   sphere_dist
------------------+------------------
 123.802076746848 | 123.475736916397
-- Geometry example - units in meters (SRID: 2163 US National Atlas Equal area) (3D point and line compared 2D point and line)
-- Note: currently no vertical datum support so Z is not transformed and assumed to be same units as final.
SELECT ST_3DDistance(
                        ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'::geometry,2163),
                        ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'::geometry,2163)
                ) As dist_3d,
                ST_Distance(
                        ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry,2163),
                        ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry,2163)
                ) As dist_2d;

     dist_3d      |     dist_2d
------------------+-----------------
 127.295059324629 | 126.66425605671

-- Multilinestring and polygon both 3d and 2d distance
-- Same example as 3D closest point example
SELECT ST_3DDistance(poly, mline) As dist3d,
    ST_Distance(poly, mline) As dist2d
        FROM (SELECT  'POLYGON((175 150 5, 20 40 5, 35 45 5, 50 60 5, 100 100 5, 175 150 5))'::geometry as poly,
               'MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2, 20 40 20, 50 60 -2, 125 100 1, 175 155 1), (1 10 2, 5 20 1))'::geometry as mline) as foo;
      dist3d       | dist2d
-------------------+--------
 0.716635696066337 |      0

SELECT round(CAST(ST_DistanceSphere(ST_Centroid(geom), ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)',4326)) As numeric),2) As dist_meters,
round(CAST(ST_Distance(ST_Transform(ST_Centroid(geom),32611),
                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326),32611)) As numeric),2) As dist_utm11_meters,
round(CAST(ST_Distance(ST_Centroid(geom), ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326)) As numeric),5) As dist_degrees,
round(CAST(ST_Distance(ST_Transform(geom,32611),
                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326),32611)) As numeric),2) As min_dist_line_point_meters
FROM
        (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5)', 4326) As geom) as foo;
         dist_meters | dist_utm11_meters | dist_degrees | min_dist_line_point_meters
        -------------+-------------------+--------------+----------------------------
                70424.47 |          70438.00 |      0.72900 |                   65871.18

SELECT round(CAST(
                ST_DistanceSpheroid(ST_Centroid(geom), ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)',4326), 'SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]')
                        As numeric),2) As dist_meters_spheroid,
                round(CAST(ST_DistanceSphere(ST_Centroid(geom), ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)',4326)) As numeric),2) As dist_meters_sphere,
round(CAST(ST_Distance(ST_Transform(ST_Centroid(geom),32611),
                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326),32611)) As numeric),2) As dist_utm11_meters
FROM
        (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5)', 4326) As geom) as foo;
 dist_meters_spheroid | dist_meters_sphere | dist_utm11_meters
----------------------+--------------------+-------------------
                         70454.92 |           70424.47 |          70438.00

postgres=# SELECT st_frechetdistance('LINESTRING (0 0, 100 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 50 50, 100 0)'::geometry);
 st_frechetdistance
--------------------
   70.7106781186548
(1 row)

SELECT st_frechetdistance('LINESTRING (0 0, 100 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 50 50, 100 0)'::geometry, 0.5);
 st_frechetdistance
--------------------
                 50
(1 row)

SELECT ST_HausdorffDistance(geomA, geomB),
       ST_Distance(geomA, geomB)
    FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING (20 70, 70 60, 110 70, 170 70)'::geometry AS geomA,
                 'LINESTRING (20 90, 130 90, 60 100, 190 100)'::geometry AS geomB) AS t;
 st_hausdorffdistance | st_distance
----------------------+-------------
    37.26206567625497 |          20

SELECT ST_HausdorffDistance(
            'LINESTRING (130 0, 0 0, 0 150)'::geometry,
            'LINESTRING (10 10, 10 150, 130 10)'::geometry,
            0.5);
 ----------------------
          70

SELECT DISTINCT ON (buildings.gid) buildings.gid, parcels.parcel_id
   FROM buildings
       INNER JOIN parcels
       ON ST_Intersects(buildings.geom, parcels.geom)
   ORDER BY buildings.gid, ST_HausdorffDistance(buildings.geom, parcels.geom);

SELECT ST_Length(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(743238 2967416,743238 2967450,743265 2967450,
743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416)',2249));

st_length
---------
 122.630744000095

--Transforming WGS 84 LineString to Massachusetts state plane meters
SELECT ST_Length(
        ST_Transform(
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.1240 42.45666, -72.123 42.1546)'),
                26986
        )
);

st_length
---------
34309.4563576191

-- the default calculation uses a spheroid
SELECT ST_Length(the_geog) As length_spheroid,  ST_Length(the_geog,false) As length_sphere
FROM (SELECT ST_GeographyFromText(
'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.1240 42.45666, -72.123 42.1546)') As the_geog)
 As foo;

 length_spheroid  |  length_sphere
------------------+------------------
 34310.5703627288 | 34346.2060960742

SELECT ST_3DLength(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(743238 2967416 1,743238 2967450 1,743265 2967450 3,
743265.625 2967416 3,743238 2967416 3)',2249));
ST_3DLength
-----------
122.704716741457

SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid( geometry_column,
                          'SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]' )
                          FROM geometry_table;

SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid( geom, sph_m ) As tot_len,
ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom,1), sph_m) As len_line1,
ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom,2), sph_m) As len_line2
                          FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5),
        (-71.05957 42.3589 , -71.061 43))') As geom,
CAST('SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]' As spheroid) As sph_m)  as foo;
        tot_len      |    len_line1     |    len_line2
------------------+------------------+------------------
 85204.5207562955 | 13986.8725229309 | 71217.6482333646

 --3D
SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid( geom, sph_m ) As tot_len,
ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom,1), sph_m) As len_line1,
ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom,2), sph_m) As len_line2
                          FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((-118.584 38.374 20,-118.583 38.5 30),
        (-71.05957 42.3589 75, -71.061 43 90))') As geom,
CAST('SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]' As spheroid) As sph_m)  as foo;

         tot_len      |    len_line1    |    len_line2
------------------+-----------------+------------------
 85204.5259107402 | 13986.876097711 | 71217.6498130292

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_LongestLine(
        'POINT (160 40)',
        'LINESTRING (10 30, 50 50, 30 110, 70 90, 180 140, 130 190)' )
        ) AS lline;
-----------------
LINESTRING(160 40,130 190)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_LongestLine(
        'POLYGON ((190 150, 20 10, 160 70, 190 150))',
        ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)', 30)
            ) ) AS llinewkt;
-----------------
LINESTRING(20 10,105.3073372946034 186.95518130045156)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_LongestLine( geom, geom)) AS llinewkt,
                  ST_MaxDistance( geom, geom) AS max_dist,
                  ST_Length( ST_LongestLine(geom, geom)) AS lenll
FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON ((40 180, 110 160, 180 180, 180 120, 140 90, 160 40, 80 10, 70 40, 20 50, 40 180),
              (60 140, 99 77.5, 90 140, 60 140))'::geometry AS geom) AS t;

         llinewkt          |      max_dist      |       lenll
---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------
 LINESTRING(20 50,180 180) | 206.15528128088303 | 206.15528128088303

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DLongestLine(line,pt)) AS lol3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_LongestLine(line,pt)) As lol2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 1000)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;

           lol3d_line_pt           |       lol2d_line_pt
-----------------------------------+----------------------------
 LINESTRING(50 75 1000,100 100 30) | LINESTRING(98 190,100 100)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DLongestLine(line,pt)) AS lol3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_LongestLine(line,pt)) As lol2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30, 50 74 1000)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 900)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;

          lol3d_line_pt          |      lol2d_line_pt
---------------------------------+--------------------------
 LINESTRING(98 190 1,50 74 1000) | LINESTRING(98 190,50 74)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DLongestLine(poly, mline)) As lol3d,
    ST_AsEWKT(ST_LongestLine(poly, mline)) As lol2d
        FROM (SELECT  ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((175 150 5, 20 40 5, 35 45 5, 50 60 5, 100 100 5, 175 150 5))') As poly,
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2, 20 40 20, 50 60 -2, 125 100 1, 175 155 1),
                (1 10 2, 5 20 1))') As mline ) As foo;
            lol3d             |          lol2d
------------------------------+--------------------------
 LINESTRING(175 150 5,1 10 2) | LINESTRING(175 150,1 10)

SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
-----------------
 2

SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 2, 2 2 )'::geometry);
------------------
 2.82842712474619

SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POLYGON ((10 10, 10 0, 0 0, 10 10))'::geometry,
                      'POLYGON ((10 10, 10 0, 0 0, 10 10))'::geometry);
------------------
 14.142135623730951

-- Geometry example - units in meters (SRID: 2163 US National Atlas Equal area) (3D point and line compared 2D point and line)
-- Note: currently no vertical datum support so Z is not transformed and assumed to be same units as final.
SELECT ST_3DMaxDistance(
                        ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 10000)'),2163),
                        ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163)
                ) As dist_3d,
                ST_MaxDistance(
                        ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 10000)'),2163),
                        ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163)
                ) As dist_2d;

     dist_3d      |     dist_2d
------------------+------------------
 24383.7467488441 | 22247.8472107251

SELECT ST_MinimumClearance('POLYGON ((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0.5 3.2e-4, 0 0))');
 st_minimumclearance
---------------------
             0.00032

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MinimumClearanceLine('POLYGON ((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0.5 3.2e-4, 0 0))'));
-------------------------------
LINESTRING(0.5 0.00032,0.5 0)

SELECT ST_Perimeter(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,743265 2967450,
743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))', 2249));
st_perimeter
---------
 122.630744000095
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Perimeter(ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((763104.471273676 2949418.44119003,
763104.477769673 2949418.42538203,
763104.189609677 2949418.22343004,763104.471273676 2949418.44119003)),
((763104.471273676 2949418.44119003,763095.804579742 2949436.33850239,
763086.132105649 2949451.46730207,763078.452329651 2949462.11549407,
763075.354136904 2949466.17407812,763064.362142565 2949477.64291974,
763059.953961626 2949481.28983009,762994.637609571 2949532.04103014,
762990.568508415 2949535.06640477,762986.710889563 2949539.61421415,
763117.237897679 2949709.50493431,763235.236617789 2949617.95619822,
763287.718121842 2949562.20592617,763111.553321674 2949423.91664605,
763104.471273676 2949418.44119003)))', 2249));
st_perimeter
---------
 845.227713366825
(1 row)

SELECT  ST_Perimeter(geog) As per_meters, ST_Perimeter(geog)/0.3048 As per_ft
FROM ST_GeogFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902,-71.1776843766326 42.3903829478009,
-71.1775844305465 42.3903826677917,-71.1775825927231 42.3902893647987,-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902))') As geog;

   per_meters    |      per_ft
-----------------+------------------
37.3790462565251 | 122.634666195949

-- MultiPolygon example --
SELECT  ST_Perimeter(geog) As per_meters, ST_Perimeter(geog,false) As per_sphere_meters,  ST_Perimeter(geog)/0.3048 As per_ft
FROM ST_GeogFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411,-71.1044542869917 42.3406744369506,
-71.1044553562977 42.340673886454,-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411)),
((-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411,-71.1044860600303 42.3407237015564,-71.1045215770124 42.3407653385914,
-71.1045498002983 42.3407946553165,-71.1045611902745 42.3408058316308,-71.1046016507427 42.340837442371,
-71.104617893173 42.3408475056957,-71.1048586153981 42.3409875993595,-71.1048736143677 42.3409959528211,
-71.1048878050242 42.3410084812078,-71.1044020965803 42.3414730072048,
-71.1039672113619 42.3412202916693,-71.1037740497748 42.3410666421308,
-71.1044280218456 42.3406894151355,-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411)))') As geog;

    per_meters    | per_sphere_meters |      per_ft
------------------+-------------------+------------------
 257.634283683311 |  257.412311446337 | 845.256836231335

SELECT ST_3DPerimeter(geom), ST_Perimeter2d(geom), ST_Perimeter(geom) FROM
                        (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416 2,743238 2967450 1,
743265.625 2967416 1,743238 2967416 2))') As geom) As foo;

  ST_3DPerimeter  |  st_perimeter2d  |   st_perimeter
------------------+------------------+------------------
 105.465793597674 | 105.432997272188 | 105.432997272188

SELECT ST_AsText(  ST_ShortestLine(
        'POINT (160 40)',
        'LINESTRING (10 30, 50 50, 30 110, 70 90, 180 140, 130 190)')
        ) As sline;
---------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(160 40,125.75342465753425 115.34246575342466)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_ShortestLine(
         'POLYGON ((190 150, 20 10, 160 70, 190 150))',
         ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)', 30)
              ) ) AS llinewkt;
-----------------
LINESTRING(131.59149149528952 101.89887534906197,101.21320343559644 138.78679656440357)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DShortestLine(line,pt)) AS shl3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_ShortestLine(line,pt)) As shl2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 1000)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;

 shl3d_line_pt                                                                 |               shl2d_line_pt
----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(54.6993798867619 128.935022917228 11.5475869506606,100 100 30)  | LINESTRING(73.0769230769231 115.384615384615,100 100)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DShortestLine(line,pt)) AS shl3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_ShortestLine(line,pt)) As shl2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30, 50 74 1000)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 900)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;

                       shl3d_line_pt                                       | shl2d_line_pt
---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------
 LINESTRING(54.6993798867619 128.935022917228 11.5475869506606,100 100 30) | LINESTRING(50 75,50 74)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DShortestLine(poly, mline)) As shl3d,
    ST_AsEWKT(ST_ShortestLine(poly, mline)) As shl2d
        FROM (SELECT  ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((175 150 5, 20 40 5, 35 45 5, 50 60 5, 100 100 5, 175 150 5))') As poly,
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2, 20 40 20, 50 60 -2, 125 100 1, 175 155 1),
                (1 10 2, 5 20 1))') As mline ) As foo;
                   shl3d                                                                           |     shl2d
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------
 LINESTRING(39.993580415989 54.1889925532825 5,40.4078575708294 53.6052383805529 5.03423778139177) | LINESTRING(20 40,20 40)

-- Rely on implicit cast from geometry to box2d for the second parameter
SELECT ST_ClipByBox2D(geom, ST_MakeEnvelope(0,0,10,10)) FROM mytab;

SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_Difference(
            'LINESTRING(50 100, 50 200)'::geometry,
            'LINESTRING(50 50, 50 150)'::geometry
        )
    );

st_astext
---------
LINESTRING(50 150,50 200)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT( ST_Difference(
                   'MULTIPOINT(-118.58 38.38 5,-118.60 38.329 6,-118.614 38.281 7)' :: geometry,
                   'POINT(-118.614 38.281 5)' :: geometry
                  ) );

st_asewkt
---------
MULTIPOINT(-118.6 38.329 6,-118.58 38.38 5)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry));
 st_astext
---------------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry));
 st_astext
---------------
POINT(0 0)
select clipped.gid, clipped.f_name, clipped_geom
from (
         select trails.gid, trails.f_name,
             (ST_Dump(ST_Intersection(country.geom, trails.geom))).geom clipped_geom
         from country
              inner join trails on ST_Intersects(country.geom, trails.geom)
     ) as clipped
where ST_Dimension(clipped.clipped_geom) = 1;
select poly.gid,
    ST_Multi(
        ST_Buffer(
            ST_Intersection(country.geom, poly.geom),
            0.0
        )
    ) clipped_geom
from country
     inner join poly on ST_Intersects(country.geom, poly.geom)
where not ST_IsEmpty(ST_Buffer(ST_Intersection(country.geom, poly.geom), 0.0));
select ST_AsText(ST_Intersection(linestring, polygon)) As wkt
from  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING Z (2 2 6,1.5 1.5 7,1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10)') AS linestring
 CROSS JOIN ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0 8, 0 1 8, 1 1 8, 1 0 8, 0 0 8))') AS polygon;

               st_astext
---------------------------------------
 LINESTRING Z (1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10)

SELECT id,
       ST_MemUnion(geom) as singlegeom
FROM sometable f
GROUP BY id;

SELECT ST_AsText(
        ST_Node('LINESTRINGZ(0 0 0, 10 10 10, 0 10 5, 10 0 3)'::geometry)
    ) As  output;
output
-----------
MULTILINESTRING Z ((0 0 0,5 5 4.5),(5 5 4.5,10 10 10,0 10 5,5 5 4.5),(5 5 4.5,10 0 3))

SELECT ST_AsText(
        ST_Node('MULTILINESTRING ((2 5, 2 1, 7 1), (6 1, 4 1, 2 3, 2 5))'::geometry)
    ) As  output;
output
-----------
MULTILINESTRING((2 5,2 3),(2 3,2 1,4 1),(4 1,2 3),(4 1,6 1),(6 1,7 1))

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_Split(
                ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50), -- circle
                ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(10, 10),ST_Point(190, 190)) -- line
    ));

-- result --
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
            POLYGON((150 90,149.039264020162 80.2454838991936,146.193976625564 70.8658283817455,..),
            POLYGON(..))
)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Split(
    'MULTILINESTRING((10 10, 190 190), (15 15, 30 30, 100 90))',
    ST_Point(30,30))) As split;

split
------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    LINESTRING(10 10,30 30),
    LINESTRING(30 30,190 190),
    LINESTRING(15 15,30 30),
    LINESTRING(30 30,100 90)
)

WITH data AS (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(0 0, 100 100)'::geometry AS line,
  'POINT(51 50)':: geometry AS point
)
SELECT ST_AsText( ST_Split( ST_Snap(line, point, 1), point)) AS snapped_split,
       ST_AsText( ST_Split(line, point)) AS not_snapped_not_split
       FROM data;

                            snapped_split                            |            not_snapped_not_split
---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,51 50),LINESTRING(51 50,100 100)) | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,100 100))

SELECT row_number() OVER() As rn, ST_AsText(geom) As wkt
    FROM (SELECT ST_SubDivide(
        'POLYGON((132 10,119 23,85 35,68 29,66 28,49 42,32 56,22 64,32 110,40 119,36 150,
        57 158,75 171,92 182,114 184,132 186,146 178,176 184,179 162,184 141,190 122,
        190 100,185 79,186 56,186 52,178 34,168 18,147 13,132 10))'::geometry,10))  AS f(geom);

rn │                                                      wkt
────┼────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  1 │ POLYGON((119 23,85 35,68 29,66 28,32 56,22 64,29.8260869565217 100,119 100,119 23))
  2 │ POLYGON((132 10,119 23,119 56,186 56,186 52,178 34,168 18,147 13,132 10))
  3 │ POLYGON((119 56,119 100,190 100,185 79,186 56,119 56))
  4 │ POLYGON((29.8260869565217 100,32 110,40 119,36 150,57 158,75 171,92 182,114 184,114 100,29.8260869565217 100))
  5 │ POLYGON((114 184,132 186,146 178,176 184,179 162,184 141,190 122,190 100,114 100,114 184))

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_Subdivide(
            ST_Segmentize('LINESTRING(0 0, 85 85)'::geography,
                          1200000)::geometry,    8));

LINESTRING(0 0,0.487578359029357 5.57659056746196,0.984542144675897 11.1527721155093,1.50101059639722 16.7281035483571,1.94532113630331 21.25)
LINESTRING(1.94532113630331 21.25,2.04869538062779 22.3020741387339,2.64204641967673 27.8740533545155,3.29994062412787 33.443216802941,4.04836719489742 39.0084282520239,4.59890468420694 42.5)
LINESTRING(4.59890468420694 42.5,4.92498503922732 44.5680389206321,5.98737409390639 50.1195229244701,7.3290919767674 55.6587646879025,8.79638749938413 60.1969505994924)
LINESTRING(8.79638749938413 60.1969505994924,9.11375579533779 61.1785363177625,11.6558166691368 66.6648504160202,15.642041247655 72.0867690601745,22.8716627200212 77.3609628116894,24.6991785131552 77.8939011989848)
LINESTRING(24.6991785131552 77.8939011989848,39.4046096622744 82.1822848017636,44.7994523421035 82.5156766227011)
LINESTRING(44.7994523421035 82.5156766227011,85 85)

WITH complex_areas_to_subdivide AS (
    DELETE from polygons_table
    WHERE ST_NPoints(geom) 
> 255
    RETURNING id, column1, column2, column3, geom
)
INSERT INTO polygons_table (fid, column1, column2, column3, geom)
    SELECT fid, column1, column2, column3,
           ST_Subdivide(geom, 255) as geom
    FROM complex_areas_to_subdivide;

CREATE TABLE subdivided_geoms AS
    SELECT pkey, ST_Subdivide(geom) AS geom
    FROM original_geoms;

--Safe for 2d - symmetric difference of 2 linestrings
SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_SymDifference(
        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 100, 50 200)'),
        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50, 50 150)')
    )
);

st_astext
---------
MULTILINESTRING((50 150,50 200),(50 50,50 100))

--When used in 3d doesn't quite do the right thing
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SymDifference(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 1, 1 4 2)'),
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 1 3, 1 3 4)')))

st_astext
------------
MULTILINESTRING((1 3 2.75,1 4 2),(1 1 3,1 2 2.25))

SELECT id,
       ST_Union(geom) as singlegeom
FROM sometable f
GROUP BY id;

select ST_AsText(ST_Union('POINT(1 2)' :: geometry, 'POINT(-2 3)' :: geometry))

st_astext
----------
MULTIPOINT(-2 3,1 2)

select ST_AsText(ST_Union('POINT(1 2)' :: geometry, 'POINT(1 2)' :: geometry))

st_astext
----------
POINT(1 2)
select ST_AsEWKT(ST_Union(geom))
from (
         select 'POLYGON((-7 4.2,-7.1 4.2,-7.1 4.3, -7 4.2))'::geometry geom
         union all
         select 'POINT(5 5 5)'::geometry geom
         union all
         select 'POINT(-2 3 1)'::geometry geom
         union all
         select 'LINESTRING(5 5 5, 10 10 10)'::geometry geom
     ) as foo;

st_asewkt
---------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(-2 3 1),LINESTRING(5 5 5,10 10 10),POLYGON((-7 4.2 5,-7.1 4.2 5,-7.1 4.3 5,-7 4.2 5)));

select ST_AsEWKT(ST_Union(geom))
from (
         select 'POLYGON((-7 4.2 2,-7.1 4.2 3,-7.1 4.3 2, -7 4.2 2))'::geometry geom
         union all
         select 'POINT(5 5 5)'::geometry geom
         union all
         select 'POINT(-2 3 1)'::geometry geom
         union all
         select 'LINESTRING(5 5 5, 10 10 10)'::geometry geom
     ) as foo;

st_asewkt
---------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(-2 3 1),LINESTRING(5 5 5,10 10 10),POLYGON((-7 4.2 2,-7.1 4.2 3,-7.1 4.3 2,-7 4.2 2)))

--Examples using new Array construct
SELECT ST_Union(ARRAY(SELECT geom FROM sometable));

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union(ARRAY[ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'),
            ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(3 4, 4 5)')])) As wktunion;

--wktunion---
MULTILINESTRING((3 4,4 5),(1 2,3 4))

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
 50, 'quad_segs=8');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
 50, 'quad_segs=2');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'endcap=round join=round');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'endcap=square join=round');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'endcap=flat join=round');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'join=bevel');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'join=mitre mitre_limit=5.0');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'join=mitre mitre_limit=1.0');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'side=left');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'side=right');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'side=left join=mitre');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
ST_ForceRHR(
ST_Boundary(
 ST_GeomFromText(
'POLYGON ((50 50, 50 150, 150 150, 150 50, 50 50))'))),
 ), 20, 'side=left');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
ST_ForceRHR(
ST_Boundary(
 ST_GeomFromText(
'POLYGON ((50 50, 50 150, 150 150, 150 50, 50 50))'))
), 20,'side=right')

--A buffered point approximates a circle
-- A buffered point forcing approximation of (see diagram)
-- 2 points per quarter circle is poly with 8 sides (see diagram)
SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50)) As promisingcircle_pcount,
ST_NPoints(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 2)) As lamecircle_pcount;

promisingcircle_pcount | lamecircle_pcount
------------------------+-------------------
             33 |                9

--A lighter but lamer circle
-- only 2 points per quarter circle is an octagon
--Below is a 100 meter octagon
-- Note coordinates are in NAD 83 long lat which we transform
to Mass state plane meter and then buffer to get measurements in meters;
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Buffer(
ST_Transform(
ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.063526, 42.35785),4269), 26986)
,100,2)) As octagon;
----------------------
POLYGON((236057.59057465 900908.759918696,236028.301252769 900838.049240578,235
957.59057465 900808.759918696,235886.879896532 900838.049240578,235857.59057465
900908.759918696,235886.879896532 900979.470596815,235957.59057465 901008.759918
696,236028.301252769 900979.470596815,236057.59057465 900908.759918696))

WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES
   ('LINESTRING (180 40, 30 20, 20 90)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (180 40, 160 160)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (160 160, 80 190, 80 120, 20 90)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (80 60, 120 130, 150 80)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (80 60, 150 80)'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_AsText( ST_BuildArea( ST_Collect( geom )))
    FROM data;

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POLYGON((180 40,30 20,20 90,80 120,80 190,160 160,180 40),(150 80,120 130,80 60,150 80))

SELECT ST_BuildArea(ST_Collect(inring,outring))
FROM (SELECT
    ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)', 25) As inring,
    ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)', 50) As outring) As t;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Centroid('MULTIPOINT ( -1 0, -1 2, -1 3, -1 4, -1 7, 0 1, 0 3, 1 1, 2 0, 6 0, 7 8, 9 8, 10 6 )'));
                st_astext
------------------------------------------
 POINT(2.30769230769231 3.30769230769231)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_centroid(g))
FROM  ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(0 2, -1 1,0 0, 0.5 0, 1 0, 2 1, 1 2, 0.5 2, 0 2)')  AS g ;
------------------------------------------
POINT(0.5 1)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_centroid(g))
FROM  ST_GeomFromText('COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 2, -1 1,0 0),(0 0, 0.5 0, 1 0),CIRCULARSTRING( 1 0, 2 1, 1 2),(1 2, 0.5 2, 0 2))' ) AS g;
------------------------------------------
POINT(0.5 1)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ChaikinSmoothing(geom)) smoothed
FROM (SELECT  'POLYGON((0 0, 8 8, 0 16, 0 0))'::geometry geom) AS foo;

                 smoothed
───────────────────────────────────────────
 POLYGON((2 2,6 6,6 10,2 14,0 12,0 4,2 2))

SELECT ST_ChaikinSmoothing(
            'POLYGON ((20 20, 60 90, 10 150, 100 190, 190 160, 130 120, 190 50, 140 70, 120 10, 90 60, 20 20))',
            generate_series(1, 3) );

SELECT ST_ChaikinSmoothing(
            'LINESTRING (10 140, 80 130, 100 190, 190 150, 140 20, 120 120, 50 30, 30 100)',
            generate_series(1, 3) );

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_ConcaveHull(
        'MULTIPOINT ((10 72), (53 76), (56 66), (63 58), (71 51), (81 48), (91 46), (101 45), (111 46), (121 47), (131 50), (140 55), (145 64), (144 74), (135 80), (125 83), (115 85), (105 87), (95 89), (85 91), (75 93), (65 95), (55 98), (45 102), (37 107), (29 114), (22 122), (19 132), (18 142), (21 151), (27 160), (35 167), (44 172), (54 175), (64 178), (74 180), (84 181), (94 181), (104 181), (114 181), (124 181), (134 179), (144 177), (153 173), (162 168), (171 162), (177 154), (182 145), (184 135), (139 132), (136 142), (128 149), (119 153), (109 155), (99 155), (89 155), (79 153), (69 150), (61 144), (63 134), (72 128), (82 125), (92 123), (102 121), (112 119), (122 118), (132 116), (142 113), (151 110), (161 106), (170 102), (178 96), (185 88), (189 78), (190 68), (189 58), (185 49), (179 41), (171 34), (162 29), (153 25), (143 23), (133 21), (123 19), (113 19), (102 19), (92 19), (82 19), (72 21), (62 22), (52 25), (43 29), (33 34), (25 41), (19 49), (14 58), (21 73), (31 74), (42 74), (173 134), (161 134), (150 133), (97 104), (52 117), (157 156), (94 171), (112 106), (169 73), (58 165), (149 40), (70 33), (147 157), (48 153), (140 96), (47 129), (173 55), (144 86), (159 67), (150 146), (38 136), (111 170), (124 94), (26 59), (60 41), (71 162), (41 64), (88 110), (122 34), (151 97), (157 56), (39 146), (88 33), (159 45), (47 56), (138 40), (129 165), (33 48), (106 31), (169 147), (37 122), (71 109), (163 89), (37 156), (82 170), (180 72), (29 142), (46 41), (59 155), (124 106), (157 80), (175 82), (56 50), (62 116), (113 95), (144 167))',
         0.1 ) );
---st_astext--
POLYGON ((18 142, 21 151, 27 160, 35 167, 44 172, 54 175, 64 178, 74 180, 84 181, 94 181, 104 181, 114 181, 124 181, 134 179, 144 177, 153 173, 162 168, 171 162, 177 154, 182 145, 184 135, 173 134, 161 134, 150 133, 139 132, 136 142, 128 149, 119 153, 109 155, 99 155, 89 155, 79 153, 69 150, 61 144, 63 134, 72 128, 82 125, 92 123, 102 121, 112 119, 122 118, 132 116, 142 113, 151 110, 161 106, 170 102, 178 96, 185 88, 189 78, 190 68, 189 58, 185 49, 179 41, 171 34, 162 29, 153 25, 143 23, 133 21, 123 19, 113 19, 102 19, 92 19, 82 19, 72 21, 62 22, 52 25, 43 29, 33 34, 25 41, 19 49, 14 58, 10 72, 21 73, 31 74, 42 74, 53 76, 56 66, 63 58, 71 51, 81 48, 91 46, 101 45, 111 46, 121 47, 131 50, 140 55, 145 64, 144 74, 135 80, 125 83, 115 85, 105 87, 95 89, 85 91, 75 93, 65 95, 55 98, 45 102, 37 107, 29 114, 22 122, 19 132, 18 142))

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_ConcaveHull(
        'MULTIPOINT ((132 64), (114 64), (99 64), (81 64), (63 64), (57 49), (52 36), (46 20), (37 20), (26 20), (32 36), (39 55), (43 69), (50 84), (57 100), (63 118), (68 133), (74 149), (81 164), (88 180), (101 180), (112 180), (119 164), (126 149), (132 131), (139 113), (143 100), (150 84), (157 69), (163 51), (168 36), (174 20), (163 20), (150 20), (143 36), (139 49), (132 64), (99 151), (92 138), (88 124), (81 109), (74 93), (70 82), (83 82), (99 82), (112 82), (126 82), (121 96), (114 109), (110 122), (103 138), (99 151), (34 27), (43 31), (48 44), (46 58), (52 73), (63 73), (61 84), (72 71), (90 69), (101 76), (123 71), (141 62), (166 27), (150 33), (159 36), (146 44), (154 53), (152 62), (146 73), (134 76), (143 82), (141 91), (130 98), (126 104), (132 113), (128 127), (117 122), (112 133), (119 144), (108 147), (119 153), (110 171), (103 164), (92 171), (86 160), (88 142), (79 140), (72 124), (83 131), (79 118), (68 113), (63 102), (68 93), (35 45))',
         0.15, true ) );
---st_astext--
POLYGON ((43 69, 50 84, 57 100, 63 118, 68 133, 74 149, 81 164, 88 180, 101 180, 112 180, 119 164, 126 149, 132 131, 139 113, 143 100, 150 84, 157 69, 163 51, 168 36, 174 20, 163 20, 150 20, 143 36, 139 49, 132 64, 114 64, 99 64, 81 64, 63 64, 57 49, 52 36, 46 20, 37 20, 26 20, 32 36, 35 45, 39 55, 43 69), (88 124, 81 109, 74 93, 83 82, 99 82, 112 82, 121 96, 114 109, 110 122, 103 138, 92 138, 88 124))

WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES
   ('POLYGON ((10 90, 39 85, 61 79, 50 90, 80 80, 95 55, 25 60, 90 45, 70 16, 63 38, 60 10, 50 30, 43 27, 30 10, 20 20, 10 90))'::geometry)
)
SELECT  ST_ConcaveHull( geom,            0.1) AS polygon_hull,
        ST_ConcaveHull( ST_Points(geom), 0.1) AS points_hull
    FROM data;

-- Compute estimate of infected area based on point observations
SELECT disease_type,
    ST_ConcaveHull( ST_Collect(obs_pnt), 0.3 ) AS geom
  FROM disease_obs
  GROUP BY disease_type;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ConvexHull(
    ST_Collect(
        ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((100 190,10 8),(150 10, 20 30))'),
            ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOINT(50 5, 150 30, 50 10, 10 10)')
            )) );
---st_astext--
POLYGON((50 5,10 8,10 10,100 190,150 30,150 10,50 5))

--Get estimate of infected area based on point observations
SELECT d.disease_type,
    ST_ConvexHull(ST_Collect(d.geom)) As geom
    FROM disease_obs As d
    GROUP BY d.disease_type;

our original geometry
    ST_Union(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((175 150, 20 40,
            50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'),
        ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(110 170)'), 20)
        )

geometries overlaid multilinestring triangles

SELECT
    ST_DelaunayTriangles(
        ST_Union(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((175 150, 20 40,
            50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'),
        ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(110 170)'), 20)
        ))
     As  dtriag;

SELECT
    ST_DelaunayTriangles(
        ST_Union(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((175 150, 20 40,
            50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'),
        ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(110 170)'), 20)
        ),0.001,1)
     As  dtriag;

this produces a table of 42 points that form an L shape

SELECT (ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromText(
'MULTIPOINT(14 14,34 14,54 14,74 14,94 14,114 14,134 14,
150 14,154 14,154 6,134 6,114 6,94 6,74 6,54 6,34 6,
14 6,10 6,8 6,7 7,6 8,6 10,6 30,6 50,6 70,6 90,6 110,6 130,
6 150,6 170,6 190,6 194,14 194,14 174,14 154,14 134,14 114,
14 94,14 74,14 54,14 34,14 14)'))).geom
    INTO TABLE l_shape;

output as individual polygon triangles

SELECT ST_AsText((ST_Dump(geom)).geom) As wkt
FROM ( SELECT ST_DelaunayTriangles(ST_Collect(geom)) As geom
FROM l_shape) As foo;

wkt

POLYGON((6 194,6 190,14 194,6 194))
POLYGON((14 194,6 190,14 174,14 194))
POLYGON((14 194,14 174,154 14,14 194))
POLYGON((154 14,14 174,14 154,154 14))
POLYGON((154 14,14 154,150 14,154 14))
POLYGON((154 14,150 14,154 6,154 14))

3D multipoint

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_DelaunayTriangles(ST_GeomFromText(
         'MULTIPOINT Z(14 14 10, 150 14 100,34 6 25, 20 10 150)'))) As wkt;

wkt

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Z (POLYGON Z ((14 14 10,20 10 150,34 6 25,14 14 10))
 ,POLYGON Z ((14 14 10,34 6 25,150 14 100,14 14 10)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_FilterByM(geom,30)) simplified
FROM (SELECT  ST_SetEffectiveArea('LINESTRING(5 2, 3 8, 6 20, 7 25, 10 10)'::geometry) geom) As foo;

result

         simplified
----------------------------
 LINESTRING(5 2,7 25,10 10)

SELECT ST_GeneratePoints(geom, 12, 1996)
FROM (
    SELECT ST_Buffer(
        ST_GeomFromText(
        'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
        10, 'endcap=round join=round') AS geom
) AS s;
SELECT s.id, dp.path[1] AS pt_id, dp.geom
FROM s, ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeneratePoints(s.geom,12)) AS dp;
WITH test AS (
SELECT 'MULTIPOINT((10 10), (10 40), (40 10), (190 190))'::geometry geom)
SELECT
  ST_AsText(ST_Centroid(geom)) centroid,
  ST_AsText(ST_GeometricMedian(geom)) median
FROM test;

      centroid      |                 median
--------------------+----------------------------------------
   POINT(62.5 62.5) | POINT(25.01778421249728 25.01778421249728)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge(
'MULTILINESTRING((10 160, 60 120), (120 140, 60 120), (120 140, 180 120))'
                ));
--------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(10 160,60 120,120 140,180 120)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge(
'MULTILINESTRING((10 160, 60 120), (120 140, 60 120), (120 140, 180 120), (100 180, 120 140))'
                ));
--------------------------------------------
 MULTILINESTRING((10 160,60 120,120 140),(100 180,120 140),(120 140,180 120))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge(
'MULTILINESTRING((-29 -27,-30 -29.7,-36 -31,-45 -33),(-45.2 -33.2,-46 -32))'
));
----------------
MULTILINESTRING((-45.2 -33.2,-46 -32),(-29 -27,-30 -29.7,-36 -31,-45 -33))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge(
'MULTILINESTRING((60 30, 10 70), (120 50, 60 30), (120 50, 180 30))',
TRUE));
-------------------------------------------------------
 MULTILINESTRING((120 50,60 30,10 70),(120 50,180 30))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge(
      'MULTILINESTRING((-29 -27 11,-30 -29.7 10,-36 -31 5,-45 -33 6), (-29 -27 12,-30 -29.7 5), (-45 -33 1,-46 -32 11))'
        ));
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINESTRING Z (-30 -29.7 5,-29 -27 11,-30 -29.7 10,-36 -31 5,-45 -33 1,-46 -32 11)

SELECT radius, ST_AsText(center) AS center, ST_AsText(nearest) AS nearest
    FROM ST_MaximumInscribedCircle(
        'POLYGON ((40 180, 110 160, 180 180, 180 120, 140 90, 160 40, 80 10, 70 40, 20 50, 40 180),
        (60 140, 50 90, 90 140, 60 140))');

     radius      |           center           |    nearest
-----------------+----------------------------+---------------
 45.165845650018 | POINT(96.953125 76.328125) | POINT(140 90)

SELECT radius,
      center,
      nearest
  FROM ST_LargestEmptyCircle(
        'MULTILINESTRING (
          (10 100, 60 180, 130 150, 190 160),
          (20 50, 70 70, 90 20, 110 40),
          (160 30, 100 100, 180 100))');
SELECT radius,
       center,
       nearest
  FROM ST_LargestEmptyCircle(
         ST_Collect(
           'MULTIPOINT ((70 50), (60 130), (130 150), (80 90))'::geometry,
           'POLYGON ((90 190, 10 100, 60 10, 190 40, 120 100, 190 180, 90 190))'::geometry),
           0,
         'POLYGON ((90 190, 10 100, 60 10, 190 40, 120 100, 190 180, 90 190))'::geometry
       );
SELECT d.disease_type,
    ST_MinimumBoundingCircle(ST_Collect(d.geom)) As geom
    FROM disease_obs As d
    GROUP BY d.disease_type;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MinimumBoundingCircle(
        ST_Collect(
            ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)'),
                ST_Point(20, 80)), 8
                )) As wktmbc;
wktmbc
-----------
POLYGON((135.59714732062 115,134.384753327498 102.690357210921,130.79416296937 90.8537670908995,124.963360620072 79.9451031602111,117.116420743937 70.3835792560632,107.554896839789 62.5366393799277,96.6462329091006 56.70583703063,84.8096427890789 53.115246672502,72.5000000000001 51.9028526793802,60.1903572109213 53.1152466725019,48.3537670908996 56.7058370306299,37.4451031602112 62.5366393799276,27.8835792560632 70.383579256063,20.0366393799278 79.9451031602109,14.20583703063 90.8537670908993,10.615246672502 102.690357210921,9.40285267938019 115,10.6152466725019 127.309642789079,14.2058370306299 139.1462329091,20.0366393799275 150.054896839789,27.883579256063 159.616420743937,
37.4451031602108 167.463360620072,48.3537670908992 173.29416296937,60.190357210921 176.884753327498,
72.4999999999998 178.09714732062,84.8096427890786 176.884753327498,96.6462329091003 173.29416296937,107.554896839789 167.463360620072,
117.116420743937 159.616420743937,124.963360620072 150.054896839789,130.79416296937 139.146232909101,134.384753327498 127.309642789079,135.59714732062 115))

SELECT ST_AsText(center), radius FROM ST_MinimumBoundingRadius('POLYGON((26426 65078,26531 65242,26075 65136,26096 65427,26426 65078))');

                st_astext                 |      radius
------------------------------------------+------------------
 POINT(26284.8418027133 65267.1145090825) | 247.436045591407

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OrientedEnvelope('MULTIPOINT ((0 0), (-1 -1), (3 2))'));

                st_astext
                ------------------------------------------------
                POLYGON((3 2,2.88 2.16,-1.12 -0.84,-1 -1,3 2))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OrientedEnvelope(
        ST_Collect(
            ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)'),
                ST_Point(20, 80))
                )) As wktenv;
wktenv
-----------
POLYGON((19.9999999999997 79.9999999999999,33.0769230769229 60.3846153846152,138.076923076924 130.384615384616,125.000000000001 150.000000000001,19.9999999999997 79.9999999999999))

SELECT ST_Union(
 ST_OffsetCurve(f.geom,  f.width/2, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
 ST_OffsetCurve(f.geom, -f.width/2, 'quad_segs=4 join=round')
) as track
FROM someroadstable;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OffsetCurve(ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)'),
    15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'));

output

LINESTRING(164 1,18 1,12.2597485145237 2.1418070123307,
    7.39339828220179 5.39339828220179,
    5.39339828220179 7.39339828220179,
    2.14180701233067 12.2597485145237,1 18,1 195)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OffsetCurve(geom,
    -15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round')) As notsocurvy
    FROM ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;

notsocurvy

LINESTRING(31 195,31 31,164 31)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OffsetCurve(ST_OffsetCurve(geom,
    -30, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'), -15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round')) As morecurvy
    FROM ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;

morecurvy

LINESTRING(164 31,46 31,40.2597485145236 32.1418070123307,
35.3933982822018 35.3933982822018,
32.1418070123307 40.2597485145237,31 46,31 195)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Collect(
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, 15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
    ST_OffsetCurve(ST_OffsetCurve(geom,
    -30, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'), -15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round')
    )
) As parallel_curves
    FROM ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;

parallel curves

MULTILINESTRING((164 1,18 1,12.2597485145237 2.1418070123307,
7.39339828220179 5.39339828220179,5.39339828220179 7.39339828220179,
2.14180701233067 12.2597485145237,1 18,1 195),
(164 31,46 31,40.2597485145236 32.1418070123307,35.3933982822018 35.3933982822018,
32.1418070123307 40.2597485145237,31 46,31 195))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OffsetCurve(ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)'),
        15, 'quad_segs=4 join=bevel'));

output

LINESTRING(164 1,18 1,7.39339828220179 5.39339828220179,
    5.39339828220179 7.39339828220179,1 18,1 195)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Collect(
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, 15, 'quad_segs=4 join=mitre mitre_limit=2.2'),
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, -15, 'quad_segs=4 join=mitre mitre_limit=2.2')
    ) )
    FROM ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;

output

MULTILINESTRING((164 1,11.7867965644036 1,1 11.7867965644036,1 195),
    (31 195,31 31,164 31))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointOnSurface('POINT(0 5)'::geometry));
------------
 POINT(0 5)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointOnSurface('LINESTRING(0 5, 0 10)'::geometry));
------------
 POINT(0 5)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointOnSurface('POLYGON((0 0, 0 5, 5 5, 5 0, 0 0))'::geometry));
----------------
 POINT(2.5 2.5)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_PointOnSurface(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(0 5 1, 0 0 1, 0 10 2)')));
----------------
 POINT(0 0 1)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointOnSurface(geom)) AS pt_on_surf,
       ST_AsText(ST_Centroid(geom)) AS centroid
    FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON ((130 120, 120 190, 30 140, 50 20, 190 20,
                      170 100, 90 60, 90 130, 130 120))'::geometry AS geom) AS t;

   pt_on_surf    |                  centroid
-----------------+---------------------------------------------
 POINT(62.5 110) | POINT(100.18264840182648 85.11415525114155)

WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES
   ('LINESTRING (180 40, 30 20, 20 90)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (180 40, 160 160)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (80 60, 120 130, 150 80)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (80 60, 150 80)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (20 90, 70 70, 80 130)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (80 130, 160 160)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (20 90, 20 160, 70 190)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (70 190, 80 130)'::geometry)
  ,('LINESTRING (70 190, 160 160)'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_AsText( ST_Polygonize( geom ))
    FROM data;

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((180 40, 30 20, 20 90, 70 70, 80 130, 160 160, 180 40), (150 80, 120 130, 80 60, 150 80)),
                    POLYGON ((20 90, 20 160, 70 190, 80 130, 70 70, 20 90)),
                    POLYGON ((160 160, 80 130, 70 190, 160 160)),
                    POLYGON ((80 60, 120 130, 150 80, 80 60)))

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Polygonize(geom_4269)) As geomtextrep
FROM (SELECT geom_4269 FROM ma.suffolk_edges) As foo;

-------------------------------------
 SRID=4269;GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-71.040878 42.285678,-71.040943 42.2856,-71.04096 42.285752,-71.040878 42.285678)),
 POLYGON((-71.17166 42.353675,-71.172026 42.354044,-71.17239 42.354358,-71.171794 42.354971,-71.170511 42.354855,
 -71.17112 42.354238,-71.17166 42.353675)))

--Use ST_Dump to dump out the polygonize geoms into individual polygons
SELECT ST_AsEWKT((ST_Dump(t.polycoll)).geom) AS geomtextrep
FROM (SELECT ST_Polygonize(geom_4269) AS polycoll
    FROM (SELECT geom_4269 FROM ma.suffolk_edges)
        As foo) AS t;

------------------------
 SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.040878 42.285678,-71.040943 42.2856,-71.04096 42.285752,
-71.040878 42.285678))
 SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.17166 42.353675,-71.172026 42.354044,-71.17239 42.354358
,-71.171794 42.354971,-71.170511 42.354855,-71.17112 42.354238,-71.17166 42.353675))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 0.1));
    st_astext
-----------------
 POINT(1.4 19.3)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 1.0));
  st_astext
-------------
 POINT(1 19)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 10));
  st_astext
-------------
 POINT(0 20)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('LINESTRING (10 10, 19.6 30.1, 20 30, 20.3 30, 40 40)', 1));
  st_astext
-------------
 LINESTRING (10 10, 20 30, 40 40)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('POLYGON ((10 10, 60 60.1, 70 30, 40 40, 50 10, 10 10))', 10));
  st_astext
-------------
 MULTIPOLYGON (((60 60, 70 30, 40 40, 60 60)), ((40 40, 50 10, 10 10, 40 40)))

SELECT ST_AsText(
  ST_SharedPaths(
    ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),
       (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150))'),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(151 100,126 156.25,126 125,90 161, 76 175)')
    )
  ) As wkt

                                wkt
-------------------------------------------------------------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTILINESTRING((126 156.25,126 125),
 (101 150,90 161),(90 161,76 175)),MULTILINESTRING EMPTY)

same example but linestring orientation flipped

SELECT ST_AsText(
  ST_SharedPaths(
   ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(76 175,90 161,126 125,126 156.25,151 100)'),
   ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),
       (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150))')
    )
  ) As wkt

                                wkt
-------------------------------------------------------------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTILINESTRING EMPTY,
MULTILINESTRING((76 175,90 161),(90 161,101 150),(126 125,126 156.25)))

SELECT ST_Npoints(geom) AS np_before,
       ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 0.1)) AS np01_notbadcircle,
       ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 0.5)) AS np05_notquitecircle,
       ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 1)) AS np1_octagon,
       ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 10)) AS np10_triangle,
       (ST_Simplify(geom, 100) is null) AS  np100_geometrygoesaway
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)', 10,12) As geom) AS t;

 np_before | np01_notbadcircle | np05_notquitecircle | np1_octagon | np10_triangle | np100_geometrygoesaway
-----------+-------------------+---------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------------
        49 |                33 |                  17 |           9 |             4 | t

SELECT ST_Simplify(
  'MULTILINESTRING ((20 180, 20 150, 50 150, 50 100, 110 150, 150 140, 170 120), (20 10, 80 30, 90 120), (90 120, 130 130), (130 130, 130 70, 160 40, 180 60, 180 90, 140 80), (50 40, 70 40, 80 70, 70 60, 60 60, 50 50, 50 40))',
    40);

SELECT ST_Simplify(
  'MULTIPOLYGON (((90 110, 80 180, 50 160, 10 170, 10 140, 20 110, 90 110)), ((40 80, 100 100, 120 160, 170 180, 190 70, 140 10, 110 40, 60 40, 40 80), (180 70, 170 110, 142.5 128.5, 128.5 77.5, 90 60, 180 70)))',
    40);

SELECT  ST_Npoints(geom) AS np_before, 
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 0.1)) AS np01_notbadcircle, 
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 0.5)) AS np05_notquitecircle,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 1))   AS np1_octagon, 
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 10))  AS np10_square,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 100)) AS np100_stillsquare
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)', 10,12) AS geom) AS t;

 np_before | np01_notbadcircle | np05_notquitecircle | np1_octagon | np10_square | np100_stillsquare
-----------+-------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------
        49 |                33 |                  17 |           9 |           5 |                 5

SELECT ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(
  'MULTILINESTRING ((20 180, 20 150, 50 150, 50 100, 110 150, 150 140, 170 120), (20 10, 80 30, 90 120), (90 120, 130 130), (130 130, 130 70, 160 40, 180 60, 180 90, 140 80), (50 40, 70 40, 80 70, 70 60, 60 60, 50 50, 50 40))',
    40);

SELECT ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(
  'MULTIPOLYGON (((90 110, 80 180, 50 160, 10 170, 10 140, 20 110, 90 110)), ((40 80, 100 100, 120 160, 170 180, 190 70, 140 10, 110 40, 60 40, 40 80), (180 70, 170 110, 142.5 128.5, 128.5 77.5, 90 60, 180 70)))',
    40);

SELECT ST_SimplifyPolygonHull(
  'POLYGON ((131 158, 136 163, 161 165, 173 156, 179 148, 169 140, 186 144, 190 137, 185 131, 174 128, 174 124, 166 119, 158 121, 158 115, 165 107, 161 97, 166 88, 166 79, 158 57, 145 57, 112 53, 111 47, 93 43, 90 48, 88 40, 80 39, 68 32, 51 33, 40 31, 39 34, 49 38, 34 38, 25 34, 28 39, 36 40, 44 46, 24 41, 17 41, 14 46, 19 50, 33 54, 21 55, 13 52, 11 57, 22 60, 34 59, 41 68, 75 72, 62 77, 56 70, 46 72, 31 69, 46 76, 52 82, 47 84, 56 90, 66 90, 64 94, 56 91, 33 97, 36 100, 23 100, 22 107, 29 106, 31 112, 46 116, 36 118, 28 131, 53 132, 59 127, 62 131, 76 130, 80 135, 89 137, 87 143, 73 145, 80 150, 88 150, 85 157, 99 162, 116 158, 115 165, 123 165, 122 170, 134 164, 131 158))',
    0.3);

SELECT ST_SimplifyPolygonHull(
  'POLYGON ((131 158, 136 163, 161 165, 173 156, 179 148, 169 140, 186 144, 190 137, 185 131, 174 128, 174 124, 166 119, 158 121, 158 115, 165 107, 161 97, 166 88, 166 79, 158 57, 145 57, 112 53, 111 47, 93 43, 90 48, 88 40, 80 39, 68 32, 51 33, 40 31, 39 34, 49 38, 34 38, 25 34, 28 39, 36 40, 44 46, 24 41, 17 41, 14 46, 19 50, 33 54, 21 55, 13 52, 11 57, 22 60, 34 59, 41 68, 75 72, 62 77, 56 70, 46 72, 31 69, 46 76, 52 82, 47 84, 56 90, 66 90, 64 94, 56 91, 33 97, 36 100, 23 100, 22 107, 29 106, 31 112, 46 116, 36 118, 28 131, 53 132, 59 127, 62 131, 76 130, 80 135, 89 137, 87 143, 73 145, 80 150, 88 150, 85 157, 99 162, 116 158, 115 165, 123 165, 122 170, 134 164, 131 158))',
    0.3, false);

SELECT ST_SimplifyPolygonHull(
  ST_Segmentize(ST_Letters('xt'), 2.0),
    0.1);

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SimplifyVW(geom,30)) simplified
  FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(5 2, 3 8, 6 20, 7 25, 10 10)'::geometry AS geom) AS t;

 simplified
------------------------------
LINESTRING(5 2,7 25,10 10)

SELECT ST_SimplifyVW(
  'LINESTRING (10 10, 50 40, 30 70, 50 60, 70 80, 50 110, 100 100, 90 140, 100 180, 150 170, 170 140, 190 90, 180 40, 110 40, 150 20)',
    1600);

SELECT ST_SimplifyVW(
  'MULTIPOLYGON (((90 110, 80 180, 50 160, 10 170, 10 140, 20 110, 90 110)), ((40 80, 100 100, 120 160, 170 180, 190 70, 140 10, 110 40, 60 40, 40 80), (180 70, 170 110, 142.5 128.5, 128.5 77.5, 90 60, 180 70)))',
    40);

select ST_AsText(ST_SetEffectiveArea(geom)) all_pts, ST_AsText(ST_SetEffectiveArea(geom,30) ) thrshld_30
FROM (SELECT  'LINESTRING(5 2, 3 8, 6 20, 7 25, 10 10)'::geometry geom) As foo;
-result
 all_pts | thrshld_30
-----------+-------------------+
LINESTRING M (5 2 3.40282346638529e+38,3 8 29,6 20 1.5,7 25 49.5,10 10 3.40282346638529e+38) | LINESTRING M (5 2 3.40282346638529e+38,7 25 49.5,10 10 3.40282346638529e+38)

SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_TriangulatePolygon('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))'));

                                 st_astext
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,0 0)),POLYGON((1 1,1 0,0 0,1 1)))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TriangulatePolygon(
    'POLYGON ((26 17, 31 19, 34 21, 37 24, 38 29, 39 43, 39 161, 38 172, 36 176, 34 179, 30 181, 25 183, 10 185, 10 190, 100 190, 121 189, 139 187, 154 182, 167 177, 177 169, 184 161, 189 152, 190 141, 188 128, 186 123, 184 117, 180 113, 176 108, 170 104, 164 101, 151 96, 136 92, 119 89, 100 89, 86 89, 73 89, 73 39, 74 32, 75 27, 77 23, 79 20, 83 18, 89 17, 106 15, 106 10, 10 10, 10 15, 26 17), (152 147, 151 152, 149 157, 146 162, 142 166, 137 169, 132 172, 126 175, 118 177, 109 179, 99 180, 89 180, 80 179, 76 178, 74 176, 73 171, 73 100, 85 99, 91 99, 102 99, 112 100, 121 102, 128 104, 134 107, 139 110, 143 114, 147 118, 149 123, 151 128, 153 141, 152 147))'
    ));

SELECT ST_TriangulatePolygon(
                'POLYGON (( 10 190, 10 70, 80 70, 80 130, 50 160, 120 160, 120 190, 10 190 ))'::geometry
                );
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((50 160,120 190,120 160,50 160))
    ,POLYGON((10 70,80 130,80 70,10 70))
    ,POLYGON((50 160,10 70,10 190,50 160))
    ,POLYGON((120 190,50 160,10 190,120 190))
    ,POLYGON((80 130,10 70,50 160,80 130)))
SELECT ST_VoronoiLines(
            'MULTIPOINT (50 30, 60 30, 100 100,10 150, 110 120)'::geometry,
            30) AS geom;

ST_AsText output
MULTILINESTRING((135.555555555556 270,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273),(36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,-110 43.3333333333333),(230 -45.7142857142858,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273))

SELECT ST_VoronoiPolygons(
                'MULTIPOINT (50 30, 60 30, 100 100,10 150, 110 120)'::geometry
            ) AS geom;

ST_AsText output
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-110 43.3333333333333,-110 270,100.5 270,59.3478260869565 132.826086956522,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,-110 43.3333333333333)),
POLYGON((55 -90,-110 -90,-110 43.3333333333333,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,55 79.2857142857143,55 -90)),
POLYGON((230 47.5,230 -20.7142857142857,55 79.2857142857143,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,59.3478260869565 132.826086956522,230 47.5)),POLYGON((230 -20.7142857142857,230 -90,55 -90,55 79.2857142857143,230 -20.7142857142857)),
POLYGON((100.5 270,230 270,230 47.5,59.3478260869565 132.826086956522,100.5 270)))

SELECT ST_VoronoiPolygons(
            'MULTIPOINT (50 30, 60 30, 100 100,10 150, 110 120)'::geometry,
            30) AS geom;

ST_AsText output
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-110 43.3333333333333,-110 270,100.5 270,59.3478260869565 132.826086956522,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,-110 43.3333333333333)),
POLYGON((230 47.5,230 -45.7142857142858,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,59.3478260869565 132.826086956522,230 47.5)),POLYGON((230 -45.7142857142858,230 -90,-110 -90,-110 43.3333333333333,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,230 -45.7142857142858)),
POLYGON((100.5 270,230 270,230 47.5,59.3478260869565 132.826086956522,100.5 270)))

WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 190, 30 160, 40 110, 100 70, 120 10, 10 10, 10 190))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((100 190, 10 190, 30 160, 40 110, 50 80, 74 110.5, 100 130, 140 120, 140 160, 100 190))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 190, 190 190, 190 80, 140 80, 140 190))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((180 40, 120 10, 100 70, 140 80, 190 80, 180 40))'::geometry)
)
SELECT id, ST_AsText(ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER ())
  FROM coverage;

 id |               st_astext
----+---------------------------------------
  1 | LINESTRING (40 110, 100 70)
  2 | MULTILINESTRING ((100 130, 140 120, 140 160, 100 190), (40 110, 50 80, 74 110.5))
  3 | LINESTRING (140 80, 140 190)
  4 | null

-- Test entire table for coverage validity
SELECT true = ALL (
    SELECT ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER () IS NULL
    FROM coverage
    );

WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((160 150, 110 130, 90 100, 90 70, 60 60, 50 10, 30 30, 40 50, 25 40, 10 60, 30 100, 30 120, 20 170, 60 180, 90 190, 130 180, 130 160, 160 150), (40 160, 50 140, 66 125, 60 100, 80 140, 90 170, 60 160, 40 160))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((40 160, 60 160, 90 170, 80 140, 60 100, 66 125, 50 140, 40 160))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((110 130, 160 50, 140 50, 120 33, 90 30, 50 10, 60 60, 90 70, 90 100, 110 130))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((160 150, 150 120, 160 90, 160 50, 110 130, 160 150))'::geometry)
)
SELECT id, ST_AsText(ST_CoverageSimplify(geom, 30) OVER ())
  FROM coverage;

 id |               st_astext
----+---------------------------------------
  1 | POLYGON ((160 150, 110 130, 50 10, 10 60, 20 170, 90 190, 160 150), (40 160, 66 125, 90 170, 40 160))
  2 | POLYGON ((40 160, 66 125, 90 170, 40 160))
  3 | POLYGON ((110 130, 160 50, 50 10, 110 130))
  4 | POLYGON ((160 150, 160 50, 110 130, 160 150))

WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 10, 10 150, 80 190, 110 150, 90 110, 40 110, 50 60, 10 10))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((120 10, 10 10, 50 60, 100 70, 120 10))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 80, 120 10, 100 70, 40 110, 90 110, 110 150, 140 80))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((140 190, 120 170, 140 130, 160 150, 140 190))'::geometry),
  (5, 'POLYGON ((180 160, 170 140, 140 130, 160 150, 140 190, 180 160))'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CoverageUnion(geom))
  FROM coverage;

--------------------------------------
MULTIPOLYGON (((10 150, 80 190, 110 150, 140 80, 120 10, 10 10, 10 150), (50 60, 100 70, 40 110, 50 60)), ((120 170, 140 190, 180 160, 170 140, 140 130, 120 170)))

-- Populate demo table
CREATE TABLE example AS SELECT * FROM (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 190, 30 160, 40 110, 100 70, 120 10, 10 10, 10 190))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((100 190, 10 190, 30 160, 40 110, 50 80, 74 110.5, 100 130, 140 120, 140 160, 100 190))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 190, 190 190, 190 80, 140 80, 140 190))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((180 40, 120 10, 100 70, 140 80, 190 80, 180 40))'::geometry)
) AS v(id, geom);

-- Prove it is a dirty coverage
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER ())
  FROM example;

-- Clean the coverage
CREATE TABLE example_clean AS
  SELECT id, ST_CoverageClean(geom) OVER () AS GEOM
  FROM example;

-- Prove it is a clean coverage
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER ())
  FROM example_clean;

ST_Affine(geom, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, xoff, yoff, zoff) 
/ a  b  c  xoff \
| d  e  f  yoff |
| g  h  i  zoff |
\ 0  0  0     1 /
x' = a*x + b*y + c*z + xoff
y' = d*x + e*y + f*z + yoff
z' = g*x + h*y + i*z + zoff
ST_Affine(geom, a, b, d, e, xoff, yoff)
/  a  b  0  xoff  \       /  a  b  xoff  \
|  d  e  0  yoff  | rsp.  |  d  e  yoff  |
|  0  0  1     0  |       \  0  0     1  /
\  0  0  0     1  /
x' = a*x + b*y + xoff
y' = d*x + e*y + yoff
z' = z 
--Rotate a 3d line 180 degrees about the z axis.  Note this is long-hand for doing ST_Rotate();
 SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Affine(geom,  cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0,  sin(pi()), cos(pi()), 0,  0, 0, 1,  0, 0, 0)) As using_affine,
         ST_AsEWKT(ST_Rotate(geom, pi())) As using_rotate
        FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 4 3)') As geom) As foo;
        using_affine         |        using_rotate
-----------------------------+-----------------------------
 LINESTRING(-1 -2 3,-1 -4 3) | LINESTRING(-1 -2 3,-1 -4 3)
(1 row)

--Rotate a 3d line 180 degrees in both the x and z axis
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Affine(geom, cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0, sin(pi()), cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0, sin(pi()), cos(pi()), 0, 0, 0))
        FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 4 3)') As geom) As foo;
           st_asewkt
-------------------------------
 LINESTRING(-1 -2 -3,-1 -4 -3)
(1 row)

--Rotate 180 degrees
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Rotate('LINESTRING (50 160, 50 50, 100 50)', pi()));
               st_asewkt
---------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(-50 -160,-50 -50,-100 -50)
(1 row)

--Rotate 30 degrees counter-clockwise at x=50, y=160
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Rotate('LINESTRING (50 160, 50 50, 100 50)', pi()/6, 50, 160));
                                 st_asewkt
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(50 160,105 64.7372055837117,148.301270189222 89.7372055837117)
(1 row)

--Rotate 60 degrees clockwise from centroid
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Rotate(geom, -pi()/3, ST_Centroid(geom)))
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING (50 160, 50 50, 100 50)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
                           st_asewkt
--------------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(116.4225 130.6721,21.1597 75.6721,46.1597 32.3708)
(1 row)

--Rotate a line 90 degrees along x-axis
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_RotateX(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), pi()/2));
                 st_asewkt
---------------------------
 LINESTRING(1 -3 2,1 -1 1)

--Rotate a line 90 degrees along y-axis
 SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_RotateY(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), pi()/2));
                 st_asewkt
---------------------------
 LINESTRING(3 2 -1,1 1 -1)

--Rotate a line 90 degrees along z-axis
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_RotateZ(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), pi()/2));
                 st_asewkt
---------------------------
 LINESTRING(-2 1 3,-1 1 1)

 --Rotate a curved circle around z-axis
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_RotateZ(geom, pi()/2))
FROM (SELECT ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(234 567)'), 3)) As geom) As foo;

                                                                                                           st_asewkt
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(-567 237,-564.87867965644 236.12132034356,-564 234,-569.12132034356 231.87867965644,-567 237))

--Version 1: scale X, Y, Z
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Scale(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), 0.5, 0.75, 0.8));
                          st_asewkt
--------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 2.4,0.5 0.75 0.8)

--Version 2: Scale X Y
 SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Scale(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), 0.5, 0.75));
                        st_asewkt
----------------------------------
 LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 3,0.5 0.75 1)

--Version 3: Scale X Y Z M
 SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Scale(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4, 1 1 1 1)'),
   ST_MakePoint(0.5, 0.75, 2, -1)));
                               st_asewkt
----------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 6 -4,0.5 0.75 2 -1)

--Version 4: Scale X Y using false origin
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Scale('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)', 'POINT(2 2)', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry));
      st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(1 1,3 3)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Translate(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.01 42.37)',4326),1,0)) As wgs_transgeomtxt;

        wgs_transgeomtxt
        ---------------------
        POINT(-70.01 42.37)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Translate(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.01 42.37,-71.11 42.38)',4326),1,0.5)) As wgs_transgeomtxt;
                   wgs_transgeomtxt
        ---------------------------------------
        LINESTRING(-70.01 42.87,-70.11 42.88)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Translate(CAST('POINT(0 0 0)' As geometry), 5, 12,3));
        st_asewkt
        ---------
        POINT(5 12 3)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Translate(ST_Collect('CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(4 3,3.12 0.878,1 0,-1.121 5.1213,6 7, 8 9,4 3))','POINT(1 3)'),1,2));
                                                                                                                 st_astext
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(5 5,4.12 2.878,2 2,-0.121 7.1213,7 9,9 11,5 5)),POINT(2 5))

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_TransScale(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), 0.5, 1, 1, 2));
                  st_asewkt
-----------------------------
 LINESTRING(1.5 6 3,1.5 4 1)

--Buffer a point to get an approximation of a circle, convert to curve and then translate 1,2 and scale it 3,4
  SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transscale(ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer('POINT(234 567)', 3)),1,2,3,4));
                                                                                                                  st_astext
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(714 2276,711.363961030679 2267.51471862576,705 2264,698.636038969321 2284.48528137424,714 2276))

SELECT name, ST_ClusterDBSCAN(geom, eps =
> 50, minpoints =
> 2) over () AS cid
FROM boston_polys
WHERE name 
> '' AND building 
> ''
        AND ST_DWithin(geom,
        ST_Transform(
            ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.04054 42.35141)', 4326), 26986),
           500);

                name                 | bucket
-------------------------------------+--------
 Manulife Tower                      |      0
 Park Lane Seaport I                 |      0
 Park Lane Seaport II                |      0
 Renaissance Boston Waterfront Hotel |      0
 Seaport Boston Hotel                |      0
 Seaport Hotel & World Trade Center  |      0
 Waterside Place                     |      0
 World Trade Center East             |      0
 100 Northern Avenue                 |      1
 100 Pier 4                          |      1
 The Institute of Contemporary Art   |      1
 101 Seaport                         |      2
 District Hall                       |      2
 One Marina Park Drive               |      2
 Twenty Two Liberty                  |      2
 Vertex                              |      2
 Vertex                              |      2
 Watermark Seaport                   |      2
 Blue Hills Bank Pavilion            |   NULL
 World Trade Center West             |   NULL
(20 rows)

SELECT cid, ST_Collect(geom) AS cluster_geom, array_agg(parcel_id) AS ids_in_cluster FROM (
    SELECT parcel_id, ST_ClusterDBSCAN(geom, eps => 0.5, minpoints => 5) over () AS cid, geom
    FROM parcels) sq
GROUP BY cid;

WITH testdata AS
  (SELECT unnest(ARRAY['LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (5 5, 4 4)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (6 6, 7 7)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (0 0, -1 -1)'::geometry,
           'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))'::geometry]) AS geom)

SELECT ST_AsText(unnest(ST_ClusterIntersecting(geom))) FROM testdata;

--result

st_astext
---------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,1 1),LINESTRING(5 5,4 4),LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1),POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(6 6,7 7))

WITH testdata AS (
  SELECT id, geom::geometry FROM (
  VALUES  (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'),
          (2, 'LINESTRING (5 5, 4 4)'),
          (3, 'LINESTRING (6 6, 7 7)'),
          (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0, -1 -1)'),
          (5, 'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))')) AS t(id, geom)
)
SELECT id,
  ST_AsText(geom),
  ST_ClusterIntersectingWin(geom) OVER () AS cluster
FROM testdata;

 id |           st_astext            | cluster
----+--------------------------------+---------
  1 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)            |       0
  2 | LINESTRING(5 5,4 4)            |       0
  3 | LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)            |       1
  4 | LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1)          |       0
  5 | POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)) |       0

CREATE TABLE parcels AS
SELECT lpad((row_number() over())::text,3,'0') As parcel_id, geom,
('{residential, commercial}'::text[])[1 + mod(row_number()OVER(),2)] As type
FROM
    ST_Subdivide(ST_Buffer('SRID=3857;LINESTRING(40 100, 98 100, 100 150, 60 90)'::geometry,
    40, 'endcap=square'),12) As geom;

SELECT ST_ClusterKMeans(geom, 3) OVER() AS cid, parcel_id, geom
    FROM parcels;
cid | parcel_id |   geom
-----+-----------+---------------
   0 | 001       | 0103000000...
   0 | 002       | 0103000000...
   1 | 003       | 0103000000...
   0 | 004       | 0103000000...
   1 | 005       | 0103000000...
   2 | 006       | 0103000000...
   2 | 007       | 0103000000...

SELECT ST_ClusterKMeans(geom, 3) over (PARTITION BY type) AS cid, parcel_id, type
    FROM parcels;
cid | parcel_id |    type
-----+-----------+-------------
   1 | 005       | commercial
   1 | 003       | commercial
   2 | 007       | commercial
   0 | 001       | commercial
   1 | 004       | residential
   0 | 002       | residential
   2 | 006       | residential

create table kontur_population_3000km_clusters as
select
    geom,
    ST_ClusterKMeans(
        ST_Force4D(
            ST_Transform(ST_Force3D(geom), 4978), -- cluster in 3D XYZ CRS
            mvalue => population -- set clustering to be weighed by population
        ),
        20,                      -- aim to generate at least 20 clusters
        max_radius => 3000000    -- but generate more to make each under 3000 km radius
    ) over () as cid
from
    kontur_population;

WITH testdata AS
  (SELECT unnest(ARRAY['LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'::geometry,
                       'LINESTRING (5 5, 4 4)'::geometry,
                       'LINESTRING (6 6, 7 7)'::geometry,
                       'LINESTRING (0 0, -1 -1)'::geometry,
                       'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))'::geometry]) AS geom)

SELECT ST_AsText(unnest(ST_ClusterWithin(geom, 1.4))) FROM testdata;

--result

st_astext
---------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,1 1),LINESTRING(5 5,4 4),LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1),POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(6 6,7 7))

WITH testdata AS (
  SELECT id, geom::geometry FROM (
  VALUES  (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'),
          (2, 'LINESTRING (5 5, 4 4)'),
          (3, 'LINESTRING (6 6, 7 7)'),
          (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0, -1 -1)'),
          (5, 'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))')) AS t(id, geom)
)
SELECT id,
  ST_AsText(geom),
  ST_ClusterWithinWin(geom, 1.4) OVER () AS cluster
FROM testdata;

 id |           st_astext            | cluster
----+--------------------------------+---------
  1 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)            |       0
  2 | LINESTRING(5 5,4 4)            |       0
  3 | LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)            |       1
  4 | LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1)          |       0
  5 | POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)) |       0

SELECT Box2D(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 5 6)'));

box2d
---------
BOX(1 2,5 6)

SELECT Box2D(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'));

box2d
--------
BOX(220186.984375 150406,220288.25 150506.140625)

SELECT Box3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 3 4 5, 5 6 5)'));

Box3d
---------
BOX3D(1 2 3,5 6 5)

SELECT Box3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 1,220227 150406 1)'));

Box3d
--------
BOX3D(220227 150406 1,220268 150415 1)

SELECT ST_EstimatedExtent('ny', 'edges', 'geom');
--result--
BOX(-8877653 4912316,-8010225.5 5589284)

SELECT ST_EstimatedExtent('feature_poly', 'geom');
--result--
BOX(-124.659652709961 24.6830825805664,-67.7798080444336 49.0012092590332)

--10 meter expanded box around bbox of a linestring
SELECT CAST(ST_Expand(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(2312980 110676,2312923 110701,2312892 110714)', 2163),10) As box2d);
                                         st_expand
------------------------------------
 BOX(2312882 110666,2312990 110724)

--10 meter expanded 3D box of a 3D box
SELECT ST_Expand(CAST('BOX3D(778783 2951741 1,794875 2970042.61545891 10)' As box3d),10)
                                                          st_expand
-----------------------------------------------------
 BOX3D(778773 2951731 -9,794885 2970052.61545891 20)

 --10 meter geometry astext rep of a expand box around a point geometry
 SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Expand(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=2163;POINT(2312980 110676)'),10));
                                                                                        st_asewkt
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 SRID=2163;POLYGON((2312970 110666,2312970 110686,2312990 110686,2312990 110666,2312970 110666))

SELECT ST_Extent(geom) as bextent FROM sometable;
                                         st_bextent
------------------------------------
BOX(739651.875 2908247.25,794875.8125 2970042.75)

--Return extent of each category of geometries
SELECT ST_Extent(geom) as bextent
FROM sometable
GROUP BY category ORDER BY category;

                                          bextent                       |         name
----------------------------------------------------+----------------
 BOX(778783.5625 2951741.25,794875.8125 2970042.75) | A
 BOX(751315.8125 2919164.75,765202.6875 2935417.25) | B
 BOX(739651.875 2917394.75,756688.375 2935866)      | C

 --Force back into a geometry
 -- and render the extended text representation of that geometry
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Extent(geom),2249) as bextent FROM sometable;

                                bextent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 SRID=2249;POLYGON((739651.875 2908247.25,739651.875 2970042.75,794875.8125 2970042.75,
 794875.8125 2908247.25,739651.875 2908247.25))

SELECT ST_3DExtent(foo.geom) As b3extent
FROM (SELECT ST_MakePoint(x,y,z) As geom
        FROM generate_series(1,3) As x
                CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,2) As y
                CROSS JOIN generate_series(0,2) As Z) As foo;
          b3extent
--------------------
 BOX3D(1 1 0,3 2 2)

--Get the extent of various elevated circular strings
SELECT ST_3DExtent(foo.geom) As b3extent
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_Force_3DZ(ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x,y),1))),0,0,z) As geom
        FROM generate_series(1,3) As x
                CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,2) As y
                CROSS JOIN generate_series(0,2) As Z) As foo;

        b3extent
--------------------
 BOX3D(1 0 0,4 2 2)

--Return all features that fall reside or partly reside in a US national atlas coordinate bounding box
--It is assumed here that the geometries are stored with SRID = 2163 (US National atlas equal area)
SELECT feature_id, feature_name, geom
FROM features
WHERE geom && ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-989502.1875, 528439.5625),
        ST_Point(-987121.375 ,529933.1875)),2163)

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(-989502.1875, 528439.5625, 10),
        ST_MakePoint(-987121.375 ,529933.1875, 10)) As abb3d

--bb3d--
--------
BOX3D(-989502.1875 528439.5625 10,-987121.375 529933.1875 10)

SELECT ST_XMax('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
st_xmax
-------
4

SELECT ST_XMax(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
st_xmax
-------
5

SELECT ST_XMax(CAST('BOX(-3 2, 3 4)' As box2d));
st_xmax
-------
3
--Observe THIS DOES NOT WORK because it will try to auto-cast the string representation to a BOX3D
SELECT ST_XMax('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)');

--ERROR:  BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(

SELECT ST_XMax(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
st_xmax
--------
220288.248780547

SELECT ST_XMin('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
st_xmin
-------
1

SELECT ST_XMin(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
st_xmin
-------
1

SELECT ST_XMin(CAST('BOX(-3 2, 3 4)' As box2d));
st_xmin
-------
-3
--Observe THIS DOES NOT WORK because it will try to auto-cast the string representation to a BOX3D
SELECT ST_XMin('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)');

--ERROR:  BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(

SELECT ST_XMin(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
st_xmin
--------
220186.995121892

SELECT ST_YMax('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
st_ymax
-------
5

SELECT ST_YMax(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
st_ymax
-------
6

SELECT ST_YMax(CAST('BOX(-3 2, 3 4)' As box2d));
st_ymax
-------
4
--Observe THIS DOES NOT WORK because it will try to auto-cast the string representation to a BOX3D
SELECT ST_YMax('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)');

--ERROR:  BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(

SELECT ST_YMax(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
st_ymax
--------
150506.126829327

SELECT ST_YMin('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
st_ymin
-------
2

SELECT ST_YMin(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
st_ymin
-------
3

SELECT ST_YMin(CAST('BOX(-3 2, 3 4)' As box2d));
st_ymin
-------
2
--Observe THIS DOES NOT WORK because it will try to auto-cast the string representation to a BOX3D
SELECT ST_YMin('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)');

--ERROR:  BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(

SELECT ST_YMin(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
st_ymin
--------
150406

SELECT ST_ZMax('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
st_zmax
-------
6

SELECT ST_ZMax(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
st_zmax
-------
7

SELECT ST_ZMax('BOX3D(-3 2 1, 3 4 1)' );
st_zmax
-------
1
--Observe THIS DOES NOT WORK because it will try to auto-cast the string representation to a BOX3D
SELECT ST_ZMax('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)');

--ERROR:  BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(

SELECT ST_ZMax(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
st_zmax
--------
3

SELECT ST_ZMin('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
st_zmin
-------
3

SELECT ST_ZMin(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
st_zmin
-------
4

SELECT ST_ZMin('BOX3D(-3 2 1, 3 4 1)' );
st_zmin
-------
1
--Observe THIS DOES NOT WORK because it will try to auto-cast the string representation to a BOX3D
SELECT ST_ZMin('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)');

--ERROR:  BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(

SELECT ST_ZMin(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
st_zmin
--------
1

-- The point 20% along a line

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(  ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
        'LINESTRING(25 50, 100 125, 150 190)',
        0.2 ));
----------------
 POINT(51.5974135047432 76.5974135047432)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(  ST_LineInterpolatePoint('
        LINESTRING(1 2 3, 4 5 6, 6 7 8)',
        0.5 ));
--------------------
 POINT(3.5 4.5 5.5)

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_LineInterpolatePoint( line.geom,
                      ST_LineLocatePoint( line.geom, 'POINT(4 3)')))
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 4 5, 6 7)') As geom) AS line;
------------
 POINT(3 4)

SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_3DLineInterpolatePoint('LINESTRING(25 50 70, 100 125 90, 150 190 200)',
        0.20));

   st_asetext
----------------
 POINT Z (59.0675892910822 84.0675892910822 79.0846904776219)

--Return points each 20% along a 2D line
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineInterpolatePoints('LINESTRING(25 50, 100 125, 150 190)', 0.20))
----------------
 MULTIPOINT((51.5974135047432 76.5974135047432),(78.1948270094864 103.194827009486),(104.132163186446 130.37181214238),(127.066081593223 160.18590607119),(150 190))

--Rough approximation of finding the street number of a point along the street
--Note the whole foo thing is just to generate dummy data that looks
--like house centroids and street
--We use ST_DWithin to exclude
--houses too far away from the street to be considered on the street
SELECT ST_AsText(house_loc) As as_text_house_loc,
        startstreet_num +
                CAST( (endstreet_num - startstreet_num)
                        * ST_LineLocatePoint(street_line, house_loc) As integer) As street_num
FROM
(SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)') As street_line,
        ST_Point(x*1.01,y*1.03) As house_loc, 10 As startstreet_num,
                20 As endstreet_num
FROM generate_series(1,3) x CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,4) As y)
As foo
WHERE ST_DWithin(street_line, house_loc, 0.2);

 as_text_house_loc | street_num
-------------------+------------
 POINT(1.01 2.06)  |         10
 POINT(2.02 3.09)  |         15
 POINT(3.03 4.12)  |         20

 --find closest point on a line to a point or other geometry
 SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineInterpolatePoint(foo.the_line, ST_LineLocatePoint(foo.the_line, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(4 3)'))))
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 4 5, 6 7)') As the_line) As foo;
   st_astext
----------------
 POINT(3 4)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring( 'LINESTRING (20 180, 50 20, 90 80, 120 40, 180 150)', 0.333, 0.666));
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINESTRING (45.17311810399485 45.74337011202746, 50 20, 90 80, 112.97593050157862 49.36542599789519)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring( 'LINESTRING(25 50, 100 125, 150 190)', 0.333, 0.333));
------------------------------------------
 POINT(69.2846934853974 94.2846934853974)

WITH data(id, geom) AS (VALUES
        ( 'A', 'LINESTRING( 0 0, 200 0)'::geometry ),
        ( 'B', 'LINESTRING( 0 100, 350 100)'::geometry ),
        ( 'C', 'LINESTRING( 0 200, 50 200)'::geometry )
    )
SELECT id, i,
       ST_AsText( ST_LineSubstring( geom, startfrac, LEAST( endfrac, 1 )) ) AS geom
FROM (
    SELECT id, geom, ST_Length(geom) len, 100 sublen FROM data
    ) AS d
CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT i, (sublen * i) / len AS startfrac,
              (sublen * (i+1)) / len AS endfrac
    FROM generate_series(0, floor( len / sublen )::integer ) AS t(i)
    -- skip last i if line length is exact multiple of sublen
    WHERE (sublen * i) / len <
> 1.0
    ) AS d2;

 id | i |            geom
----+---+-----------------------------
 A  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 0,100 0)
 A  | 1 | LINESTRING(100 0,200 0)
 B  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 100,100 100)
 B  | 1 | LINESTRING(100 100,200 100)
 B  | 2 | LINESTRING(200 100,300 100)
 B  | 3 | LINESTRING(300 100,350 100)
 C  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 200,50 200)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring( 'LINESTRING(-118.2436 34.0522, -71.0570 42.3611)'::geography, 0.333, 0.666),6) AS geog_sub
 , ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring('LINESTRING(-118.2436 34.0522, -71.0570 42.3611)'::geometry, 0.333, 0.666),6) AS geom_sub;
---------------------------------------------------------------
geog_sub | LINESTRING(-104.167064 38.854691,-87.674646 41.849854)
geom_sub | LINESTRING(-102.530462 36.819064,-86.817324 39.585927)

SELECT ST_AsText(
  ST_LocateAlong(
    'MULTILINESTRINGM((1 2 3, 3 4 2, 9 4 3),(1 2 3, 5 4 5))'::geometry,
    3 ));

----------------------------------
 MULTIPOINT M ((1 2 3),(9 4 3),(1 2 3))

SELECT ST_AsText(
  ST_LocateBetween(
       'MULTILINESTRING M ((1 2 3, 3 4 2, 9 4 3),(1 2 3, 5 4 5))':: geometry,
       1.5, 3 ));
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION M (LINESTRING M (1 2 3,3 4 2,9 4 3),POINT M (1 2 3))

SELECT ST_AsText( ST_LocateBetween(
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING (20 180, 50 20, 100 120, 180 20)', 0, 10),
  2, 8,
  20
));
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MULTILINESTRING((54.49835019899045 104.53426957938231,58.70056060327303 82.12248075654186,69.16695286779743 103.05526528559065,82.11145618000168 128.94427190999915,84.24893681714357 132.32493442618113,87.01636951231555 135.21267035596549,90.30307285299679 137.49198684843182,93.97759758337769 139.07172433557758,97.89298381958797 139.8887023914453,101.89263860095893 139.9102465862721,105.81659870902816 139.13549527600819,109.50792827749828 137.5954340631298,112.81899532549731 135.351656550512,115.6173761888606 132.49390095108848,145.31017306064817 95.37790486135405))

SELECT ST_AsText(
  ST_LocateBetweenElevations(
    'LINESTRING(1 2 3, 4 5 6)'::geometry,
    2, 4 ));

             st_astext
-----------------------------------
 MULTILINESTRING Z ((1 2 3,2 3 4))

SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_LocateBetweenElevations(
      'LINESTRING(1 2 6, 4 5 -1, 7 8 9)',
      6, 9)) As ewelev;

                                ewelev
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Z (POINT Z (1 2 6),LINESTRING Z (6.1 7.1 6,7 8 9))

SELECT ST_InterpolatePoint('LINESTRING M (0 0 0, 10 0 20)', 'POINT(5 5)');
 ---------------------
         10

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AddMeasure(
ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 0, 2 0, 4 0)'),1,4)) As ewelev;
           ewelev
--------------------------------
 LINESTRINGM(1 0 1,2 0 2,4 0 4)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AddMeasure(
ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4)'),10,40)) As ewelev;
                 ewelev
----------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(1 0 4 10,2 0 4 20,4 0 4 40)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AddMeasure(
ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRINGM(1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4)'),10,40)) As ewelev;
                 ewelev
----------------------------------------
 LINESTRINGM(1 0 10,2 0 20,4 0 40)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AddMeasure(
ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRINGM((1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4),(1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4))'),10,70)) As ewelev;
                             ewelev
-----------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTILINESTRINGM((1 0 10,2 0 20,4 0 40),(1 0 40,2 0 50,4 0 70))

-- A valid trajectory
SELECT ST_IsValidTrajectory(ST_MakeLine(
  ST_MakePointM(0,0,1),
  ST_MakePointM(0,1,2))
);
 t

-- An invalid trajectory
SELECT ST_IsValidTrajectory(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePointM(0,0,1), ST_MakePointM(0,1,0)));
NOTICE:  Measure of vertex 1 (0) not bigger than measure of vertex 0 (1)
 st_isvalidtrajectory
----------------------
 f

-- Return the time in which two objects moving between 10:00 and 11:00
-- are closest to each other and their distance at that point
WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0, 10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 10:00'::timestamptz),
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 11:00'::timestamptz)
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10, 12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 10:00'::timestamptz),
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 11:00'::timestamptz)
  ) b
), cpa AS (
  SELECT ST_ClosestPointOfApproach(a,b) m FROM inp
), points AS (
  SELECT ST_GeometryN(ST_LocateAlong(a,m),1) pa,
         ST_GeometryN(ST_LocateAlong(b,m),1) pb
  FROM inp, cpa
)
SELECT to_timestamp(m) t,
       ST_3DDistance(pa,pb) distance,
       ST_AsText(pa, 2) AS pa, ST_AsText(pb, 2) AS pb
FROM points, cpa;

               t               |      distance      |                  pa                  |                   pb                   
-------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------------------------
 2015-05-26 10:45:31.034483-07 | 1.9652147377620688 | POINT ZM (7.59 0 3.79 1432662331.03) | POINT ZM (9.1 1.24 3.93 1432662331.03)

-- Return the minimum distance of two objects moving between 10:00 and 11:00
WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0, 10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 10:00'::timestamptz),
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 11:00'::timestamptz)
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10, 12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 10:00'::timestamptz),
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 11:00'::timestamptz)
  ) b
)
SELECT ST_DistanceCPA(a,b) distance FROM inp;

     distance
-------------------
 1.965214737762069

WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0, 10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 10:00'::timestamptz),
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 11:00'::timestamptz)
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10, 12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 10:00'::timestamptz),
    extract(epoch from '2015-05-26 11:00'::timestamptz)
  ) b
)
SELECT ST_CPAWithin(a,b,2), ST_DistanceCPA(a,b) distance FROM inp;

 st_cpawithin |     distance
--------------+------------------
 t            | 1.96521473776207

SELECT PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade();
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis_raster
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis_sfcgal
NOTICE:  Extension postgis_topology is not available or not packagable for some reason
NOTICE:  Extension postgis_tiger_geocoder is not available or not packagable for some reason

                    postgis_extensions_upgrade
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 Upgrade completed, run SELECT postgis_full_version(); for details
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_Full_Version();
                                                           postgis_full_version
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POSTGIS="3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7" [EXTENSION] PGSQL="160" GEOS="3.12.0dev-CAPI-1.18.0" SFCGAL="1.3.8" PROJ="7.2.1 NETWORK_ENABLED=OFF URL_ENDPOINT=https://cdn.proj.org USER_WRITABLE_DIRECTORY=/tmp/proj DATABASE_PATH=/usr/share/proj/proj.db" GDAL="GDAL 3.2.2, released 2021/03/05" LIBXML="2.9.10" LIBJSON="0.15" LIBPROTOBUF="1.3.3" WAGYU="0.5.0 (Internal)" TOPOLOGY RASTER
(1 row)

SELECT PostGIS_GEOS_Version();
 postgis_geos_version
----------------------
3.12.0dev-CAPI-1.18.0
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_GEOS_Compiled_Version();
 postgis_geos_compiled_version
-------------------------------
 3.12.0
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_Liblwgeom_Version();
postgis_liblwgeom_version
--------------------------
3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_LibXML_Version();
 postgis_libxml_version
----------------------
 2.9.10
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_LibJSON_Version();
 postgis_libjson_version
-------------------------
 0.17
SELECT PostGIS_Lib_Build_Date();
 postgis_lib_build_date
------------------------
 2023-06-22 03:56:11
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_Lib_Version();
 postgis_lib_version
---------------------
 3.4.0dev
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_PROJ_Version();
  postgis_proj_version
-------------------------
7.2.1 NETWORK_ENABLED=OFF URL_ENDPOINT=https://cdn.proj.org USER_WRITABLE_DIRECTORY=/tmp/proj DATABASE_PATH=/usr/share/proj/proj.db
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_PROJ_Compiled_Version();
 postgis_proj_compiled_version
-------------------------------
 9.1.1
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_Wagyu_Version();
 postgis_wagyu_version
-----------------------
 0.5.0 (Internal)
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Build_Date();
  postgis_scripts_build_date
-------------------------
 2023-06-22 03:56:11
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Installed();
  postgis_scripts_installed
-------------------------
 3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Released();
  postgis_scripts_released
-------------------------
 3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_Version();
                        postgis_version
---------------------------------------
 3.4 USE_GEOS=1 USE_PROJ=1 USE_STATS=1
(1 row)
SET postgis.gdal_datapath TO '/usr/local/share/gdal.hidden';
SET postgis.gdal_datapath TO default;

ALTER DATABASE gisdb
SET postgis.gdal_datapath = 'C:/Program Files/PostgreSQL/9.3/gdal-data';
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = default;

ALTER DATABASE mygisdb SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'GTiff PNG JPEG';
--writes to postgres.auto.conf
ALTER SYSTEM SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';
 --Reloads postgres conf
SELECT pg_reload_conf();

SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters TO True;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = default;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = True;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = False;

ALTER DATABASE gisdb SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;

--writes to postgres.auto.conf
ALTER SYSTEM SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
 --Reloads postgres conf
SELECT pg_reload_conf();

SET postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy';

SET LOCAL postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy';

UPDATE sometable
 SET geom =  PostGIS_AddBBox(geom)
 WHERE PostGIS_HasBBox(geom) = false;
--This example drops bounding boxes where the cached box is not correct
                        --The force to ST_AsBinary before applying Box2D forces a recalculation of the box, and Box2D applied to the table geometry always
                        -- returns the cached bounding box.
                        UPDATE sometable
 SET geom =  PostGIS_DropBBox(geom)
 WHERE Not (Box2D(ST_AsBinary(geom)) = Box2D(geom));

        UPDATE sometable
 SET geom =  PostGIS_AddBBox(geom)
 WHERE Not PostGIS_HasBBOX(geom);

SELECT geom
FROM sometable WHERE PostGIS_HasBBox(geom) = false;
SELECT CG_Area('Polygon ((0 0, 0 5, 5 5, 5 0, 0 0), (1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 2, 1 1), (3 3, 4 3, 4 4, 3 4, 3 3))');
                cg_area
                --------
                25
                (1 row)
SELECT CG_3DArea(geom) As cube_surface_area,
            CG_3DArea(CG_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_area
            FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
            ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
            ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
            ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
            ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
            ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);

            cube_surface_area | solid_surface_area
            -------------------+--------------------
            6 |                  0    
SELECT CG_Volume(geom) As cube_surface_vol,
    CG_Volume(CG_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_vol
    FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
    ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
    ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
    ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);

    cube_surface_vol | solid_surface_vol
    ------------------+-------------------
    0 |                 1

SELECT ST_3DArea(geom) As cube_surface_area,
        ST_3DArea(ST_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_area
        FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
        ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
        ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
        ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);

        cube_surface_area | solid_surface_area
        -------------------+--------------------
        6 |                  0    
SELECT ST_Volume(geom) As cube_surface_vol,
    ST_Volume(ST_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_vol
    FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
    ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
    ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
    ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);

    cube_surface_vol | solid_surface_vol
    ------------------+-------------------
    0 |                 1

SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Intersection('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5)', 'LINESTRING(5 0, 0 5)'));
                cg_intersection
                -----------------
                POINT(2.5 2.5)
                (1 row)
SELECT CG_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
    cg_intersects
    ---------------
    f
    (1 row)
    SELECT CG_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
    cg_intersects
    ---------------
    t
    (1 row)

SELECT CG_3DIntersects('POINT(1.2 0.1 0)','POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0.5 0.5 0,1 0 0,1 1 0,0 1 0,0 0 0)),((1 0 0,2 0 0,2 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0),(1.2 0.2 0,1.2 0.8 0,1.8 0.8 0,1.8 0.2 0,1.2 0.2 0)))');
        cg_3dintersects
        ---------------
        t
        (1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Difference('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))'::geometry, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)'::geometry));
    cg_difference
    ---------------
    POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 0))
    (1 row)
SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                                50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30) AS geom1,
                                CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'),
                                50, 'quad_segs=1'),0,0,30) AS geom2;

SELECT CG_3DDifference(geom1,geom2)
                            FROM ( SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                            50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30) AS geom1,
                            CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'),
                            50, 'quad_segs=1'),0,0,30) AS geom2 ) As t;
SELECT CG_Distance('LINESTRING(0.0 0.0,-1.0 -1.0)', 'LINESTRING(3.0 4.0,4.0 5.0)');
        cg_distance
        -------------
        2.0
        (1 row)
SELECT CG_3DDistance('LINESTRING(-1.0 0.0 2.0,1.0 0.0 3.0)', 'TRIANGLE((-4.0 0.0 1.0,4.0 0.0 1.0,0.0 4.0 1.0,-4.0 0.0 1.0))');
        cg_3ddistance
        ----------------
        1
        (1 row)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DConvexHull('LINESTRING Z(0 0 5, 1 5 3, 5 7 6, 9 5 3 , 5 7 5, 6 3 5)'::geometry));
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((1 5 3,9 5 3,0 0 5,1 5 3)),((1 5 3,0 0 5,5 7 6,1 5 3)),((5 7 6,5 7 5,1 5 3,5 7 6)),((0 0 5,6 3 5,5 7 6,0 0 5)),((6 3 5,9 5 3,5 7 6,6 3 5)),((0 0 5,9 5 3,6 3 5,0 0 5)),((9 5 3,5 7 5,5 7 6,9 5 3)),((1 5 3,5 7 5,9 5 3,1 5 3)))
WITH f AS (SELECT i, CG_Extrude(geom, 0,0, i ) AS geom
        FROM ST_Subdivide(ST_Letters('CH'),5) WITH ORDINALITY AS sd(geom,i)
        )
        SELECT CG_3DConvexHull(ST_Collect(f.geom) )
        FROM f;
SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                                    50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30) AS geom1,
                                    CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'),
                                    50, 'quad_segs=1'),0,0,30) AS geom2;

SELECT CG_3DIntersection(geom1,geom2)
                                FROM ( SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                                50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30) AS geom1,
                                CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'),
                                50, 'quad_segs=1'),0,0,30) AS geom2 ) As t;
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DIntersection(linestring, polygon)) As wkt
    FROM  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING Z (2 2 6,1.5 1.5 7,1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10)') AS linestring
    CROSS JOIN ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0 8, 0 1 8, 1 1 8, 1 0 8, 0 0 8))') AS polygon;

    wkt
    --------------------------------
    LINESTRING Z (1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8)

SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DIntersection(
ST_GeomFromText('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'),
'POLYGON Z ((0 0 0, 0 0 0.5, 0 0.5 0.5, 0 0.5 0, 0 0 0))'::geometry))
TIN Z (((0 0 0,0 0 0.5,0 0.5 0.5,0 0 0)),((0 0.5 0,0 0 0,0 0.5 0.5,0 0.5 0)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DIntersection( CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer('POINT(10 20)'::geometry,10,1),0,0,30),
            CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer('POINT(10 20)'::geometry,10,1),2,0,10) ));
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,20 20 0,20 20 10,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10)),
        ((20 20 10,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,20 20 10)),
        ((20 20 0,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,20 20 10,20 20 0)),
        ((13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,10 10 0,20 20 0,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10)),
        ((16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,12 28 10,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10)),
        ((20 20 0,9.99999999999995 30 0,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,20 20 0)),
        ((10 10 0,9.99999999999995 30 0,20 20 0,10 10 0)),((13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,12 12 10,10 10 0,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10)),
        ((12 28 10,12 12 10,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,12 28 10)),
        ((16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,9.99999999999995 30 0,12 28 10,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10)),
        ((10 10 0,0 20 0,9.99999999999995 30 0,10 10 0)),
        ((12 12 10,11 11 10,10 10 0,12 12 10)),((12 28 10,11 11 10,12 12 10,12 28 10)),
        ((9.99999999999995 30 0,11 29 10,12 28 10,9.99999999999995 30 0)),((0 20 0,2 20 10,9.99999999999995 30 0,0 20 0)),
        ((10 10 0,2 20 10,0 20 0,10 10 0)),((11 11 10,2 20 10,10 10 0,11 11 10)),((12 28 10,11 29 10,11 11 10,12 28 10)),
        ((9.99999999999995 30 0,2 20 10,11 29 10,9.99999999999995 30 0)),((11 11 10,11 29 10,2 20 10,11 11 10)))
SELECT CG_Union('POINT(.5 0)', 'LINESTRING(-1 0,1 0)');
                cg_union
                -----------
                LINESTRING(-1 0,0.5 0,1 0)
                (1 row)
SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                                    50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30) AS geom1,
                                    CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'),
                                    50, 'quad_segs=1'),0,0,30) AS geom2;

SELECT CG_3DUnion(geom1,geom2)
                                FROM ( SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                                50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30) AS geom1,
                                CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'),
                                50, 'quad_segs=1'),0,0,30) AS geom2 ) As t;
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_AlphaShape('MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),
        (88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),
        (81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
        (78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
        (75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
        (80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
        (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry,80.2));
POLYGON((89 53,91 50,87 42,90 30,88 29,84 19,78 16,73 16,65 16,53 18,43 19,
    37 23,30 22,28 33,23 36,26 44,27 54,23 60,24 67,27 77,
    24 82,26 85,34 86,39 88,45 90,49 95,52 98,57 97,
    64 97,72 95,76 88,75 84,83 72,85 71,88 58,89 53))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_AlphaShape('MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
    (78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
    (75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
    (80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
    (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry, 100.1,true))
POLYGON((89 53,91 50,87 42,90 30,84 19,78 16,73 16,65 16,53 18,43 19,30 22,28 33,23 36,
26 44,27 54,23 60,24 67,27 77,24 82,26 85,34 86,39 88,45 90,49 95,52 98,57 97,64 97,72 95,
76 88,75 84,83 72,85 71,88 58,89 53),(36 61,36 68,40 75,43 80,60 81,68 73,77 67,
81 60,82 54,81 47,78 43,76 27,62 22,54 32,44 42,38 46,36 61))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_AlphaShape(
                'MULTIPOINT ((132 64), (114 64), (99 64), (81 64), (63 64), (57 49), (52 36), (46 20), (37 20), (26 20), (32 36), (39 55), (43 69), (50 84), (57 100), (63 118), (68 133), (74 149), (81 164), (88 180), (101 180), (112 180), (119 164), (126 149), (132 131), (139 113), (143 100), (150 84), (157 69), (163 51), (168 36), (174 20), (163 20), (150 20), (143 36), (139 49), (132 64), (99 151), (92 138), (88 124), (81 109), (74 93), (70 82), (83 82), (99 82), (112 82), (126 82), (121 96), (114 109), (110 122), (103 138), (99 151), (34 27), (43 31), (48 44), (46 58), (52 73), (63 73), (61 84), (72 71), (90 69), (101 76), (123 71), (141 62), (166 27), (150 33), (159 36), (146 44), (154 53), (152 62), (146 73), (134 76), (143 82), (141 91), (130 98), (126 104), (132 113), (128 127), (117 122), (112 133), (119 144), (108 147), (119 153), (110 171), (103 164), (92 171), (86 160), (88 142), (79 140), (72 124), (83 131), (79 118), (68 113), (63 102), (68 93), (35 45))'::geometry,102.2, true));
POLYGON((26 20,32 36,35 45,39 55,43 69,50 84,57 100,63 118,68 133,74 149,81 164,88 180,
            101 180,112 180,119 164,126 149,132 131,139 113,143 100,150 84,157 69,163 51,168 36,
            174 20,163 20,150 20,143 36,139 49,132 64,114 64,99 64,90 69,81 64,63 64,57 49,52 36,46 20,37 20,26 20),
            (74 93,81 109,88 124,92 138,103 138,110 122,114 109,121 96,112 82,99 82,83 82,74 93))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_ApproxConvexPartition('POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)),POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)),POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,107 61)),POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)),POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)),POLYGON((107 61,41 86,67 24,109 31,107 61)),POLYGON((148 120,107 61,109 31,170 60,148 120)),POLYGON((156 150,148 120,170 60,180 110,156 150)))
SELECT CG_ApproximateMedialAxis(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON (( 190 190, 10 190, 10 10, 190 10, 190 20, 160 30, 60 30, 60 130, 190 140, 190 190 ))'));
select CG_ConstrainedDelaunayTriangles(
                                        ST_Union(
                                        'POLYGON((175 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'::geometry,
                                        ST_Buffer('POINT(110 170)'::geometry, 20)
                                        )
                                        );

select ST_DelaunayTriangles(
                                        ST_Union(
                                        'POLYGON((175 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'::geometry,
                                        ST_Buffer('POINT(110 170)'::geometry, 20)
                                        )
                                        );

SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                                    50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30);
CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                                50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30);
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50, 100 90, 95 150)')
SELECT CG_Extrude(
                            ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50, 100 90, 95 150)'),0,0,10));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_ExtrudeStraightSkeleton('POLYGON (( 0 0, 5 0, 5 5, 4 5, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0 ), (1 1, 1 2,2 2, 2 1, 1 1))', 3.0, 2.0));
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 4 0,4 5 0,5 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2 0,1 1 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 2,0 4 2,0 4 0,0 0 0)),((0 4 0,0 4 2,4 4 2,4 4 0,0 4 0)),((4 4 0,4 4 2,4 5 2,4 5 0,4 4 0)),((4 5 0,4 5 2,5 5 2,5 5 0,4 5 0)),((5 5 0,5 5 2,5 0 2,5 0 0,5 5 0)),((5 0 0,5 0 2,0 0 2,0 0 0,5 0 0)),((1 1 0,1 1 2,2 1 2,2 1 0,1 1 0)),((2 1 0,2 1 2,2 2 2,2 2 0,2 1 0)),((2 2 0,2 2 2,1 2 2,1 2 0,2 2 0)),((1 2 0,1 2 2,1 1 2,1 1 0,1 2 0)),((0.5 2.5 2.5,0 0 2,0.5 0.5 2.5,0.5 2.5 2.5)),((1 3 3,0 4 2,0.5 2.5 2.5,1 3 3)),((0.5 2.5 2.5,0 4 2,0 0 2,0.5 2.5 2.5)),((2.5 0.5 2.5,5 0 2,3.5 1.5 3.5,2.5 0.5 2.5)),((0 0 2,5 0 2,2.5 0.5 2.5,0 0 2)),((0.5 0.5 2.5,0 0 2,2.5 0.5 2.5,0.5 0.5 2.5)),((4.5 3.5 2.5,5 5 2,4.5 4.5 2.5,4.5 3.5 2.5)),((3.5 2.5 3.5,3.5 1.5 3.5,4.5 3.5 2.5,3.5 2.5 3.5)),((4.5 3.5 2.5,5 0 2,5 5 2,4.5 3.5 2.5)),((3.5 1.5 3.5,5 0 2,4.5 3.5 2.5,3.5 1.5 3.5)),((5 5 2,4 5 2,4.5 4.5 2.5,5 5 2)),((4.5 4.5 2.5,4 4 2,4.5 3.5 2.5,4.5 4.5 2.5)),((4.5 4.5 2.5,4 5 2,4 4 2,4.5 4.5 2.5)),((3 3 3,0 4 2,1 3 3,3 3 3)),((3.5 2.5 3.5,4.5 3.5 2.5,3 3 3,3.5 2.5 3.5)),((3 3 3,4 4 2,0 4 2,3 3 3)),((4.5 3.5 2.5,4 4 2,3 3 3,4.5 3.5 2.5)),((2 1 2,1 1 2,0.5 0.5 2.5,2 1 2)),((2.5 0.5 2.5,2 1 2,0.5 0.5 2.5,2.5 0.5 2.5)),((1 1 2,1 2 2,0.5 2.5 2.5,1 1 2)),((0.5 0.5 2.5,1 1 2,0.5 2.5 2.5,0.5 0.5 2.5)),((1 3 3,2 2 2,3 3 3,1 3 3)),((0.5 2.5 2.5,1 2 2,1 3 3,0.5 2.5 2.5)),((1 3 3,1 2 2,2 2 2,1 3 3)),((2 2 2,2 1 2,2.5 0.5 2.5,2 2 2)),((3.5 2.5 3.5,3 3 3,3.5 1.5 3.5,3.5 2.5 3.5)),((3.5 1.5 3.5,2 2 2,2.5 0.5 2.5,3.5 1.5 3.5)),((3 3 3,2 2 2,3.5 1.5 3.5,3 3 3)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_GreeneApproxConvexPartition('POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)),POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)),POLYGON((67 24,109 31,170 60,107 61,67 24)),POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)),POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,67 24,107 61)),POLYGON((148 120,107 61,170 60,148 120)),POLYGON((148 120,170 60,180 110,156 150,148 120)),POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)))
SELECT CG_MinkowskiSum(line, circle))
            FROM (SELECT
            ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(10, 10),ST_Point(100, 100)) As line,
            ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(50 50)'), 30) As circle) As foo;

            -- wkt --
            MULTIPOLYGON(((30 59.9999999999999,30.5764415879031 54.1472903395161,32.2836140246614 48.5194970290472,35.0559116309237 43.3328930094119,38.7867965644036 38.7867965644035,43.332893009412 35.0559116309236,48.5194970290474 32.2836140246614,54.1472903395162 30.5764415879031,60.0000000000001 30,65.8527096604839 30.5764415879031,71.4805029709527 32.2836140246614,76.6671069905881 35.0559116309237,81.2132034355964 38.7867965644036,171.213203435596 128.786796564404,174.944088369076 133.332893009412,177.716385975339 138.519497029047,179.423558412097 144.147290339516,180 150,179.423558412097 155.852709660484,177.716385975339 161.480502970953,174.944088369076 166.667106990588,171.213203435596 171.213203435596,166.667106990588 174.944088369076,
            161.480502970953 177.716385975339,155.852709660484 179.423558412097,150 180,144.147290339516 179.423558412097,138.519497029047 177.716385975339,133.332893009412 174.944088369076,128.786796564403 171.213203435596,38.7867965644035 81.2132034355963,35.0559116309236 76.667106990588,32.2836140246614 71.4805029709526,30.5764415879031 65.8527096604838,30 59.9999999999999)))

SELECT CG_MinkowskiSum(mp, poly)
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(25 50,70 25)'::geometry As mp,
        'POLYGON((130 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 130 150))'::geometry As poly
        ) As foo

        -- wkt --
        MULTIPOLYGON(
        ((70 115,100 135,175 175,225 225,70 115)),
        ((120 65,150 85,225 125,275 175,120 65))
        )

SELECT ST_AsText(CG_OptimalAlphaShape('MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),
            (88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),
            (81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
            (78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
            (75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
            (80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
            (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry));
POLYGON((89 53,91 50,87 42,90 30,88 29,84 19,78 16,73 16,65 16,53 18,43 19,37 23,30 22,28 33,23 36,
        26 44,27 54,23 60,24 67,27 77,24 82,26 85,34 86,39 88,45 90,49 95,52 98,57 97,64 97,72 95,76 88,75 84,75 77,83 72,85 71,83 64,88 58,89 53))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_OptimalAlphaShape('MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
    (78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
    (75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
    (80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
    (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry, allow_holes => true));
POLYGON((89 53,91 50,87 42,90 30,88 29,84 19,78 16,73 16,65 16,53 18,43 19,37 23,30 22,28 33,23 36,26 44,27 54,23 60,24 67,27 77,24 82,26 85,34 86,39 88,45 90,49 95,52 98,57 97,64 97,72 95,76 88,75 84,75 77,83 72,85 71,83 64,88 58,89 53),(36 61,36 68,40 75,43 80,50 86,60 81,68 73,77 67,81 60,82 54,81 47,78 43,81 29,76 27,70 20,62 22,55 26,54 32,48 34,44 42,38 46,36 61))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_OptimalConvexPartition('POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)),POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)),POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)),POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)),POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,67 24,109 31,107 61)),POLYGON((148 120,107 61,109 31,170 60,180 110,148 120)),POLYGON((156 150,148 120,180 110,156 150)))
SELECT CG_StraightSkeleton(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON (( 190 190, 10 190, 10 10, 190 10, 190 20, 160 30, 60 30, 60 130, 190 140, 190 190 ))'));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_StraightSkeleton('POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 0))', true);

MULTILINESTRING M ((0 0 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(1 0 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(1 1 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(0 1 0,0.5 0.5 0.5))
SELECT CG_StraightSkeleton(
'POLYGON((0 0, 3 0, 3 3, 0 3, 0 0), (0 0, 1 2, 2 1, 0 0))'));

NOTICE:  During straight_skeleton(A) :
NOTICE:    with A: POLYGON((0/1 0/1,3/1 0/1,3/1 3/1,0/1 3/1,0/1 0/1),(0/1 0/1,1/1 2/1,2/1 1/1,0/1 0/1))
ERROR:  straight skeleton of Polygon with point touching rings is not implemented.

SELECT ST_StraightSkeleton(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON (( 190 190, 10 190, 10 10, 190 10, 190 20, 160 30, 60 30, 60 130, 190 140, 190 190 ))'));
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                                    ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                                    ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                                    ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )');
SELECT CG_Tesselate(ST_GeomFromText('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
TIN Z (((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 0 0)),((0 1 0,0 0 0,0 1 1,0 1 0)),
                        ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,0 0 0)),
                        ((1 0 0,0 0 0,1 1 0,1 0 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1)),
                        ((0 0 1,0 0 0,1 0 0,0 0 1)),
                        ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 1 0)),((1 0 0,1 1 0,1 0 1,1 0 0)),
                        ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,0 1 0)),((1 1 0,0 1 0,1 1 1,1 1 0)),
                        ((0 1 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1)),((0 1 1,0 0 1,1 0 1,0 1 1)))
SELECT 'POLYGON (( 10 190, 10 70, 80 70, 80 130, 50 160, 120 160, 120 190, 10 190 ))'::geometry;
SELECT
                        CG_Tesselate('POLYGON (( 10 190, 10 70, 80 70, 80 130, 50 160, 120 160, 120 190, 10 190 ))'::geometry);
TIN(((80 130,50 160,80 70,80 130)),((50 160,10 190,10 70,50 160)),
                ((80 70,50 160,10 70,80 70)),((120 160,120 190,50 160,120 160)),
                ((120 190,10 190,50 160,120 190)))
SELECT CG_Triangulate('POLYGON((0.0 0.0,1.0 0.0,1.0 1.0,0.0 1.0,0.0 0.0),(0.2 0.2,0.2 0.8,0.8 0.8,0.8 0.2,0.2 0.2))');
                cg_triangulate
                ----------------
                TIN(((0.8 0.2,0.2 0.2,1 0,0.8 0.2)),((0.2 0.2,0 0,1 0,0.2 0.2)),((1 1,0.8 0.8,0.8 0.2,1 1)),((0 1,0 0,0.2 0.2,0 1)),((0 1,0.2 0.8,1 1,0 1)),((0 1,0.2 0.2,0.2 0.8,0 1)),((0.2 0.8,0.8 0.8,1 1,0.2 0.8)),((0.2 0.8,0.2 0.2,0.8 0.2,0.2 0.8)),((1 1,0.8 0.2,1 0,1 1)),((0.8 0.8,0.2 0.8,0.8 0.2,0.8 0.8)))

                (1 row)
SELECT CG_Visibility('POLYGON((23.5 23.5,23.5 173.5,173.5 173.5,173.5 23.5,23.5 23.5),(108 98,108 36,156 37,155 99,108 98),(107 157.5,107 106.5,135 107.5,133 127.5,143.5 127.5,143.5 108.5,153.5 109.5,151.5 166,107 157.5),(41 95.5,41 35,100.5 36,98.5 68,78.5 68,77.5 96.5,41 95.5),(39 150,40 104,97.5 106.5,95.5 152,39 150))'::geometry, 'POINT(91 87)'::geometry);
SELECT CG_Visibility('POLYGON((23.5 23.5,23.5 173.5,173.5 173.5,173.5 23.5,23.5 23.5),(108 98,108 36,156 37,155 99,108 98),(107 157.5,107 106.5,135 107.5,133 127.5,143.5 127.5,143.5 108.5,153.5 109.5,151.5 166,107 157.5),(41 95.5,41 35,100.5 36,98.5 68,78.5 68,77.5 96.5,41 95.5),(39 150,40 104,97.5 106.5,95.5 152,39 150))'::geometry,'POINT(78.5 68)'::geometry, 'POINT(98.5 68)'::geometry);
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_YMonotonePartition('POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)),POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,107 61)),POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,170 60,180 110,156 150)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_StraightSkeletonPartition('POLYGON((0 0, 4 0, 2 2, 0 0))', true));
-- Result: MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,2 0.83,2 2)),((4 0,2 0.83,0 0)),((2 2,2 0.83,4 0)))
SELECT CG_StraightSkeletonPartition(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON (( 190 190, 10 190, 10 10, 190 10, 190 20
            , 160 30, 60 30, 60 130, 190 140, 190 190 ))')
            , true );
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DBuffer('POINT(0 0 0)', 1, 8, 0));
-- Result: POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 1, 0.5 -0.5 0.71, 0 -0.71 0.71, 0 0 1)), ... )
SELECT string_agg('<Shape
>' || ST_AsX3D(cgbuffer3d_output)  || '<Appearance>
          <Material diffuseColor="0 0.8 0.2" specularColor="0 1 0"/>
        </Appearance>
    </Shape
>', '');
SELECT CG_3DBuffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50,32,0);
SELECT CG_3DBuffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
 50,5,0);

SELECT CG_3DBuffer(
  ST_GeomFromText(
    'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
    ),
 10,32,0);

SELECT CG_3DBuffer(
  ST_GeomFromText(
    'LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
    ),
 10,32,2);

SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Rotate('LINESTRING(1 0, 0 1)', pi()/2));
-- Result: LINESTRING(0 1, -1 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_2DRotate('POINT(1 0)', pi()/2, 1, 1));
-- Result: POINT(2 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DRotate('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2, 0, 0, 1));
-- Result: POINT(0 1 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_RotateX('POINT(0 1 0)', pi()/2));
-- Result: POINT(0 0 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_RotateY('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2));
-- Result: POINT(0 0 -1)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_RotateZ('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2));
-- Result: POINT(0 1 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Scale('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)', 2));
-- Result: LINESTRING(2 2, 4 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DScale('POINT(1 1 1)', 2, 3, 4));
-- Result: POINT(2 3 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DScaleAroundCenter('POINT(2 2 2)', 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1, 1, 1));
-- Result: POINT(1.5 1.5 1.5)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Translate('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)', 1, -1));
-- Result: LINESTRING(2 0, 3 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DTranslate('POINT(1 1 1)', 1, -1, 2));
-- Result: POINT(2 0 3)
-- Simplify a polygon with a threshold of 0.5
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 0.1 1, 0.2 1, 0.3 1, 0.4 1, 0.5 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))'), 0.5));

-- Simplify a 3D terrain geometry while preserving topology and Z values
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING Z(0 0 0, 0 1 1, 0.1 1 1, 0.2 1 1, 0.3 1 1, 1 1 2)'), 0.2, true));

-- Simplify a geometry with both Z and M values
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING ZM(0 0 0 1, 0 1 1 2, 0.1 1 1 3, 0.2 1 1 4, 0.3 1 1 5, 1 1 2 6)'), 0.2));

-- Simplify two geometry together preserving Z and M values, without topology
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ZM(LINESTRING ZM(-1 -1 3 4, 0 0 10 100, 1 1 20 200, 0 2 15 150, 0 5 30 300, 2 19 25 250, -4 20 15 150), POLYGON ZM((0 0 10 100, 1 1 20 200, 0 2 15 150, 0 5 30 300, 2 19 25 250, -4 20 15 150, 0 0 10 100)))', 2, false));

-- Simplify two geometry together preserving Z and M values, with topology
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ZM(LINESTRING ZM(-1 -1 3 4, 0 0 10 100, 1 1 20 200, 0 2 15 150, 0 5 30 300, 2 19 25 250, -4 20 15 150), POLYGON ZM((0 0 10 100, 1 1 20 200, 0 2 15 150, 0 5 30 300, 2 19 25 250, -4 20 15 150, 0 0 10 100)))', 2, true));

WITH depts_pds as (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
POLYGON((88.46 158.85,90.77 171.54,147.31 173.85,146.15 145,173.85 119.62,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,91.92 93.08,65.38 101.15,34.23 121.92,41.15 142.69,49.23 143.85,88.46 158.85)),
POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,190 60.77,185.38 43.46,126.54 26.15,83.85 28.46,67.69 64.23,43.46 58.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,65.38 101.15,91.92 93.08,112.69 118.46)))
') as geom)
SELECT geom FROM depts_pds;

WITH depts_pds as (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
POLYGON((88.46 158.85,90.77 171.54,147.31 173.85,146.15 145,173.85 119.62,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,91.92 93.08,65.38 101.15,34.23 121.92,41.15 142.69,49.23 143.85,88.46 158.85)),
POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,190 60.77,185.38 43.46,126.54 26.15,83.85 28.46,67.69 64.23,43.46 58.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,65.38 101.15,91.92 93.08,112.69 118.46)))
') as geom)
SELECT (ST_Dump(CG_Simplify(geom, 0.5, true))).geom FROM depts_pds;

WITH depts_pds as (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
POLYGON((88.46 158.85,90.77 171.54,147.31 173.85,146.15 145,173.85 119.62,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,91.92 93.08,65.38 101.15,34.23 121.92,41.15 142.69,49.23 143.85,88.46 158.85)),
POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,190 60.77,185.38 43.46,126.54 26.15,83.85 28.46,67.69 64.23,43.46 58.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,65.38 101.15,91.92 93.08,112.69 118.46)))
') as geom)
SELECT (ST_Dump(CG_Simplify(geom, 0.5, false))).geom FROM depts_pds;

SELECT CG_3DAlphaWrapping('MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),
           (88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),
           (81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),
           (35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),
           (41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),
           (62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
           (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),
           (34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry,10);
SELECT CG_3DAlphaWrapping('MULTIPOINT((132 64),(114 64),(99 64),(81 64),(63 64),(57 49),
           (52 36),(46 20),(37 20),(26 20),(32 36),(39 55),(43 69),(50 84),(57 100),(63 118),(68 133),(74 149),
           (81 164),(88 180),(101 180),(112 180),(119 164),(126 149),(132 131),(139 113),(143 100),(150 84),(157 69),(163 51),
           (168 36),(174 20),(163 20),(150 20),(143 36),(139 49),(132 64),(99 151),(92 138),(88 124),(81 109),(74 93),(70 82),
           (83 82),(99 82),(112 82),(126 82),(121 96),(114 109),(110 122),(103 138),(99 151),(34 27),(43 31),(48 44),(46 58),
           (52 73),(63 73),(61 84),(72 71),(90 69),(101 76),(123 71),(141 62),(166 27),(150 33),(159 36),(146 44),(154 53),
           (152 62),(146 73),(134 76),(143 82),(141 91),(130 98),(126 104),(132 113),(128 127),(117 122),(112 133),(119 144),
           (108 147),(119 153),(110 171),(103 164),(92 171),(86 160),(88 142),(79 140),(72 124),(83 131),(79 118),(68 113),
           (63 102),(68 93),(35 45))'::geometry,14);
SELECT te[1] AS id, te[2] AS type FROM
( SELECT ARRAY[1,2]::topology.topoelement AS te ) f;
 id | type
----+------
  1 |    2

SELECT ARRAY[1,2]::topology.topoelement;
  te
-------
 {1,2}

--Example of what happens when you try to case a 3 element array to topoelement
-- NOTE: topoement has to be a 2 element array so fails dimension check
SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3]::topology.topoelement;
ERROR:  value for domain topology.topoelement violates check constraint "dimensions"

SELECT '{{1,2},{4,3}}'::topology.topoelementarray As tea;
  tea
-------
{{1,2},{4,3}}

-- more verbose equivalent --
SELECT ARRAY[ARRAY[1,2], ARRAY[4,3]]::topology.topoelementarray As tea;

  tea
-------
{{1,2},{4,3}}

--using the array agg function packaged with topology --
SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[e,t]) As tea
  FROM generate_series(1,4) As e CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,3) As t;
  tea
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
{{1,1},{1,2},{1,3},{2,1},{2,2},{2,3},{3,1},{3,2},{3,3},{4,1},{4,2},{4,3}}

SELECT '{{1,2,4},{3,4,5}}'::topology.topoelementarray As tea;
ERROR:  value for domain topology.topoelementarray violates check constraint "dimensions"

-- Note for this example we created our new table in the ma_topo schema
-- though we could have created it in a different schema -- in which case topology_name and schema_name would be different
CREATE SCHEMA ma;
CREATE TABLE ma.parcels(gid serial, parcel_id varchar(20) PRIMARY KEY, address text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ma_topo', 'ma', 'parcels', 'topo', 'POLYGON');
CREATE SCHEMA ri;
CREATE TABLE ri.roads(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, road_name text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ri_topo', 'ri', 'roads', 'topo', 'LINE');

SELECT topology.RenameTopoGeometryColumn('public.parcels', 'topogeom', 'tgeom');

SELECT topology.DropTopology('ma_topo');
SELECT topology.RenameTopology('topo_stage', 'topo_prod');
SELECT topology.DropTopoGeometryColumn('ma_topo', 'parcel_topo', 'topo');
SELECT topology.FixCorruptTopoGeometryColumn(schema_name, table_name, feature_column)
    FROM topology.layer;

SELECT CreateTopology('strk_topo');
CREATE SCHEMA strk;
CREATE TABLE strk.parcels(gid serial, parcel_id varchar(20) PRIMARY KEY, address text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('strk_topo', 'strk', 'parcels', 'topo', 'POLYGON');
-- this will return no records because this feature is already registered
SELECT *
  FROM topology.Populate_Topology_Layer();

-- let's rebuild
TRUNCATE TABLE topology.layer;

SELECT *
  FROM topology.Populate_Topology_Layer();

SELECT topology_id,layer_id, schema_name As sn, table_name As tn, feature_column As fc
FROM topology.layer;

schema_name | table_name | feature_column
-------------+------------+----------------
 strk        | parcels    | topo
(1 row)

 topology_id | layer_id |  sn  |   tn    |  fc
-------------+----------+------+---------+------
           2 |        2 | strk | parcels | topo
(1 row)
SELECT topology.topologysummary('city_data');
                    topologysummary
--------------------------------------------------------
 Topology city_data (329), SRID 4326, precision: 0
 22 nodes, 24 edges, 10 faces, 29 topogeoms in 5 layers
 Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 9 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.land_parcels.feature
 Layer 2, type Puntal (1), 8 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.traffic_signs.feature
 Layer 3, type Lineal (2), 8 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.city_streets.feature
 Layer 4, type Polygonal (3), 3 topogeoms
  Hierarchy level 1, child layer 1
  Deploy: features.big_parcels.feature
 Layer 5, type Puntal (1), 1 topogeoms
  Hierarchy level 1, child layer 2
  Deploy: features.big_signs.feature
SELECT * FROM  topology.ValidateTopology('ma_topo');
      error        | id1 | id2
-------------------+-----+-----
face without edges |   1 |

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(g) FROM
 topology.ValidateTopologyPrecision(
    'city_data',
    gridSize =
> 2,
    bbox =
> ST_MakeEnvelope(0,0,20,20)
) g;
      st_asewkt
----------------------
 MULTIPOINT(9 6,9 14)
(1 row)

SELECT topology.MakeTopologyPrecise(
    'city_data',
    gridSize =
> 2
);
 maketopologyprecise
---------------------

(1 row)

SELECT name(findTopology('features.land_parcels', 'feature'));
   name
-----------
 city_data
(1 row)

SELECT layer_id(findLayer('features.land_parcels', 'feature'));
 layer_id
----------
        1
(1 row)

SELECT topology.topologysummary('city_data');
                    topologysummary
--------------------------------------------------------
 Topology city_data (329), SRID 4326, precision: 0
 22 nodes, 24 edges, 10 faces, 29 topogeoms in 5 layers
 Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 9 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.land_parcels.feature
 Layer 2, type Puntal (1), 8 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.traffic_signs.feature
 Layer 3, type Lineal (2), 8 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.city_streets.feature
 Layer 4, type Polygonal (3), 3 topogeoms
  Hierarchy level 1, child layer 1
  Deploy: features.big_parcels.feature
 Layer 5, type Puntal (1), 1 topogeoms
  Hierarchy level 1, child layer 2
  Deploy: features.big_signs.feature
SELECT topology.upgradetopology('city_data');

SELECT topology.CreateTopology('ma_topo', 26986, 0.5);
SELECT topology.CreateTopology('ri_topo', 3438) AS topoid;
topoid
------
2
SELECT topology.CopyTopology('ma_topo', 'ma_topo_backup');
SELECT topology.ST_InitTopoGeo('topo_schema_to_create') AS topocreation;
                      astopocreation
------------------------------------------------------------
 Topology-Geometry 'topo_schema_to_create' (id:7) created.

-- Populate topology --
SELECT topology.ST_CreateTopoGeo('ri_topo',
 ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((384744 236928,384750 236923,384769 236911,384799 236895,384811 236890,384833 236884,
  384844 236882,384866 236881,384879 236883,384954 236898,385087 236932,385117 236938,
  385167 236938,385203 236941,385224 236946,385233 236950,385241 236956,385254 236971,
  385260 236979,385268 236999,385273 237018,385273 237037,385271 237047,385267 237057,
  385225 237125,385210 237144,385192 237161,385167 237192,385162 237202,385159 237214,
  385159 237227,385162 237241,385166 237256,385196 237324,385209 237345,385234 237375,
  385237 237383,385238 237399,385236 237407,385227 237419,385213 237430,385193 237439,
  385174 237451,385170 237455,385169 237460,385171 237475,385181 237503,385190 237521,
  385200 237533,385206 237538,385213 237541,385221 237542,385235 237540,385242 237541,
  385249 237544,385260 237555,385270 237570,385289 237584,385292 237589,385291 237596,385284 237630))',3438)
  );

      st_createtopogeo
----------------------------
 Topology ri_topo populated

-- create tables and topo geometries --
CREATE TABLE ri.roads(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, road_name text);

SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ri_topo', 'ri', 'roads', 'topo', 'LINE');

SELECT topology.ST_ChangeEdgeGeom('ma_topo', 1,
                ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227591.9 893900.4,227622.6 893844.3,227641.6 893816.6, 227704.5 893778.5)', 26986) );
 ----
 Edge 1 changed
-- Add an edge --
 SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227592 893910, 227600 893910)', 26986) ) As edgeid;

-- edgeid-
3

-- Split the edge  --
SELECT topology.ST_ModEdgeSplit('ma_topo',  3, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(227594,893910),26986)  ) As node_id;
        node_id
-------------------------
7

-- Add an isolated node with no face  --
SELECT topology.ST_AddIsoNode('ma_topo',  NULL, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227579 893916)', 26986) ) As nodeid;
 nodeid
--------
      7
-- Move the new node --
SELECT topology.ST_MoveIsoNode('ma_topo', 7,  ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227579.5 893916.5)', 26986) ) As descrip;
                      descrip
----------------------------------------------------
Isolated Node 7 moved to location 227579.5,893916.5
-- Add an edge  --
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227575 893917,227592 893900)', 26986) ) As edgeid;
-- result-
edgeid
------
        2
-- Split the new edge --
SELECT topology.ST_NewEdgesSplit('ma_topo', 2,  ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227578.5 893913.5)', 26986) ) As newnodeid;
 newnodeid
---------
       6
-- Remove an isolated node with no face  --
SELECT topology.ST_RemoveIsoNode('ma_topo',  7 ) As result;
         result
-------------------------
 Isolated node 7 removed

-- Remove an isolated node with no face  --
SELECT topology.ST_RemoveIsoNode('ma_topo',  7 ) As result;
         result
-------------------------
 Isolated node 7 removed

SELECT topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo',geom, 1) As with1mtol, topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo',geom,0) As withnotol
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227622.6 893843)') As geom;
 with1mtol | withnotol
-----------+-----------
         2 |         0

SELECT topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo',geom, 1) As nearnode
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;

-- get error --
ERROR:  Two or more edges found
SELECT topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo',geom, 10) As with1mtol, topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo',geom,0) As withnotol
        FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(234604.6 899382.0)') As geom;

         with1mtol | withnotol
        -----------+-----------
                         1 |         0
SELECT topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo',geom, 1) As nearnode
        FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;

-- get error --
ERROR:  Two or more faces found
SELECT topology.GetNodeByPoint('ma_topo',geom, 1) As nearnode
 FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
  nearnode
----------
        2

SELECT topology.GetNodeByPoint('ma_topo',geom, 1000) As too_much_tolerance
 FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;

 ----get error--
 ERROR:  Two or more nodes found

SELECT topology.GetTopologyID('ma_topo') As topo_id;
 topo_id
---------
       1
SELECT topology.GetTopologySRID('ma_topo') As SRID;
 SRID
-------
  4326
SELECT topology.GetTopologyName(1) As topo_name;
 topo_name
-----------
 ma_topo
-- Returns the edges bounding face 1
SELECT (topology.ST_GetFaceEdges('tt', 1)).*;
-- result --
 sequence | edge
----------+------
        1 |   -4
        2 |    5
        3 |    7
        4 |   -6
        5 |    1
        6 |    2
        7 |    3
(7 rows)

-- Returns the sequence, edge id
-- and geometry of the edges that bound face 1
-- If you just need geom and seq, can use ST_GetFaceGeometry
SELECT t.seq, t.edge, geom
FROM topology.ST_GetFaceEdges('tt',1) As t(seq,edge)
        INNER JOIN tt.edge AS e ON abs(t.edge) = e.edge_id;

-- Returns the wkt of the polygon added with AddFace
SELECT ST_AsText(topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('ma_topo', 1)) As facegeomwkt;
-- result --
               facegeomwkt

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,
234872.5 899328.7,234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145,234890.6 899069,
234755.2 899255.4,234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7))

SELECT topology.AddNode('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227641.6 893816.5)', 26986) ) As nodeid;
-- result --
nodeid
--------
 4

SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227575.8 893917.2,227591.9 893900.4)', 26986) ) As edgeid;
-- result-
edgeid
--------
 1

SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227591.9 893900.4,227622.6 893844.2,227641.6 893816.5,
 227704.5 893778.5)', 26986) ) As edgeid;
-- result --
edgeid
--------
 2

 SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227591.2 893900, 227591.9 893900.4,
  227704.5 893778.5)', 26986) ) As edgeid;
 -- gives error --
 ERROR:  Edge intersects (not on endpoints) with existing edge 1

-- first add the edges we use generate_series as an iterator (the below
-- will only work for polygons with < 10000 points because of our max in gs)
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_MakeLine(ST_PointN(geom,i), ST_PointN(geom, i + 1) )) As edgeid
    FROM (SELECT  ST_NPoints(geom) AS npt, geom
            FROM
                (SELECT ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,234872.5 899328.7,
                234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145, 234890.6 899069,234755.2 899255.4,
                234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7))', 26986) )  As geom
            )  As geoms) As facen CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10000) As i
         WHERE i < npt;
-- result --
 edgeid
--------
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
     10
     11
     12
(10 rows)
-- then add the face -

SELECT topology.AddFace('ma_topo',
    ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,234872.5 899328.7,
    234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145, 234890.6 899069,234755.2 899255.4,
    234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7))', 26986) ) As faceid;
-- result --
faceid
--------
 1

INSERT INTO ri.ri_roads(road_name, topo) VALUES('Unknown', topology.CreateTopoGeom('ri_topo',2,2,'{{1,2}}'::topology.topoelementarray);
-- create our topo geometry column --
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn(
        'topo_boston',
        'boston', 'blockgroups', 'topo', 'POLYGON');

-- addtopgeometrycolumn --
1

-- update our column assuming
-- everything is perfectly aligned with our edges
UPDATE boston.blockgroups AS bg
        SET topo = topology.CreateTopoGeom('topo_boston'
        ,3,1
        , foo.bfaces)
FROM (SELECT b.gid,  topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[f.face_id,3]) As bfaces
        FROM boston.blockgroups As b
            INNER JOIN topo_boston.face As f ON b.geom && f.mbr
        WHERE ST_Covers(b.geom, topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id))
            GROUP BY b.gid) As foo
WHERE foo.gid = bg.gid;

--the world is rarely perfect allow for some error
--count the face if 50% of it falls
-- within what we think is our blockgroup boundary
UPDATE boston.blockgroups AS bg
        SET topo = topology.CreateTopoGeom('topo_boston'
        ,3,1
        , foo.bfaces)
FROM (SELECT b.gid,  topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[f.face_id,3]) As bfaces
        FROM boston.blockgroups As b
            INNER JOIN topo_boston.face As f ON b.geom && f.mbr
        WHERE ST_Covers(b.geom, topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id))
        OR
 (  ST_Intersects(b.geom, topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id))
            AND ST_Area(ST_Intersection(b.geom, topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id) ) ) >
                ST_Area(topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id))*0.5
                )
            GROUP BY b.gid) As foo
WHERE foo.gid = bg.gid;

-- and if we wanted to convert our topogeometry back
-- to a denormalized geometry aligned with our faces and edges
-- cast the topo to a geometry
-- The really cool thing is my new geometries
-- are now aligned with my tiger street centerlines
UPDATE boston.blockgroups SET new_geom = topo::geometry;

-- do this if you don't have a topology setup already
-- creates topology not allowing any tolerance
SELECT topology.CreateTopology('topo_boston_test', 2249);
-- create a new table
CREATE TABLE nei_topo(gid serial primary key, nei varchar(30));
--add a topogeometry column to it
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('topo_boston_test', 'public', 'nei_topo', 'topo', 'MULTIPOLYGON') As new_layer_id;
new_layer_id
-----------
1

--use new layer id in populating the new topogeometry column
-- we add the topogeoms to the new layer with 0 tolerance
INSERT INTO nei_topo(nei, topo)
SELECT nei,  topology.toTopoGeom(geom, 'topo_boston_test', 1)
FROM neighborhoods
WHERE gid BETWEEN 1 and 15;

--use to verify what has happened --
SELECT * FROM
    topology.TopologySummary('topo_boston_test');

-- summary--
Topology topo_boston_test (5), SRID 2249, precision 0
61 nodes, 87 edges, 35 faces, 15 topogeoms in 1 layers
Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 15 topogeoms
 Deploy: public.nei_topo.topo

-- Shrink all TopoGeometry polygons by 10 meters
UPDATE nei_topo SET topo = toTopoGeom(ST_Buffer(topo, -10), clearTopoGeom(topo), 0);

-- Get the no-one-lands left by the above operation
-- I think GRASS calls this "polygon0 layer"
SELECT ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston_test', f.face_id)
  FROM topo_boston_test.face f
  WHERE f.face_id 
> 0 -- don't consider the universe face
  AND NOT EXISTS ( -- check that no TopoGeometry references the face
    SELECT * FROM topo_boston_test.relation
    WHERE layer_id = 1 AND element_id = f.face_id
  );

SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[e,t]) As tea
  FROM generate_series(1,3) As e CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,4) As t;
  tea
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
{{1,1},{1,2},{1,3},{1,4},{2,1},{2,2},{2,3},{2,4},{3,1},{3,2},{3,3},{3,4}}
-- do this if you don't have a topology setup already
-- Creates topology not allowing any tolerance
SELECT TopoElement(topo)
FROM neighborhoods;
-- using as cast
SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(topo::topoelement)
FROM neighborhoods
GROUP BY city;
-- Shrink all TopoGeometry polygons by 10 meters
UPDATE nei_topo SET topo = toTopoGeom(ST_Buffer(topo, -10), clearTopoGeom(topo), 0);

-- Add edge 5 to TopoGeometry tg
UPDATE mylayer SET tg = TopoGeom_addElement(tg, '{5,2}');

-- Remove face 43 from TopoGeometry tg
UPDATE mylayer SET tg = TopoGeom_remElement(tg, '{43,3}');

-- Set an "overall" TopoGeometry value to be composed by all
-- elements of specific TopoGeometry values
UPDATE mylayer SET tg_overall = TopoGeom_addTopogeom(
    TopoGeom_addTopoGeom(
        clearTopoGeom(tg_overall),
        tg_specific1
    ),
    tg_specific2
);

SELECT ST_SRID(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.1043 42.315)',4326));
                --result
                4326

CREATE TABLE visited (
  element_type integer, element_id integer,
  unique(element_type, element_id)
);

SELECT topology.AsGML(topo) As rdgml
  FROM ri.roads
  WHERE road_name = 'Unknown';

-- rdgml--
<gml:TopoCurve>
    <gml:directedEdge>
        <gml:Edge gml:id="E1">
            <gml:directedNode orientation="-">
                <gml:Node gml:id="N1"/>
            </gml:directedNode>
            <gml:directedNode
></gml:directedNode>
            <gml:curveProperty>
                <gml:Curve srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::3438">
                    <gml:segments>
                        <gml:LineStringSegment>
                            <gml:posList srsDimension="2"
>384744 236928 384750 236923 384769 236911 384799 236895 384811 236890
                            384833 236884 384844 236882 384866 236881 384879 236883 384954 236898 385087 236932 385117 236938
                            385167 236938 385203 236941 385224 236946 385233 236950 385241 236956 385254 236971
                            385260 236979 385268 236999 385273 237018 385273 237037 385271 237047 385267 237057 385225 237125
                            385210 237144 385192 237161 385167 237192 385162 237202 385159 237214 385159 237227 385162 237241
                            385166 237256 385196 237324 385209 237345 385234 237375 385237 237383 385238 237399 385236 237407
                            385227 237419 385213 237430 385193 237439 385174 237451 385170 237455 385169 237460 385171 237475
                            385181 237503 385190 237521 385200 237533 385206 237538 385213 237541 385221 237542 385235 237540 385242 237541
                            385249 237544 385260 237555 385270 237570 385289 237584 385292 237589 385291 237596 385284 237630</gml:posList>
                        </gml:LineStringSegment>
                    </gml:segments>
                </gml:Curve>
            </gml:curveProperty>
        </gml:Edge>
    </gml:directedEdge>
</gml:TopoCurve>

SELECT topology.AsGML(topo,'') As rdgml
  FROM ri.roads
  WHERE road_name = 'Unknown';

-- rdgml--
<TopoCurve>
    <directedEdge>
        <Edge id="E1">
            <directedNode orientation="-">
                <Node id="N1"/>
            </directedNode>
            <directedNode
></directedNode>
            <curveProperty>
                <Curve srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::3438">
                    <segments>
                        <LineStringSegment>
                            <posList srsDimension="2"
>384744 236928 384750 236923 384769 236911 384799 236895 384811 236890
                            384833 236884 384844 236882 384866 236881 384879 236883 384954 236898 385087 236932 385117 236938
                            385167 236938 385203 236941 385224 236946 385233 236950 385241 236956 385254 236971
                            385260 236979 385268 236999 385273 237018 385273 237037 385271 237047 385267 237057 385225 237125
                            385210 237144 385192 237161 385167 237192 385162 237202 385159 237214 385159 237227 385162 237241
                            385166 237256 385196 237324 385209 237345 385234 237375 385237 237383 385238 237399 385236 237407
                            385227 237419 385213 237430 385193 237439 385174 237451 385170 237455 385169 237460 385171 237475
                            385181 237503 385190 237521 385200 237533 385206 237538 385213 237541 385221 237542 385235 237540 385242 237541
                            385249 237544 385260 237555 385270 237570 385289 237584 385292 237589 385291 237596 385284 237630</posList>
                         </LineStringSegment>
                    </segments>
                </Curve>
            </curveProperty>
        </Edge>
    </directedEdge>
</TopoCurve>

CREATE TEMP TABLE edgemap(arc_id serial, edge_id int unique);

-- header
SELECT '{ "type": "Topology", "transform": { "scale": [1,1], "translate": [0,0] }, "objects": {'

-- objects
UNION ALL SELECT '"' || feature_name || '": ' || AsTopoJSON(feature, 'edgemap')
FROM features.big_parcels WHERE feature_name = 'P3P4';

-- arcs
WITH edges AS (
  SELECT m.arc_id, e.geom FROM edgemap m, city_data.edge e
  WHERE e.edge_id = m.edge_id
), points AS (
  SELECT arc_id, (st_dumppoints(geom)).* FROM edges
), compare AS (
  SELECT p2.arc_id,
         CASE WHEN p1.path IS NULL THEN p2.geom
              ELSE ST_Translate(p2.geom, -ST_X(p1.geom), -ST_Y(p1.geom))
         END AS geom
  FROM points p2 LEFT OUTER JOIN points p1
  ON ( p1.arc_id = p2.arc_id AND p2.path[1] = p1.path[1]+1 )
  ORDER BY arc_id, p2.path
), arcsdump AS (
  SELECT arc_id, (regexp_matches( ST_AsGeoJSON(geom), '\[.*\]'))[1] as t
  FROM compare
), arcs AS (
  SELECT arc_id, '[' || array_to_string(array_agg(t), ',') || ']' as a FROM arcsdump
  GROUP BY arc_id
  ORDER BY arc_id
)
SELECT '}, "arcs": [' UNION ALL
SELECT array_to_string(array_agg(a), E',\n') from arcs

-- footer
UNION ALL SELECT ']}'::text as t;

-- Result:
{ "type": "Topology", "transform": { "scale": [1,1], "translate": [0,0] }, "objects": {
"P3P4": { "type": "MultiPolygon", "arcs": [[[-1]],[[6,5,-5,-4,-3,1]]]}
}, "arcs": [
 [[25,30],[6,0],[0,10],[-14,0],[0,-10],[8,0]],
 [[35,6],[0,8]],
 [[35,6],[12,0]],
 [[47,6],[0,8]],
 [[47,14],[0,8]],
 [[35,22],[12,0]],
 [[35,14],[0,8]]
 ]}

pgtopo_export dev_db topo1 | pgtopo_import topo1 | psql staging_db

# -s use srid 4326
# -I create spatial index
# -C use standard raster constraints
# -M vacuum analyze after load
# *.tif load all these files
# -F include a filename column in the raster table
# -t tile the output 100x100
# public.demelevation load into this table
raster2pgsql -s 4326 -I -C -M -F -t 100x100 *.tif public.demelevation 
> elev.sql

# -d connect to this database
# -f read this file after connecting
psql -d gisdb -f elev.sql

raster2pgsql -s 4326 -I -C -M *.tif -F -t 100x100 public.demelevation | psql -d gisdb
raster2pgsql -I -C -e -Y -F -s 26986 -t 128x128  -l 2,4 bostonaerials2008/*.jpg aerials.boston | psql -U postgres -d gisdb -h localhost -p 5432
--get a list of raster types supported:
raster2pgsql -G
Available GDAL raster formats:
  Virtual Raster
  GeoTIFF
  National Imagery Transmission Format
  Raster Product Format TOC format
  ECRG TOC format
  Erdas Imagine Images (.img)
  CEOS SAR Image
  CEOS Image
  ...
  Arc/Info Export E00 GRID
  ZMap Plus Grid
  NOAA NGS Geoid Height Grids
CREATE TABLE myrasters(rid serial primary key, rast raster);
CREATE INDEX myrasters_rast_st_convexhull_idx ON myrasters USING gist( ST_ConvexHull(rast) );
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \
raster2pgsql \
  -s 990000 \
  -t 256x256 \
  -I \
  -R \
  /vsis3/your.bucket.com/your_file.tif \
  your_table \
  | psql your_db
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';

ALTER DATABASE your_db SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
ALTER DATABASE your_db SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';

SET postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx';
http://mywebserver/test_raster.php?srid=2249

<?php
/** contents of test_raster.php **/
$conn_str ='dbname=mydb host=localhost port=5432 user=myuser password=mypwd';
$dbconn = pg_connect($conn_str);
header('Content-Type: image/png');
/**If a particular projection was requested use it otherwise use mass state plane meters **/
if (!empty( $_REQUEST['srid'] ) &amp;&amp; is_numeric( $_REQUEST['srid']) ){
                $input_srid = intval($_REQUEST['srid']);
}
else { $input_srid = 26986; }
/** The set bytea_output may be needed for PostgreSQL 9.0+, but not for 8.4 **/
$sql = "set bytea_output='escape';
SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_Transform(
                        ST_AddBand(ST_Union(rast,1), ARRAY[ST_Union(rast,2),ST_Union(rast,3)])
                                ,$input_srid) ) As new_rast
 FROM aerials.boston
        WHERE
         ST_Intersects(rast, ST_Transform(ST_MakeEnvelope(-71.1217, 42.227, -71.1210, 42.218,4326),26986) )";
$result = pg_query($sql);
$row = pg_fetch_row($result);
pg_free_result($result);
if ($row === false) return;
echo pg_unescape_bytea($row[0]);
?>

http://mywebserver/TestRaster.ashx?srid=2249
 -- web.config connection string section --
<connectionStrings>
    <add name="DSN"
        connectionString="server=localhost;database=mydb;Port=5432;User Id=myuser;password=mypwd"/>
</connectionStrings>

// Code for TestRaster.ashx
<%@ WebHandler Language="C#" Class="TestRaster" %>
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Web;
using Npgsql;

public class TestRaster : IHttpHandler
{
        public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context)
        {

                context.Response.ContentType = "image/png";
                context.Response.BinaryWrite(GetResults(context));

        }

        public bool IsReusable {
                get { return false; }
        }

        public byte[] GetResults(HttpContext context)
        {
                byte[] result = null;
                NpgsqlCommand command;
                string sql = null;
                int input_srid = 26986;
        try {
                    using (NpgsqlConnection conn = new NpgsqlConnection(System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["DSN"].ConnectionString)) {
                            conn.Open();

                if (context.Request["srid"] != null)
                {
                    input_srid = Convert.ToInt32(context.Request["srid"]);
                }
                sql = @"SELECT ST_AsPNG(
                            ST_Transform(
                                        ST_AddBand(
                                ST_Union(rast,1), ARRAY[ST_Union(rast,2),ST_Union(rast,3)])
                                                    ,:input_srid) ) As new_rast
                        FROM aerials.boston
                                WHERE
                                    ST_Intersects(rast,
                                    ST_Transform(ST_MakeEnvelope(-71.1217, 42.227, -71.1210, 42.218,4326),26986) )";
                            command = new NpgsqlCommand(sql, conn);
                command.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter("input_srid", input_srid));

                            result = (byte[]) command.ExecuteScalar();
                conn.Close();
                        }

                }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            result = null;
            context.Response.Write(ex.Message.Trim());
        }
                return result;
        }
}

set env CLASSPATH .:..\postgresql-9.0-801.jdbc4.jar
javac SaveQueryImage.java
jar cfm SaveQueryImage.jar Manifest.txt *.class
java -jar SaveQueryImage.jar "SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),10, 'quad_segs=2'),150, 150, '8BUI',100));" "test.png" 
-- Manifest.txt --
Class-Path: postgresql-9.0-801.jdbc4.jar
Main-Class: SaveQueryImage
// Code for SaveQueryImage.java
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.io.*;

public class SaveQueryImage {
  public static void main(String[] argv) {
      System.out.println("Checking if Driver is registered with DriverManager.");

      try {
        //java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver (new org.postgresql.Driver());
        Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
      }
      catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
        System.out.println("Couldn't find the driver!");
        cnfe.printStackTrace();
        System.exit(1);
      }

      Connection conn = null;

      try {
        conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb","myuser", "mypwd");
        conn.setAutoCommit(false);

        PreparedStatement sGetImg = conn.prepareStatement(argv[0]);

        ResultSet rs = sGetImg.executeQuery();

                FileOutputStream fout;
                try
                {
                        rs.next();
                        /** Output to file name requested by user **/
                        fout = new FileOutputStream(new File(argv[1]) );
                        fout.write(rs.getBytes(1));
                        fout.close();
                }
                catch(Exception e)
                {
                        System.out.println("Can't create file");
                        e.printStackTrace();
                }

        rs.close();
                sGetImg.close();
        conn.close();
      }
      catch (SQLException se) {
        System.out.println("Couldn't connect: print out a stack trace and exit.");
        se.printStackTrace();
        System.exit(1);
      }
  }
}
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION write_file (param_bytes bytea, param_filepath text)
RETURNS text
AS $$
f = open(param_filepath, 'wb+')
f.write(param_bytes)
return param_filepath
$$ LANGUAGE plpythonu;
--write out 5 images to the PostgreSQL server in varying sizes
-- note the postgresql daemon account needs to have write access to folder
-- this echos back the file names created;
 SELECT write_file(ST_AsPNG(
        ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),j*5, 'quad_segs=2'),150*j, 150*j, '8BUI',100)),
         'C:/temp/slices'|| j || '.png')
         FROM generate_series(1,5) As j;

     write_file
---------------------
 C:/temp/slices1.png
 C:/temp/slices2.png
 C:/temp/slices3.png
 C:/temp/slices4.png
 C:/temp/slices5.png

SELECT oid, lowrite(lo_open(oid, 131072), png) As num_bytes
 FROM
 ( VALUES (lo_create(0),
   ST_AsPNG( (SELECT rast FROM aerials.boston WHERE rid=1) )
  ) ) As v(oid,png);
-- you'll get an output something like --
   oid   | num_bytes
---------+-----------
 2630819 |     74860

-- next note the oid and do this replacing the c:/test.png to file path location
-- on your local computer
 \lo_export 2630819 'C:/temp/aerial_samp.png'

-- this deletes the file from large object storage on db
SELECT lo_unlink(2630819);

CREATE TABLE dummy_rast(rid integer, rast raster);
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid, rast)
VALUES (1,
('01' -- little endian (uint8 ndr)
||
'0000' -- version (uint16 0)
||
'0000' -- nBands (uint16 0)
||
'0000000000000040' -- scaleX (float64 2)
||
'0000000000000840' -- scaleY (float64 3)
||
'000000000000E03F' -- ipX (float64 0.5)
||
'000000000000E03F' -- ipY (float64 0.5)
||
'0000000000000000' -- skewX (float64 0)
||
'0000000000000000' -- skewY (float64 0)
||
'00000000' -- SRID (int32 0)
||
'0A00' -- width (uint16 10)
||
'1400' -- height (uint16 20)
)::raster
),
-- Raster: 5 x 5 pixels, 3 bands, PT_8BUI pixel type, NODATA = 0
(2,  ('01000003009A9999999999A93F9A9999999999A9BF000000E02B274A' ||
'41000000007719564100000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF050005000400FDFEFDFEFEFDFEFEFDF9FAFEF' ||
'EFCF9FBFDFEFEFDFCFAFEFEFE04004E627AADD16076B4F9FE6370A9F5FE59637AB0E54F58617087040046566487A1506CA2E3FA5A6CAFFBFE4D566DA4CB3E454C5665')::raster);
1. [a-b] = a <= x <= b

2. (a-b] = a < x <= b

3. [a-b) = a <= x < b

4. (a-b) = a < x < b

SELECT ROW(2, '0-100:1-10, 101-500:11-150,501 - 10000: 151-254', '8BUI', 255)::reclassarg;
SELECT ROW(1, '0-100]:0, (100-255:1', '1BB', NULL)::reclassarg;
CREATE TABLE myrasters(rid SERIAL primary key, rast raster);
INSERT INTO myrasters(rast)
SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0.3, -0.3, 2, 2, 0, 0,4326), 1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL);

SELECT AddRasterConstraints('myrasters'::name, 'rast'::name);

-- verify if registered correctly in the raster_columns view --
SELECT srid, scale_x, scale_y, blocksize_x, blocksize_y, num_bands, pixel_types, nodata_values
    FROM raster_columns
    WHERE r_table_name = 'myrasters';

 srid | scale_x | scale_y | blocksize_x | blocksize_y | num_bands | pixel_types| nodata_values
------+---------+---------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------
 4326 |       2 |       2 |        1000 |        1000 |         1 | {8BSI}      | {0}

CREATE TABLE public.myrasters2(rid SERIAL primary key, rast raster);
INSERT INTO myrasters2(rast)
SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0.3, -0.3, 2, 2, 0, 0,4326), 1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL);

SELECT AddRasterConstraints('public'::name, 'myrasters2'::name, 'rast'::name,'regular_blocking', 'blocksize');
-- get notice--
NOTICE:  Adding regular blocking constraint
NOTICE:  Adding blocksize-X constraint
NOTICE:  Adding blocksize-Y constraint
DROP TABLE mytable
ALTER TABLE mytable DROP COLUMN rast
SELECT DropRasterConstraints ('myrasters','rast');
----RESULT output ---
t

-- verify change in raster_columns --
SELECT srid, scale_x, scale_y, blocksize_x, blocksize_y, num_bands, pixel_types, nodata_values
    FROM raster_columns
    WHERE r_table_name = 'myrasters';

 srid | scale_x | scale_y | blocksize_x | blocksize_y | num_bands | pixel_types| nodata_values
------+---------+---------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------
    0 |         |         |             |             |           |             |

CREATE TABLE res1 AS SELECT
ST_AddBand(
  ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 2),
  1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL
) r1;

CREATE TABLE res2 AS SELECT
ST_AddBand(
  ST_MakeEmptyRaster(500, 500, 0, 0, 4),
  1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL
) r2;

SELECT AddOverviewConstraints('res2', 'r2', 'res1', 'r1', 2);

-- verify if registered correctly in the raster_overviews view --
SELECT o_table_name ot, o_raster_column oc,
       r_table_name rt, r_raster_column rc,
       overview_factor f
FROM raster_overviews WHERE o_table_name = 'res2';
  ot  | oc |  rt  | rc | f
------+----+------+----+---
 res2 | r2 | res1 | r1 | 2
(1 row)

SELECT PostGIS_GDAL_Version();
       postgis_gdal_version
-----------------------------------
 GDAL 1.11dev, released 2013/04/13

SELECT PostGIS_Raster_Lib_Build_Date();
postgis_raster_lib_build_date
-----------------------------
2010-04-28 21:15:10

SELECT PostGIS_Raster_Lib_Version();
postgis_raster_lib_version
-----------------------------
 2.0.0

SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';
SELECT short_name, long_name, can_write
FROM st_gdaldrivers()
ORDER BY short_name;

   short_name    |                          long_name                          | can_write
-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
 AAIGrid         | Arc/Info ASCII Grid                                         | t
 ACE2            | ACE2                                                        | f
 ADRG            | ARC Digitized Raster Graphics                               | f
 AIG             | Arc/Info Binary Grid                                        | f
 AirSAR          | AirSAR Polarimetric Image                                   | f
 ARG             | Azavea Raster Grid format                                   | t
 BAG             | Bathymetry Attributed Grid                                  | f
 BIGGIF          | Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)                          | f
 BLX             | Magellan topo (.blx)                                        | t
 BMP             | MS Windows Device Independent Bitmap                        | f
 BSB             | Maptech BSB Nautical Charts                                 | f
 PAux            | PCI .aux Labelled                                           | f
 PCIDSK          | PCIDSK Database File                                        | f
 PCRaster        | PCRaster Raster File                                        | f
 PDF             | Geospatial PDF                                              | f
 PDS             | NASA Planetary Data System                                  | f
 PDS4            | NASA Planetary Data System 4                                | t
 PLMOSAIC        | Planet Labs Mosaics API                                     | f
 PLSCENES        | Planet Labs Scenes API                                      | f
 PNG             | Portable Network Graphics                                   | t
 PNM             | Portable Pixmap Format (netpbm)                             | f
 PRF             | Racurs PHOTOMOD PRF                                         | f
 R               | R Object Data Store                                         | t
 Rasterlite      | Rasterlite                                                  | t
 RDA             | DigitalGlobe Raster Data Access driver                      | f
 RIK             | Swedish Grid RIK (.rik)                                     | f
 RMF             | Raster Matrix Format                                        | f
 ROI_PAC         | ROI_PAC raster                                              | f
 RPFTOC          | Raster Product Format TOC format                            | f
 RRASTER         | R Raster                                                    | f
 RS2             | RadarSat 2 XML Product                                      | f
 RST             | Idrisi Raster A.1                                           | t
 SAFE            | Sentinel-1 SAR SAFE Product                                 | f
 SAGA            | SAGA GIS Binary Grid (.sdat, .sg-grd-z)                     | t
 SAR_CEOS        | CEOS SAR Image                                              | f
 SDTS            | SDTS Raster                                                 | f
 SENTINEL2       | Sentinel 2                                                  | f
 SGI             | SGI Image File Format 1.0                                   | f
 SNODAS          | Snow Data Assimilation System                               | f
 SRP             | Standard Raster Product (ASRP/USRP)                         | f
 SRTMHGT         | SRTMHGT File Format                                         | t
 Terragen        | Terragen heightfield                                        | f
 TIL             | EarthWatch .TIL                                             | f
 TSX             | TerraSAR-X Product                                          | f
 USGSDEM         | USGS Optional ASCII DEM (and CDED)                          | t
 VICAR           | MIPL VICAR file                                             | f
 VRT             | Virtual Raster                                              | t
 WCS             | OGC Web Coverage Service                                    | f
 WMS             | OGC Web Map Service                                         | t
 WMTS            | OGC Web Map Tile Service                                    | t
 XPM             | X11 PixMap Format                                           | t
 XYZ             | ASCII Gridded XYZ                                           | t
 ZMap            | ZMap Plus Grid                                              | t

-- Output the create options XML column of JPEG as a table  --
-- Note you can use these creator options in ST_AsGDALRaster options argument
SELECT (xpath('@name', g.opt))[1]::text As oname,
       (xpath('@type', g.opt))[1]::text As otype,
       (xpath('@description', g.opt))[1]::text As descrip
FROM (SELECT unnest(xpath('/CreationOptionList/Option', create_options::xml)) As opt
FROM  st_gdaldrivers()
WHERE short_name = 'JPEG') As g;

       oname        |  otype  |      descrip
--------------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------
 PROGRESSIVE        | boolean | whether to generate a progressive JPEG
 QUALITY            | int     | good=100, bad=0, default=75
 WORLDFILE          | boolean | whether to generate a worldfile
 INTERNAL_MASK      | boolean | whether to generate a validity mask
 COMMENT            | string  | Comment
 SOURCE_ICC_PROFILE | string  | ICC profile encoded in Base64
 EXIF_THUMBNAIL     | boolean | whether to generate an EXIF thumbnail(overview).
                                By default its max dimension will be 128
 THUMBNAIL_WIDTH    | int     | Forced thumbnail width
 THUMBNAIL_HEIGHT   | int     | Forced thumbnail height
(9 rows)

-- raw xml output for creator options for GeoTiff --
SELECT create_options
FROM st_gdaldrivers()
WHERE short_name = 'GTiff';

<CreationOptionList>
    <Option name="COMPRESS" type="string-select">
        <Value
>NONE</Value>
        <Value
>LZW</Value>
        <Value
>PACKBITS</Value>
        <Value
>JPEG</Value>
        <Value
>CCITTRLE</Value>
        <Value
>CCITTFAX3</Value>
        <Value
>CCITTFAX4</Value>
        <Value
>DEFLATE</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="PREDICTOR" type="int" description="Predictor Type"/>
    <Option name="JPEG_QUALITY" type="int" description="JPEG quality 1-100" default="75"/>
    <Option name="ZLEVEL" type="int" description="DEFLATE compression level 1-9" default="6"/>
    <Option name="NBITS" type="int" description="BITS for sub-byte files (1-7), sub-uint16 (9-15), sub-uint32 (17-31)"/>
    <Option name="INTERLEAVE" type="string-select" default="PIXEL">
        <Value
>BAND</Value>
        <Value
>PIXEL</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="TILED" type="boolean" description="Switch to tiled format"/>
    <Option name="TFW" type="boolean" description="Write out world file"/>
    <Option name="RPB" type="boolean" description="Write out .RPB (RPC) file"/>
    <Option name="BLOCKXSIZE" type="int" description="Tile Width"/>
    <Option name="BLOCKYSIZE" type="int" description="Tile/Strip Height"/>
    <Option name="PHOTOMETRIC" type="string-select">
        <Value
>MINISBLACK</Value>
        <Value
>MINISWHITE</Value>
        <Value
>PALETTE</Value>
        <Value
>RGB</Value>
        <Value
>CMYK</Value>
        <Value
>YCBCR</Value>
        <Value
>CIELAB</Value>
        <Value
>ICCLAB</Value>
        <Value
>ITULAB</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="SPARSE_OK" type="boolean" description="Can newly created files have missing blocks?" default="FALSE"/>
    <Option name="ALPHA" type="boolean" description="Mark first extrasample as being alpha"/>
    <Option name="PROFILE" type="string-select" default="GDALGeoTIFF">
        <Value
>GDALGeoTIFF</Value>
        <Value
>GeoTIFF</Value>
        <Value
>BASELINE</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="PIXELTYPE" type="string-select">
        <Value
>DEFAULT</Value>
        <Value
>SIGNEDBYTE</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="BIGTIFF" type="string-select" description="Force creation of BigTIFF file">
        <Value
>YES</Value>
        <Value
>NO</Value>
        <Value
>IF_NEEDED</Value>
        <Value
>IF_SAFER</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="ENDIANNESS" type="string-select" default="NATIVE" description="Force endianness of created file. For DEBUG purpose mostly">
        <Value
>NATIVE</Value>
        <Value
>INVERTED</Value>
        <Value
>LITTLE</Value>
        <Value
>BIG</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="COPY_SRC_OVERVIEWS" type="boolean" default="NO" description="Force copy of overviews of source dataset (CreateCopy())"/>
</CreationOptionList>

-- Output the create options XML column for GTiff as a table  --
SELECT (xpath('@name', g.opt))[1]::text As oname,
       (xpath('@type', g.opt))[1]::text As otype,
       (xpath('@description', g.opt))[1]::text As descrip,
       array_to_string(xpath('Value/text()', g.opt),', ') As vals
FROM (SELECT unnest(xpath('/CreationOptionList/Option', create_options::xml)) As opt
FROM  st_gdaldrivers()
WHERE short_name = 'GTiff') As g;

       oname        |     otype     |                               descrip                                |                                   vals
--------------------+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 COMPRESS           | string-select |                                                                      | NONE, LZW, PACKBITS, JPEG, CCITTRLE, CCITTFAX3, CCITTFAX4, DEFLATE
 PREDICTOR          | int           | Predictor Type                                                       |
 JPEG_QUALITY       | int           | JPEG quality 1-100                                                   |
 ZLEVEL             | int           | DEFLATE compression level 1-9                                        |
 NBITS              | int           | BITS for sub-byte files (1-7), sub-uint16 (9-15), sub-uint32 (17-31) |
 INTERLEAVE         | string-select |                                                                      | BAND, PIXEL
 TILED              | boolean       | Switch to tiled format                                               |
 TFW                | boolean       | Write out world file                                                 |
 RPB                | boolean       | Write out .RPB (RPC) file                                            |
 BLOCKXSIZE         | int           | Tile Width                                                           |
 BLOCKYSIZE         | int           | Tile/Strip Height                                                    |
 PHOTOMETRIC        | string-select |                                                                      | MINISBLACK, MINISWHITE, PALETTE, RGB, CMYK, YCBCR, CIELAB, ICCLAB, ITULAB
 SPARSE_OK          | boolean       | Can newly created files have missing blocks?                         |
 ALPHA              | boolean       | Mark first extrasample as being alpha                                |
 PROFILE            | string-select |                                                                      | GDALGeoTIFF, GeoTIFF, BASELINE
 PIXELTYPE          | string-select |                                                                      | DEFAULT, SIGNEDBYTE
 BIGTIFF            | string-select | Force creation of BigTIFF file                                       | YES, NO, IF_NEEDED, IF_SAFER
 ENDIANNESS         | string-select | Force endianness of created file. For DEBUG purpose mostly           | NATIVE, INVERTED, LITTLE, BIG
 COPY_SRC_OVERVIEWS | boolean       | Force copy of overviews of source dataset (CreateCopy())             |
(19 rows)

SELECT ST_CreateOverview('mydata.mytable'::regclass, 'rast', 2, 'Lanczos');
SELECT ST_CreateOverview('mydata.mytable'::regclass, 'rast', 2);
-- Add another band of type 8 bit unsigned integer with pixels initialized to 200
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_AddBand(rast,'8BUI'::text,200)
WHERE rid = 1;

-- Create an empty raster 100x100 units, with upper left  right at 0, add 2 bands (band 1 is 0/1 boolean bit switch, band2 allows values 0-15)
-- uses addbandargs
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid,rast)
    VALUES(10, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
    ARRAY[
        ROW(1, '1BB'::text, 0, NULL),
        ROW(2, '4BUI'::text, 0, NULL)
            ]::addbandarg[]
     )
    );

-- output meta data of raster bands to verify all is right --
SELECT  (bmd).*
FROM (SELECT ST_BandMetaData(rast,generate_series(1,2)) As bmd
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 10) AS foo;
 --result --
 pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path
-----------+----------------+-------------+---------+------
 1BB       |             | f       |
 4BUI      |             | f       |

-- output meta data of raster -
SELECT  (rmd).width, (rmd).height, (rmd).numbands
FROM (SELECT ST_MetaData(rast) As rmd
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 10) AS foo;
-- result --
 upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
------------+------------+-------+--------+------------+------------+-------+-------+------+----------
          0 |          0 |   100 |    100 |      1 |     -1 |     0 |     0 |   0 |        2

SELECT
    *
FROM ST_BandMetadata(
    ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        ARRAY[
            ROW(NULL, '8BUI', 255, 0),
            ROW(NULL, '16BUI', 1, 2),
            ROW(2, '32BUI', 100, 12),
            ROW(2, '32BF', 3.14, -1)
        ]::addbandarg[]
    ),
    ARRAY[]::integer[]
);

 bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path
---------+-----------+-------------+---------+------
       1 | 8BUI      |           0 | f       |
       2 | 32BF      |          -1 | f       |
       3 | 32BUI     |          12 | f       |
       4 | 16BUI     |           2 | f       |

-- Aggregate the 1st band of a table of like rasters into a single raster
-- with as many bands as there are test_types and as many rows (new rasters) as there are mice
-- NOTE: The ORDER BY test_type is only supported in PostgreSQL 9.0+
-- for 8.4 and below it usually works to order your data in a subselect (but not guaranteed)
-- The resulting raster will have a band for each test_type alphabetical by test_type
-- For mouse lovers: No mice were harmed in this exercise
SELECT
    mouse,
    ST_AddBand(NULL, array_agg(rast ORDER BY test_type), 1) As rast
FROM mice_studies
GROUP BY mouse;

SELECT
    *
FROM ST_BandMetadata(
    ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        '/home/raster/mytestraster.tif'::text, NULL::int[]
    ),
    ARRAY[]::integer[]
);

 bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path
---------+-----------+-------------+---------+------
       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif
       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif
       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif

-- this will output a black circle taking up 150 x 150 pixels --
SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),10),150, 150));
-- the bands map to RGB bands - the value (118,154,118) - teal  --
SELECT ST_AsPNG(
    ST_AsRaster(
        ST_Buffer(
            ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'), 10,'join=bevel'),
            200,200,ARRAY['8BUI', '8BUI', '8BUI'], ARRAY[118,154,118], ARRAY[0,0,0]));
WITH inp(g,v) AS (
        VALUES
                ( ST_Buffer(ST_MakePoint(10,0), 10), 1 ),
                ( ST_Buffer(ST_MakePoint(20,0), 10), 2 )
),
agg AS (
        SELECT ST_AsRasterAgg(
                g,
                v,
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(0,0,0,0,1.0),
                '8BUI',
                99,
                'SUM',
                true
        ) r
        FROM inp
)
SELECT
        ST_Width(r) w,
        ST_Height(r) h,
        ST_Value(r,'POINT(5 0)') v5_0,
        ST_Value(r,'POINT(15 0)') v15_0,
        ST_Value(r,'POINT(25 0)') v25_0
FROM agg;
 w  | h  | v5_0 | v15_0 | v25_0
----+----+------+-------+-------
 30 | 20 |    1 |     3 |     2
(1 row)

-- Make 2 new rasters: 1 containing band 1 of dummy, second containing band 2 of dummy and then reclassified as a 2BUI
SELECT ST_NumBands(rast1) As numb1, ST_BandPixelType(rast1) As pix1,
 ST_NumBands(rast2) As numb2,  ST_BandPixelType(rast2) As pix2
FROM (
    SELECT ST_Band(rast) As rast1, ST_Reclass(ST_Band(rast,3), '100-200):1, [200-254:2', '2BUI') As rast2
        FROM dummy_rast
        WHERE rid = 2) As foo;

 numb1 | pix1 | numb2 | pix2
-------+------+-------+------
     1 | 8BUI |     1 | 2BUI

-- Return bands 2 and 3. Using array cast syntax
SELECT ST_NumBands(ST_Band(rast, '{2,3}'::int[])) As num_bands
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

num_bands
----------
2

-- Return bands 2 and 3. Use array to define bands
SELECT ST_NumBands(ST_Band(rast, ARRAY[2,3])) As num_bands
    FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid=2;

--Make a new raster with 2nd band of original and 1st band repeated twice,
and another with just the third band
SELECT rast, ST_Band(rast, ARRAY[2,1,1]) As dupe_band,
    ST_Band(rast, 3) As sing_band
FROM samples.than_chunked
WHERE rid=35;

SELECT (ST_MetaData(tile)).* FROM ST_MakeEmptyCoverage(1, 1, 4, 4, 22, 33, (55 - 22)/(4)::float, (33 - 77)/(4)::float, 0., 0., 4326) tile;

 upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         22 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid,rast)
VALUES(3, ST_MakeEmptyRaster( 100, 100, 0.0005, 0.0005, 1, 1, 0, 0, 4326) );

--use an existing raster as template for new raster
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid,rast)
SELECT 4, ST_MakeEmptyRaster(rast)
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 3;

-- output meta data of rasters we just added
SELECT rid, (md).*
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_MetaData(rast) As md
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid IN(3,4)) As foo;

-- output --
 rid | upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
-----+------------+------------+-------+--------+------------+------------+-------+-------+------+----------
   3 |     0.0005 |     0.0005 |   100 |    100 |          1 |          1 |    0  |     0 | 4326 |        0
   4 |     0.0005 |     0.0005 |   100 |    100 |          1 |          1 |    0  |     0 | 4326 |        0

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 3, 0), 2, '8BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 4, 0), 2, '8BUI', 40, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 5, 0), 2, '8BUI', 50, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 6, 0), 2, '8BUI', 60, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 7, 0), 2, '8BUI', 70, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 8, 0), 2, '8BUI', 80, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 9, 0), 2, '8BUI', 90, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT ST_Union(rast) AS rast FROM foo
), baz AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(rast, 3, 3, TRUE) AS rast FROM bar
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(rast)
FROM baz;

              st_dumpvalues
------------------------------------------
 (1,"{{1,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,1,1}}")
 (2,"{{10,10,10},{10,10,10},{10,10,10}}")
 (1,"{{2,2,2},{2,2,2},{2,2,2}}")
 (2,"{{20,20,20},{20,20,20},{20,20,20}}")
 (1,"{{3,3,3},{3,3,3},{3,3,3}}")
 (2,"{{30,30,30},{30,30,30},{30,30,30}}")
 (1,"{{4,4,4},{4,4,4},{4,4,4}}")
 (2,"{{40,40,40},{40,40,40},{40,40,40}}")
 (1,"{{5,5,5},{5,5,5},{5,5,5}}")
 (2,"{{50,50,50},{50,50,50},{50,50,50}}")
 (1,"{{6,6,6},{6,6,6},{6,6,6}}")
 (2,"{{60,60,60},{60,60,60},{60,60,60}}")
 (1,"{{7,7,7},{7,7,7},{7,7,7}}")
 (2,"{{70,70,70},{70,70,70},{70,70,70}}")
 (1,"{{8,8,8},{8,8,8},{8,8,8}}")
 (2,"{{80,80,80},{80,80,80},{80,80,80}}")
 (1,"{{9,9,9},{9,9,9},{9,9,9}}")
 (2,"{{90,90,90},{90,90,90},{90,90,90}}")
(18 rows)

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 3, 0), 2, '8BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 4, 0), 2, '8BUI', 40, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 5, 0), 2, '8BUI', 50, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 6, 0), 2, '8BUI', 60, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 7, 0), 2, '8BUI', 70, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 8, 0), 2, '8BUI', 80, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 9, 0), 2, '8BUI', 90, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT ST_Union(rast) AS rast FROM foo
), baz AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(rast, 3, 3, 2) AS rast FROM bar
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(rast)
FROM baz;

              st_dumpvalues
------------------------------------------
 (1,"{{10,10,10},{10,10,10},{10,10,10}}")
 (1,"{{20,20,20},{20,20,20},{20,20,20}}")
 (1,"{{30,30,30},{30,30,30},{30,30,30}}")
 (1,"{{40,40,40},{40,40,40},{40,40,40}}")
 (1,"{{50,50,50},{50,50,50},{50,50,50}}")
 (1,"{{60,60,60},{60,60,60},{60,60,60}}")
 (1,"{{70,70,70},{70,70,70},{70,70,70}}")
 (1,"{{80,80,80},{80,80,80},{80,80,80}}")
 (1,"{{90,90,90},{90,90,90},{90,90,90}}")
(9 rows)

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 0.1, -0.1, 0, 0, 4326), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 2, 0), 3, '8BUI', 3, 0)) AS png
),
bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_FromGDALRaster(png) AS rast FROM foo
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_FromGDALRaster(png, 3310) AS rast FROM foo
)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Metadata(rast) AS metadata,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 1) AS stats1,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 2) AS stats2,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 3) AS stats3
FROM bar
ORDER BY rid;

 rid |         metadata          |    stats1     |    stats2     |     stats3
-----+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------------
   1 | (0,0,2,2,1,-1,0,0,0,3)    | (4,4,1,0,1,1) | (4,8,2,0,2,2) | (4,12,3,0,3,3)
   2 | (0,0,2,2,1,-1,0,0,3310,3) | (4,4,1,0,1,1) | (4,8,2,0,2,2) | (4,12,3,0,3,3)
(2 rows)

scalex
skewy
skewx
scaley
upperleftx
upperlefty
scalex
skewy
skewx
scaley
upperleftx + scalex*0.5
upperlefty + scaley*0.5
SELECT ST_GeoReference(rast, 'ESRI') As esri_ref, ST_GeoReference(rast, 'GDAL') As gdal_ref
 FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;

   esri_ref   |   gdal_ref
--------------+--------------
 2.0000000000 | 2.0000000000
 0.0000000000 : 0.0000000000
 0.0000000000 : 0.0000000000
 3.0000000000 : 3.0000000000
 1.5000000000 : 0.5000000000
 2.0000000000 : 0.5000000000

SELECT rid, ST_Height(rast) As rastheight
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid | rastheight
-----+------------
   1 |         20
   2 |          5

SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
st_isempty |
-----------+
f          |

SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
st_isempty |
-----------+
t          |

SELECT ST_MemSize(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),10,1000),150, 150, '8BUI')) As rast_mem;

        rast_mem
        --------
        22568

SELECT rid, (foo.md).*
 FROM (SELECT rid, ST_MetaData(rast) As md
FROM dummy_rast) As foo;

 rid | upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
 ----+------------+------------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+------+-------
   1 |        0.5 |        0.5 |    10 |     20 |      2 |      3 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        0
   2 | 3427927.75 |    5793244 |     5 |      5 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        3

SELECT rid, ST_NumBands(rast) As numbands
FROM dummy_rast;

rid | numbands
----+----------
  1 |        0
  2 |        3

SELECT ST_Height(rast) As rastheight, ST_PixelHeight(rast) As pixheight,
 ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
        ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
FROM dummy_rast;

 rastheight | pixheight | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
------------+-----------+--------+--------+-------+----------
         20 |         3 |      2 |      3 |     0 |        0
          5 |      0.05 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |     0 |        0

SELECT ST_Height(rast) As rastheight, ST_PixelHeight(rast) As pixheight,
 ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
        ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
FROM (SELECT ST_SetSKew(rast,0.5,0.5) As rast
        FROM dummy_rast) As skewed;

rastheight |     pixheight     | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
-----------+-------------------+--------+--------+-------+----------
        20 |  3.04138126514911 |      2 |      3 |   0.5 |      0.5
         5 | 0.502493781056044 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |   0.5 |      0.5

SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth, ST_PixelWidth(rast) As pixwidth,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
    ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
    FROM dummy_rast;

    rastwidth | pixwidth | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
    -----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+----------
    10 |        2 |      2 |      3 |     0 |        0
     5 |     0.05 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |     0 |        0

SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth, ST_PixelWidth(rast) As pixwidth,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
    ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
    FROM (SELECT ST_SetSkew(rast,0.5,0.5) As rast
    FROM dummy_rast) As skewed;

    rastwidth |     pixwidth      | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
    -----------+-------------------+--------+--------+-------+----------
    10 |  2.06155281280883 |      2 |      3 |   0.5 |      0.5
     5 | 0.502493781056044 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |   0.5 |      0.5

SELECT rid, ST_ScaleX(rast) As rastpixwidth
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid | rastpixwidth
-----+--------------
   1 |            2
   2 |         0.05

SELECT rid, ST_ScaleY(rast) As rastpixheight
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid | rastpixheight
-----+---------------
   1 |             3
   2 |         -0.05

-- non-skewed raster
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast,1, 1)).*,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast,2, 2)).*
FROM dummy_rast

 rid | longitude  | latitude | longitude |  latitude
-----+------------+----------+-----------+------------
   1 |        0.5 |      0.5 |       2.5 |        3.5
   2 | 3427927.75 |  5793244 | 3427927.8 | 5793243.95

-- skewed raster
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast, 1, 1)).*,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast, 2, 3)).*
FROM (
    SELECT
        rid,
        ST_SetSkew(rast, 100.5, 0) As rast
    FROM dummy_rast
) As foo

 rid | longitude  | latitude | longitude | latitude
-----+------------+----------+-----------+-----------
   1 |        0.5 |      0.5 |     203.5 |       6.5
   2 | 3427927.75 |  5793244 | 3428128.8 | 5793243.9

-- non-skewed raster providing column is sufficient
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast,1) As x1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast,2) As x2coord,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixelx
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid |  x1coord   |  x2coord  | pixelx
-----+------------+-----------+--------
   1 |        0.5 |       2.5 |      2
   2 | 3427927.75 | 3427927.8 |   0.05

-- for fun lets skew it
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast, 1, 1) As x1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast, 2, 3) As x2coord,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixelx
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_SetSkew(rast, 100.5, 0) As rast FROM dummy_rast) As foo;

 rid |  x1coord   |  x2coord  | pixelx
-----+------------+-----------+--------
   1 |        0.5 |     203.5 |      2
   2 | 3427927.75 | 3428128.8 |   0.05

-- non-skewed raster providing row is sufficient
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast,1) As y1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast,3) As y2coord,
    ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixely
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid | y1coord |  y2coord  | pixely
-----+---------+-----------+--------
   1 |     0.5 |       6.5 |      3
   2 | 5793244 | 5793243.9 |  -0.05

-- for fun lets skew it
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast,1,1) As y1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast,2,3) As y2coord,
    ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixely
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_SetSkew(rast,0,100.5) As rast FROM dummy_rast) As foo;

 rid | y1coord |  y2coord  | pixely
-----+---------+-----------+--------
   1 |     0.5 |       107 |      3
   2 | 5793244 | 5793344.4 |  -0.05

SELECT rid, ST_Rotation(ST_SetScale(ST_SetSkew(rast, sqrt(2)), sqrt(2))) as rot FROM dummy_rast;

 rid |        rot
-----+-------------------
   1 | 0.785398163397448
   2 | 0.785398163397448

SELECT rid, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx, ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy,
    ST_GeoReference(rast) as georef
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid | skewx | skewy |       georef
-----+-------+-------+--------------------
   1 |     0 |     0 | 2.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 3.0000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     :
   2 |     0 |     0 | 0.0500000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : -0.0500000000
                     : 3427927.7500000000
                     : 5793244.0000000000

SELECT rid, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx, ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy,
    ST_GeoReference(rast) as georef
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid | skewx | skewy |       georef
-----+-------+-------+--------------------
   1 |     0 |     0 | 2.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 3.0000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     :
   2 |     0 |     0 | 0.0500000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : -0.0500000000
                     : 3427927.7500000000
                     : 5793244.0000000000

SELECT ST_SRID(rast) As srid
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;

srid
----------------
0

SELECT ST_Summary(
    ST_AddBand(
        ST_AddBand(
            ST_AddBand(
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0)
                , 1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            )
            , 2, '32BF', 0, -9999
        )
        , 3, '16BSI', 0, NULL
    )
);

                            st_summary
------------------------------------------------------------------
 Raster of 10x10 pixels has 3 bands and extent of BOX(0 -10,10 0)+
     band 1 of pixtype 8BUI is in-db with NODATA value of 0      +
     band 2 of pixtype 32BF is in-db with NODATA value of -9999  +
     band 3 of pixtype 16BSI is in-db with no NODATA value
(1 row)

SELECt rid, ST_UpperLeftX(rast) As ulx
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid |    ulx
-----+------------
   1 |        0.5
   2 | 3427927.75

SELECT rid, ST_UpperLeftY(rast) As uly
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid |   uly
-----+---------
   1 |     0.5
   2 | 5793244

SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;

rastwidth
----------------
10

SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_WorldToRasterCoord(rast,3427927.8,20.5)).*,
    (ST_WorldToRasterCoord(rast,ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)',ST_SRID(rast)))).*
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid | columnx |   rowy    | columnx |   rowy
-----+---------+-----------+---------+-----------
   1 | 1713964 |         7 | 1713964 |         7
   2 |       2 | 115864471 |       2 | 115864471

SELECT rid, ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast,3427927.8) As xcoord,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast,3427927.8,20.5) As xcoord_xwyw,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast,ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)',ST_SRID(rast))) As ptxcoord
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid | xcoord  |  xcoord_xwyw   | ptxcoord
-----+---------+---------+----------
   1 | 1713964 | 1713964 |  1713964
   2 |       1 |       1 |        1

SELECT rid, ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast,20.5) As ycoord,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast,3427927.8,20.5) As ycoord_xwyw,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast,ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)',ST_SRID(rast))) As ptycoord
FROM dummy_rast;

 rid |  ycoord   | ycoord_xwyw | ptycoord
-----+-----------+-------------+-----------
   1 |         7 |           7 |         7
   2 | 115864471 |   115864471 | 115864471

SELECT
    rid,
    (foo.md).*
FROM (
    SELECT
        rid,
        ST_BandMetaData(rast, 1) AS md
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid=2
) As foo;

 rid | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path | outdbbandnum
-----+-----------+---- --------+---------+------+--------------
   2 | 8BUI      |           0 | f       |      |

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        ST_AddBand(NULL::raster, '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif', NULL::int[]) AS rast
)
SELECT
    *
FROM ST_BandMetadata(
    (SELECT rast FROM foo),
    ARRAY[1,3,2]::int[]
);

 bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb |                                      path                                      | outdbbandnum  | filesize | filetimestamp |
---------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------+---------------+-
       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif      |            1  |    12345 |    1521807257 |
       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif      |            3  |    12345 |    1521807257 |
       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif      |            2  |    12345 |    1521807257 |

SELECT ST_BandNoDataValue(rast,1) As bnval1,
    ST_BandNoDataValue(rast,2) As bnval2, ST_BandNoDataValue(rast,3) As bnval3
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;

 bnval1 | bnval2 | bnval3
--------+--------+--------
      0 |      0 |      0

-- Create dummy table with one raster column
create table dummy_rast (rid integer, rast raster);

-- Add raster with two bands, one pixel/band. In the first band, nodatavalue = pixel value = 3.
-- In the second band, nodatavalue = 13, pixel value = 4
insert into dummy_rast values(1,
(
'01' -- little endian (uint8 ndr)
||
'0000' -- version (uint16 0)
||
'0200' -- nBands (uint16 0)
||
'17263529ED684A3F' -- scaleX (float64 0.000805965234044584)
||
'F9253529ED684ABF' -- scaleY (float64 -0.00080596523404458)
||
'1C9F33CE69E352C0' -- ipX (float64 -75.5533328537098)
||
'718F0E9A27A44840' -- ipY (float64 49.2824585505576)
||
'ED50EB853EC32B3F' -- skewX (float64 0.000211812383858707)
||
'7550EB853EC32B3F' -- skewY (float64 0.000211812383858704)
||
'E6100000' -- SRID (int32 4326)
||
'0100' -- width (uint16 1)
||
'0100' -- height (uint16 1)
||
'6' -- hasnodatavalue and isnodata value set to true.
||
'2' -- first band type (4BUI)
||
'03' -- novalue==3
||
'03' -- pixel(0,0)==3 (same that nodata)
||
'0' -- hasnodatavalue set to false
||
'5' -- second band type (16BSI)
||
'0D00' -- novalue==13
||
'0400' -- pixel(0,0)==4
)::raster
);

select st_bandisnodata(rast, 1) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected true
select st_bandisnodata(rast, 2) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected false

SELECT ST_BandFileSize(rast,1) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;

 st_bandfilesize
-----------------
          240574

SELECT ST_BandFileTimestamp(rast,1) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;

 st_bandfiletimestamp
----------------------
           1521807257

SELECT ST_BandPixelType(rast,1) As btype1,
    ST_BandPixelType(rast,2) As btype2, ST_BandPixelType(rast,3) As btype3
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;

 btype1 | btype2 | btype3
--------+--------+--------
 8BUI   | 8BUI   | 8BUI

SELECT ST_MinPossibleValue('16BSI');

 st_minpossiblevalue
---------------------
              -32768

SELECT ST_MinPossibleValue('8BUI');

 st_minpossiblevalue
---------------------
                   0

SELECT rid, ST_HasNoBand(rast) As hb1, ST_HasNoBand(rast,2) as hb2,
ST_HasNoBand(rast,4) as hb4, ST_NumBands(rast) As numbands
FROM dummy_rast;

rid | hb1 | hb2 | hb4 | numbands
-----+-----+-----+-----+----------
1 | t   | t   | t   |        0
2 | f   | f   | t   |        3

-- get raster pixel polygon
SELECT i,j, ST_AsText(ST_PixelAsPolygon(foo.rast, i,j)) As b1pgeom
FROM dummy_rast As foo
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,2) As i
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1) As j
WHERE rid=2;

 i | j |                                                    b1pgeom
---+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | 1 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793244,3427927.8 5793244,3427927.8 5793243.95,...
 2 | 1 | POLYGON((3427927.8 5793244,3427927.85 5793244,3427927.85 5793243.95, ..

-- get raster pixel polygon
SELECT (gv).x, (gv).y, (gv).val, ST_AsText((gv).geom) geom
FROM (SELECT ST_PixelAsPolygons(
                 ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 4269),
                                                    '8BUI'::text, 1, 0),
                                         2, 2, 10),
                             1, 1, NULL)
) gv
) foo;

 x | y | val |                geom
---+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | 1 |     | POLYGON((0 0,0.001 0.001,0.002 0,0.001 -0.001,0 0))
 1 | 2 |   1 | POLYGON((0.001 -0.001,0.002 0,0.003 -0.001,0.002 -0.002,0.001 -0.001))
 2 | 1 |   1 | POLYGON((0.001 0.001,0.002 0.002,0.003 0.001,0.002 0,0.001 0.001))
 2 | 2 |  10 | POLYGON((0.002 0,0.003 0.001,0.004 0,0.003 -0.001,0.002 0))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PixelAsPoint(rast, 1, 1)) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;

   st_astext
----------------
 POINT(0.5 0.5)

SELECT x, y, val, ST_AsText(geom) FROM (SELECT (ST_PixelAsPoints(rast, 1)).* FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2) foo;

 x | y | val |          st_astext
---+---+-----+------------------------------
 1 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.75 5793244)
 2 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.8 5793244)
 3 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.85 5793244)
 4 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.9 5793244)
 5 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.95 5793244)
 1 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.95)
 2 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.95)
 3 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.95)
 4 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.95)
 5 | 2 | 249 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.95)
 1 | 3 | 250 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.9)
 2 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.9)
 3 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.9)
 4 | 3 | 252 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.9)
 5 | 3 | 249 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.9)
 1 | 4 | 251 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.85)
 2 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.85)
 3 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.85)
 4 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.85)
 5 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.85)
 1 | 5 | 252 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.8)
 2 | 5 | 250 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.8)
 3 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.8)
 4 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.8)
 5 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.8)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PixelAsCentroid(rast, 1, 1)) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;

  st_astext
--------------
 POINT(1.5 2)

--LATERAL syntax requires PostgreSQL 9.3+
SELECT x, y, val, ST_AsText(geom)
    FROM (SELECT dp.* FROM dummy_rast, LATERAL ST_PixelAsCentroids(rast, 1) AS dp WHERE rid = 2) foo;
 x | y | val |           st_astext
---+---+-----+--------------------------------
 1 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.975)
 2 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.975)
 3 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.975)
 4 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.975)
 5 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.975)
 1 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.925)
 2 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.925)
 3 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.925)
 4 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.925)
 5 | 2 | 249 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.925)
 1 | 3 | 250 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.875)
 2 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.875)
 3 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.875)
 4 | 3 | 252 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.875)
 5 | 3 | 249 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.875)
 1 | 4 | 251 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.825)
 2 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.825)
 3 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.825)
 4 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.825)
 5 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.825)
 1 | 5 | 252 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.775)
 2 | 5 | 250 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.775)
 3 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.775)
 4 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.775)
 5 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.775)

-- get raster values at particular postgis geometry points
-- the srid of your geometry should be same as for your raster
SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, foo.pt_geom) As b1pval, ST_Value(rast, 2, foo.pt_geom) As b2pval
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN (SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(3427927.77, 5793243.76), 0) As pt_geom) As foo
WHERE rid=2;

 rid | b1pval | b2pval
-----+--------+--------
   2 |    252 |     79

-- general fictitious example using a real table
SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, 3, sometable.geom) As b3pval
FROM sometable
WHERE ST_Intersects(rast,sometable.geom);

SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, 1, 1, 1) As b1pval,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 1, 1) As b2pval, ST_Value(rast, 3, 1, 1) As b3pval
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid=2;

 rid | b1pval | b2pval | b3pval
-----+--------+--------+--------
   2 |    253 |     78 |     70

--- Get all values in bands 1,2,3 of each pixel --
SELECT x, y, ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) As b1val,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val, ST_Value(rast, 3, x, y) As b3val
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1, 1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2 AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast);

 x | y | b1val | b2val | b3val
---+---+-------+-------+-------
 1 | 1 |   253 |    78 |    70
 1 | 2 |   253 |    96 |    80
 1 | 3 |   250 |    99 |    90
 1 | 4 |   251 |    89 |    77
 1 | 5 |   252 |    79 |    62
 2 | 1 |   254 |    98 |    86
 2 | 2 |   254 |   118 |   108
 :
 :

--- Get all values in bands 1,2,3 of each pixel same as above but returning the upper left point point of each pixel --
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetSRID(
    ST_Point(ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast)*x,
        ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast)*y),
        ST_SRID(rast))) As uplpt
    , ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) As b1val,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val, ST_Value(rast, 3, x, y) As b3val
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2 AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast);

            uplpt            | b1val | b2val | b3val
-----------------------------+-------+-------+-------
 POINT(3427929.25 5793245.5) |   253 |    78 |    70
 POINT(3427929.25 5793247)   |   253 |    96 |    80
 POINT(3427929.25 5793248.5) |   250 |    99 |    90
:

--- Get a polygon formed by union of all pixels
    that fall in a particular value range and intersect particular polygon --
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union(pixpolyg)) As shadow
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_MakeEnvelope(
        ST_UpperLeftX(rast), ST_UpperLeftY(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast), 0
            ), ST_ScaleX(rast)*x, ST_ScaleY(rast)*y
        ) As pixpolyg, ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2
    AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast)) As foo
WHERE
    ST_Intersects(
        pixpolyg,
        ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((3427928 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.75,3427928 5793243.75,3427928 5793244))',0)
        ) AND b2val != 254;

        shadow
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPOLYGON(((3427928 5793243.9,3427928 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.9,
 3427927.95 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.95,3427928.05 5793243.95,3427928.05 5793243.9,3427928 5793243.9)),((3427927.95 5793243.9,3427927.95 579324
3.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.95,
3427927.95 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.9)),((3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.7,3427927.8 5793243.7,3427927.8 5793243.75
,3427927.8 5793243.8,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.8,3427927.85 5793243.75)),
((3427928.05 5793243.75,3427928.05 5793243.7,3427928 5793243.7,3427927.95 5793243.7,3427927.95 5793243.75,3427927.95 5793243.8,3427
927.95 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.8,3427928.05 5793243.8,
3427928.05 5793243.75)),((3427927.95 5793243.75,3427927.95 5793243.7,3427927.9 5793243.7,3427927.85 5793243.7,
3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.8,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,
3427927.95 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.8,3427927.95 5793243.75)))

--- Checking all the pixels of a large raster tile can take a long time.
--- You can dramatically improve speed at some lose of precision by orders of magnitude
--  by sampling pixels using the step optional parameter of generate_series.
--  This next example does the same as previous but by checking 1 for every 4 (2x2) pixels and putting in the last checked
--  putting in the checked pixel as the value for subsequent 4

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union(pixpolyg)) As shadow
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_MakeEnvelope(
        ST_UpperLeftX(rast), ST_UpperLeftY(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast)*2,
            ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast)*2, 0
            ), ST_ScaleX(rast)*x, ST_ScaleY(rast)*y
        ) As pixpolyg, ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000,2) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000,2) As y
WHERE rid =  2
    AND x <= ST_Width(rast)  AND y <= ST_Height(rast)  ) As foo
WHERE
    ST_Intersects(
        pixpolyg,
        ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((3427928 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.75,3427928 5793243.75,3427928 5793244))',0)
        ) AND b2val != 254;

        shadow
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPOLYGON(((3427927.9 5793243.85,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.8 5793243.95,
 3427927.9 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.95,3427928.1 5793243.95,3427928.1 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85)),
 ((3427927.9 5793243.65,3427927.8 5793243.65,3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,
 3427928 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.75,3427928.1 5793243.75,3427928.1 5793243.65,3427928 5793243.65,3427927.9 5793243.65)))

-- pixel 2x2 has value
SELECT
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 2) AS value,
    ST_NearestValue(rast, 2, 2) AS nearestvalue
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValue(
            ST_SetValue(
                ST_SetValue(
                    ST_SetValue(
                        ST_SetValue(
                            ST_AddBand(
                                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
                            ),
                            1, 1, 0.
                        ),
                        2, 3, 0.
                    ),
                    3, 5, 0.
                ),
                4, 2, 0.
            ),
            5, 4, 0.
        ) AS rast
) AS foo

 value | nearestvalue
-------+--------------
     1 |            1

-- pixel 2x3 is NODATA
SELECT
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 3) AS value,
    ST_NearestValue(rast, 2, 3) AS nearestvalue
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValue(
            ST_SetValue(
                ST_SetValue(
                    ST_SetValue(
                        ST_SetValue(
                            ST_AddBand(
                                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
                            ),
                            1, 1, 0.
                        ),
                        2, 3, 0.
                    ),
                    3, 5, 0.
                ),
                4, 2, 0.
            ),
            5, 4, 0.
        ) AS rast
) AS foo

 value | nearestvalue
-------+--------------
       |            1

--
-- 2x2 test raster with values
--
-- 10 50
-- 40 20
--
WITH test_raster AS (
SELECT
ST_SetValues(
  ST_AddBand(
    ST_MakeEmptyRaster(width => 2, height => 2,
      upperleftx => 0, upperlefty => 2,
      scalex => 1.0, scaley => -1.0,
      skewx => 0, skewy => 0, srid => 4326),
    index => 1, pixeltype => '16BSI',
    initialvalue => 0,
    nodataval => -999),
  1,1,1,
  newvalueset =>ARRAY[ARRAY[10.0::float8, 50.0::float8], ARRAY[40.0::float8, 20.0::float8]]) AS rast
)
SELECT
ST_AsText(
  ST_SetZ(
    rast,
    band => 1,
    geom => 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1.0 1.9, 1.0 0.2)'::geometry,
    resample => 'bilinear'
))
FROM test_raster

            st_astext
----------------------------------
 LINESTRING Z (1 1.9 38,1 0.2 27)
--
-- 2x2 test raster with values
--
-- 10 50
-- 40 20
--
WITH test_raster AS (
SELECT
ST_SetValues(
  ST_AddBand(
    ST_MakeEmptyRaster(width => 2, height => 2,
      upperleftx => 0, upperlefty => 2,
      scalex => 1.0, scaley => -1.0,
      skewx => 0, skewy => 0, srid => 4326),
    index => 1, pixeltype => '16BSI',
    initialvalue => 0,
    nodataval => -999),
  1,1,1,
  newvalueset =>ARRAY[ARRAY[10.0::float8, 50.0::float8], ARRAY[40.0::float8, 20.0::float8]]) AS rast
)
SELECT
ST_AsText(
  ST_SetM(
    rast,
    band => 1,
    geom => 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1.0 1.9, 1.0 0.2)'::geometry,
    resample => 'bilinear'
))
FROM test_raster

            st_astext
----------------------------------
 LINESTRING M (1 1.9 38,1 0.2 27)
-- pixel 2x2 has value
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 2, 2, 1, 1)
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValues(
            ST_AddBand(
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast
) AS foo

         st_neighborhood
---------------------------------
{{NULL,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,NULL,1}}

-- pixel 2x3 is NODATA
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 2, 3, 1, 1)
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValues(
            ST_AddBand(
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast
) AS foo

       st_neighborhood
------------------------------
 {{1,1,1},{1,NULL,1},{1,1,1}}

-- pixel 3x3 has value
-- exclude_nodata_value = FALSE
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 3, 3, 1, 1, false)
FROM ST_SetValues(
            ST_AddBand(
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast

      st_neighborhood
---------------------------
{{1,1,0},{0,1,1},{1,1,1}}

                -- Geometry example
SELECT (foo.geomval).val, ST_AsText(ST_Union((foo.geomval).geom))
FROM (SELECT ST_DumpAsPolygons(
        ST_SetValue(rast,1,
                ST_Point(3427927.75, 5793243.95),
                50)
            ) As geomval
FROM dummy_rast
where rid = 2) As foo
WHERE (foo.geomval).val < 250
GROUP BY (foo.geomval).val;

 val |                                                     st_astext
-----+-------------------------------------------------------------------
  50 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.95,3427927.8 579324 ...
 249 | POLYGON((3427927.95 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427928 57932 ...

-- Store the changed raster --
    UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetValue(rast,1, ST_Point(3427927.75, 5793243.95),100)
        WHERE rid = 2   ;