PostGIS 3.7.0alpha1 Посібник користувача

вимагає

tar -xvzf postgis-3.7.0alpha1.tar.gz
cd postgis-3.7.0alpha1
./configure
make
make install
LDFLAGS=-lstdc++ ./configure [YOUR OPTIONS HERE]
wget https://download.osgeo.org/postgis/source/postgis-3.7.0alpha1.tar.gz
tar -xvzf postgis-3.7.0alpha1.tar.gz
cd postgis-3.7.0alpha1
git clone https://git.osgeo.org/gitea/postgis/postgis.git postgis
cd postgis
sh autogen.sh

./configure
cd extensions
cd postgis
make clean
make
export PGUSER=postgres #overwrite psql variables
make check #to test before install
make install
# to test extensions
make check RUNTESTFLAGS=--extension
SELECT name, default_version, installed_version
FROM pg_available_extensions
WHERE name LIKE 'postgis%'
ORDER BY name;
name             | default_version | installed_version
------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------
 postgis                      | 3.7.0alpha1         | 3.7.0alpha1
 postgis_raster               | 3.7.0alpha1         | 3.7.0alpha1
 postgis_sfcgal               | 3.7.0alpha1         |
 postgis_topology             | 3.7.0alpha1         |
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_sfcgal;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology;
\connect mygisdb
\x
\dx postgis*
List of installed extensions
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis
Version     | 3.7.0alpha1
Schema      | public
Description | PostGIS geometry, geography, and raster spat..
-[ RECORD 2 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis_raster
Version     | 3.0.0dev
Schema      | public
Description | PostGIS raster types and functions
-[ RECORD 3 ]-------------------------------------------------
Name        | postgis_topology
Version     | 3.7.0alpha1
Schema      | topology
Description | PostGIS topology spatial types and functions
CREATE EXTENSION postgis FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster FROM unpackaged;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology FROM unpackaged;

CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-3
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

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Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites     44     44    n/a      0        0
               tests    300    300    300      0        0
             asserts   4215   4215   4215      0      n/a
Elapsed time =    0.229 seconds

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Running tests

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Run tests: 134
Failed: 0

-- if you build with SFCGAL

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Running tests

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Run tests: 13
Failed: 0

-- if you built with raster support

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Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites     12     12    n/a      0        0
               tests     65     65     65      0        0
             asserts  45896  45896  45896      0      n/a

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Running tests

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Run tests: 101
Failed: 0

-- topology regress

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Running tests

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Run tests: 51
Failed: 0

-- if you built --with-gui, you should see this too

     CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-2
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

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Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites      2      2    n/a      0        0
               tests      4      4      4      0        0
             asserts      4      4      4      0      n/a
============== dropping database "contrib_regression" ==============
DROP DATABASE
============== creating database "contrib_regression" ==============
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE
============== installing fuzzystrmatch               ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== installing postgis                     ==============
CREATE EXTENSION
============== running regression test queries        ==============
test test-normalize_address   ... ok

=====================
All 2 tests passed.
=====================
SELECT version();
SELECT PostGIS_Full_Version();
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '256MB';
-- this forces non-startup configs to take effect for new connections
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
-- show current setting value
-- use SHOW ALL to see all settings
SHOW work_mem;
SET work_mem TO '256MB';
SET maintenance_work_mem TO '1GB';
POSTGIS_ENABLE_OUTDB_RASTERS=1
POSTGIS_GDAL_ENABLED_DRIVERS=ENABLE_ALL
POSTGIS_GDAL_ENABLED_DRIVERS="GTiff PNG JPEG GIF XYZ"
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS plpgsql;
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster; -- OPTIONAL
      CREATE EXTENSION postgis_topology; -- OPTIONAL

DB=[yourdatabase]
    SCRIPTSDIR=`pg_config --sharedir`/contrib/postgis-3.6/

    # Core objects
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/postgis.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/spatial_ref_sys.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/postgis_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

    # Raster support (OPTIONAL)
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/rtpostgis.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/raster_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

    # Topology support (OPTIONAL)
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/topology.sql
    psql -d ${DB} -f ${SCRIPTSDIR}/topology_comments.sql # OPTIONAL

SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();
ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE;
SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();
-- This second call is needed to rebundle postgis_raster extension
SELECT postgis_extensions_upgrade();

ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO "3.7.0alpha1";
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_topology UPDATE TO "3.7.0alpha1";
No migration path defined for … to 3.7.0alpha1
Version "3.7.0alpha1" of extension "postgis" is already installed
ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO "3.7.0alpha1next";
ALTER EXTENSION postgis_topology UPDATE TO "3.7.0alpha1next";
DROP EXTENSION postgis_raster;
pg_dump -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres -Fc -b -v -f "/somepath/olddb.backup" olddb
postgis_restore "/somepath/olddb.backup" | psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres newdb 2> errors.txt
ALTER TABLE spatial_ref_sys ADD CONSTRAINT spatial_ref_sys_srid_check check (srid 
> 0 AND srid < 999000 );

ALTER TABLE spatial_ref_sys ADD PRIMARY KEY(srid));

WARNING: SRID 310642222 converted to 999175 (in reserved zone)
postgis_restore "/somepath/olddb.backup" > olddb.sql
grep -v IGNF olddb.sql > olddb-without-IGN.sql
psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres -d newdb -f olddb-without-IGN.sql  2> errors.txt
POINT (1 2)
POINT Z (1 2 3)
POINT ZM (1 2 3 4)

LINESTRING (1 2, 3 4, 5 6)
LINEARRING (0 0 0, 4 0 0, 4 4 0, 0 4 0, 0 0 0)
POLYGON ((0 0 0,4 0 0,4 4 0,0 4 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2 0,1 1 0))
MULTIPOINT ( (0 0), (1 2) )
MULTILINESTRING ( (0 0,1 1,1 2), (2 3,3 2,5 4) )
MULTIPOLYGON (((1 5, 5 5, 5 1, 1 1, 1 5)), ((6 5, 9 1, 6 1, 6 5)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ( POINT(2 3), LINESTRING(2 3, 3 4))
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (
  ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
  ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
  ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
  ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
  ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
  ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )
TRIANGLE ((0 0, 0 9, 9 0, 0 0))
TIN Z ( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 0 0 0)) )
CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0)

CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0)
COMPOUNDCURVE( CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0),(1 0, 0 1))
CURVEPOLYGON(
  CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0),
  (1 1, 3 3, 3 1, 1 1) )
CURVEPOLYGON(
  COMPOUNDCURVE( CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 0, 2 1, 2 3, 4 3),
                 (4 3, 4 5, 1 4, 0 0)),
  CIRCULARSTRING(1.7 1, 1.4 0.4, 1.6 0.4, 1.6 0.5, 1.7 1) )
MULTICURVE( (0 0, 5 5), CIRCULARSTRING(4 0, 4 4, 8 4))
MULTISURFACE(
  CURVEPOLYGON(
    CIRCULARSTRING( 0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0),
    (1 1, 3 3, 3 1, 1 1)),
  ((10 10, 14 12, 11 10, 10 10), (11 11, 11.5 11, 11 11.5, 11 11)))
text WKT = ST_AsText(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromText(text WKT, SRID);
INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-126.4 45.32)', 312), 'A Place'); -- 312 is the SRID
bytea WKB = ST_AsBinary(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromWKB(bytea WKB, SRID);

INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromWKB('\x0101000000000000000000f03f000000000000f03f', 312), 'A Place');
SELECT 'SRID=4;POINT(0 0)'::geometry;
  geometry
  ----------------------------------------------------
  01010000200400000000000000000000000000000000000000

bytea EWKB = ST_AsEWKB(geometry);
text EWKT = ST_AsEWKT(geometry);
geometry = ST_GeomFromEWKB(bytea EWKB);
geometry = ST_GeomFromEWKT(text EWKT);
INSERT INTO geotable ( geom, name )
  VALUES ( ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=312;POINTM(-126.4 45.32 15)'), 'A Place' )
CREATE TABLE global_points (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(64),
    location geography(POINT,4326)
  );
CREATE TABLE ptgeogwgs(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINT));
CREATE TABLE ptgeognad83(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINT,4269));
CREATE TABLE ptzgeogwgs84(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POINTZ,4326));
CREATE TABLE lgeog(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(LINESTRING));
CREATE TABLE lgeognad27(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geog geography(POLYGON,4267));
SELECT * FROM geography_columns;
-- Index the test table with a spherical index
CREATE INDEX global_points_gix ON global_points USING GIST ( location );
-- Add some data into the test table
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('Town', 'SRID=4326;POINT(-110 30)');
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('Forest', 'SRID=4326;POINT(-109 29)');
INSERT INTO global_points (name, location) VALUES ('London', 'SRID=4326;POINT(0 49)');

-- NAD 83 lon/lat
SELECT 'SRID=4269;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
                    geography
----------------------------------------------------
 0101000020AD1000000000000000C05EC00000000000004140

-- NAD27 lon/lat
SELECT 'SRID=4267;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
                    geography
----------------------------------------------------
 0101000020AB1000000000000000C05EC00000000000004140

SELECT 'SRID=26910;POINT(-123 34)'::geography;
ERROR:  Only lon/lat coordinate systems are supported in geography.
-- A distance query using a 1000km tolerance
SELECT name FROM global_points WHERE ST_DWithin(location, 'SRID=4326;POINT(-110 29)'::geography, 1000000);
-- Distance calculation using GEOGRAPHY
SELECT ST_Distance('LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606, 0.0 51.5)'::geography, 'POINT(-21.96 64.15)'::geography);
st_distance
-----------------
 122235.23815667
-- Distance calculation using GEOMETRY
SELECT ST_Distance('LINESTRING(-122.33 47.606, 0.0 51.5)'::geometry, 'POINT(-21.96 64.15)'::geometry);
st_distance
--------------------
 13.342271221453624
SELECT
   ST_IsSimple('LINESTRING(0 0, 100 100)') AS straight,
   ST_IsSimple('LINESTRING(0 0, 100 100, 100 0, 0 100)') AS crossing;
straight | crossing
----------+----------
 t        | f
SELECT
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)') AS len_nonzero,
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0, 0 0)') AS len_zero,
   ST_IsValid('LINESTRING(10 10, 150 150, 180 50, 20 130)') AS self_int;
len_nonzero | len_zero | self_int
-------------+----------+----------
 t           | f        | t
SELECT ST_IsValid('POLYGON ((20 180, 180 180, 180 20, 20 20, 20 180))');
t
SELECT valid, reason, ST_AsText(location) AS location
    FROM ST_IsValidDetail('POLYGON ((20 20, 120 190, 50 190, 170 50, 20 20))') AS t;
valid |      reason       |                  location
-------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------
 f     | Self-intersection | POINT(91.51162790697674 141.56976744186048)
ALTER TABLE mytable
  ADD CONSTRAINT geometry_valid_check
        CHECK (ST_IsValid(geom));
CREATE TABLE spatial_ref_sys (
  srid       INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  auth_name  VARCHAR(256),
  auth_srid  INTEGER,
  srtext     VARCHAR(2048),
  proj4text  VARCHAR(2048)
)
PROJCS["NAD83 / UTM Zone 10N",
  GEOGCS["NAD83",
        DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",
          SPHEROID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101]
        ],
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],
        UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]
  ],
  PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
  PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],
  PARAMETER["central_meridian",-123],
  PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],
  PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],
  PARAMETER["false_northing",0],
  UNIT["metre",1]
]
+proj=utm +zone=10 +ellps=clrk66 +datum=NAD27 +units=m
INSERT INTO spatial_ref_sys (srid, proj4text)
VALUES ( 990000,
  '+proj=lcc  +lon_0=-95 +lat_0=25 +lat_1=25 +lat_2=25 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs'
);

CREATE TABLE roads (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(64),
    geom geometry(LINESTRING,3005)
  );
CREATE TABLE geoms(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry);
CREATE TABLE pts(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POINT));
CREATE TABLE pts(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POINTZ,3005));
CREATE TABLE lines(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(LINESTRINGZM));
CREATE TABLE polys(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, geom geometry(POLYGON,4267));
ALTER TABLE roads ADD COLUMN geom2 geometry(LINESTRINGZ,4326);
\d geometry_columns
             View "public.geometry_columns"
      Column       |          Type          | Modifiers
-------------------+------------------------+-----------
 f_table_catalog   | character varying(256) |
 f_table_schema    | character varying(256) |
 f_table_name      | character varying(256) |
 f_geometry_column | character varying(256) |
 coord_dimension   | integer                |
 srid              | integer                |
 type              | character varying(30)  |
CREATE VIEW public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;
DROP VIEW public.vwmytablemercator;
CREATE VIEW  public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom, 3395)::geometry(Geometry, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;
DROP VIEW public.vwmytablemercator;
CREATE VIEW  public.vwmytablemercator AS
        SELECT gid, ST_Transform(geom,3395)::geometry(Polygon, 3395) As geom, f_name
        FROM public.mytable;
SELECT poi.gid, poi.geom, citybounds.city_name
INTO myschema.my_special_pois
FROM poi INNER JOIN citybounds ON ST_Intersects(citybounds.geom, poi.geom);
CREATE INDEX idx_myschema_myspecialpois_geom_gist
  ON myschema.my_special_pois USING gist(geom);
CREATE INDEX my_special_pois_geom_gist_nd
        ON my_special_pois USING gist(geom gist_geometry_ops_nd);
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('myschema.my_special_pois'::regclass);
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('myschema.my_special_pois'::regclass, false);
CREATE TABLE pois_ny(gid SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, poi_name text, cat text, geom geometry(POINT,4326));
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('pois_ny', 'geom_2160', 2160, 'POINT', 2, false);
\d pois_ny
                                  Table "public.pois_ny"
  Column   |         Type          |                       Modifiers

-----------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------
 gid       | integer               | not null default nextval('pois_ny_gid_seq'::regclass)
 poi_name  | text                  |
 cat       | character varying(20) |
 geom      | geometry(Point,4326)  |
 geom_2160 | geometry              |
Indexes:
    "pois_ny_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (gid)
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom_2160" CHECK (st_ndims(geom_2160) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom_2160" CHECK (geometrytype(geom_2160) = 'POINT'::text
        OR geom_2160 IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom_2160" CHECK (st_srid(geom_2160) = 2160)
SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'pois_ny';
f_table_name | f_geometry_column | srid | type
-------------+-------------------+------+-------
pois_ny      | geom              | 4326 | POINT
pois_ny      | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT
CREATE VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks AS
SELECT *
  FROM pois_ny
  WHERE cat='park';

SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'vw_pois_ny_parks';
f_table_name   | f_geometry_column | srid |   type
------------------+-------------------+------+----------
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom              | 4326 | POINT
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT
DROP VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks;
CREATE VIEW vw_pois_ny_parks AS
SELECT gid, poi_name, cat,
  geom,
  ST_Transform(geom, 2160)::geometry(POINT,2160) As geom_2160
  FROM pois_ny
  WHERE cat = 'park';
SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, srid, type
        FROM geometry_columns
        WHERE f_table_name = 'vw_pois_ny_parks';
f_table_name   | f_geometry_column | srid | type
------------------+-------------------+------+-------
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom              | 4326 | POINT
 vw_pois_ny_parks | geom_2160         | 2160 | POINT
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (1,'LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)','Jeff Rd');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (2,'LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817)','Geordie Rd');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (3,'LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814)','Paul St');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (4,'LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122)','Graeme Ave');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (5,'LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134)','Phil Tce');
INSERT INTO roads (road_id, roads_geom, road_name)
  VALUES (6,'LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322)','Dave Cres');
COMMIT;
psql -d [database] -f roads.sql
COLUMNNAME DBFFIELD1
AVERYLONGCOLUMNNAME DBFFIELD2
# shp2pgsql -c -D -s 4269 -i -I shaperoads.shp myschema.roadstable 
> roads.sql
# psql -d roadsdb -f roads.sql

# shp2pgsql shaperoads.shp myschema.roadstable | psql -d roadsdb
SELECT road_id, ST_AsText(road_geom) AS geom, road_name FROM roads;
road_id | geom                                    | road_name
--------+-----------------------------------------+-----------
          1 | LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242) | Jeff Rd
          2 | LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817) | Geordie Rd
          3 | LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814) | Paul St
          4 | LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122) | Graeme Ave
          5 | LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134) | Phil Tce
          6 | LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322) | Dave Cres
          7 | LINESTRING(218421 284121,224123 241231) | Chris Way
(6 rows)
SELECT road_id, road_name
  FROM roads
  WHERE roads_geom='SRID=312;LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)'::geometry;
SELECT road_id, road_name
FROM roads
WHERE ST_Intersects(roads_geom, 'SRID=312;POLYGON((...))');
SELECT ST_AsText(roads_geom) AS geom
FROM roads
WHERE
  roads_geom && ST_MakeEnvelope(191232, 243117,191232, 243119,312);

pgsql2shp [<options
>] <database
> [<schema
>.]<table>

pgsql2shp [<options
>] <database
> <query>

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ( [geometryfield]);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ([geometryfield] gist_geometry_ops_nd);
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY [indexname] ON [tablename] USING GIST ( [geometryfield]);
VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [(column_name)];
CREATE TABLE table_sorted AS
   SELECT * FROM table  ORDER BY geom;

CREATE INDEX idx_temp_geohash ON table
    USING btree (ST_GeoHash(ST_Transform(geom, 4326 ), 20));
CLUSTER table USING idx_temp_geohash;

CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING BRIN ( [geome_col]);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ([geome_col] brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_3d);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ([geome_col] brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_4d);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
    USING BRIN ( [geome_col] ) WITH (pages_per_range = [number]); 
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING BRIN ( [geog_col]);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ( [geometryfield]);
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ([geometryfield] spgist_geometry_ops_3d);
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY [indexname] ON [tablename] USING SPGIST ( [geometryfield]);
VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [(column_name)];
SELECT city.name, state.name, city.geom
FROM city JOIN state ON ST_Intersects(city.geom, state.geom);

SELECT ST_Relate(
    'LINESTRING (1 1, 5 5)',
    'POLYGON ((3 3, 3 7, 7 7, 7 3, 3 3))' );
1010F0212
-- Find road segments that intersect in a line
SELECT a.id
FROM roads a, roads b
WHERE a.id != b.id
      AND a.geom && b.geom
      AND ST_Relate(a.geom, b.geom, '1*1***1**');
-- Find wharves partly on a lake's shoreline
SELECT a.lake_id, b.wharf_id
FROM lakes a, wharfs b
WHERE a.geom && b.geom
      AND ST_Relate(a.geom, b.geom, '102101FF2');

SELECT geom
FROM geom_table
WHERE ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=312;POINT(100000 200000)') < 100

SELECT geom
FROM geom_table
WHERE ST_DWithin(geom, 'SRID=312;POINT(100000 200000)', 100)
Column    | Type              | Description
----------+-------------------+-------------------
gid       | integer           | Unique ID
name      | character varying | Road Name
geom      | geometry          | Location Geometry (Linestring)
Column   | Type              | Description
---------+-------------------+-------------------
gid      | integer           | Unique ID
code     | integer           | Unique ID
name     | character varying | City / Town Name
geom     | geometry          | Location Geometry (Polygon)
SELECT sum(ST_Length(geom))/1000 AS km_roads FROM bc_roads;

km_roads
------------------
70842.1243039643

SELECT
  ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares
FROM bc_municipality
WHERE name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';

hectares
------------------
32657.9103824927

SELECT
  name,
  ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares
FROM bc_municipality
ORDER BY hectares DESC
LIMIT 1;

name           | hectares
---------------+-----------------
TUMBLER RIDGE  | 155020.02556131

SELECT
  m.name,
  sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 as roads_km
FROM bc_roads AS r
JOIN bc_municipality AS m
  ON ST_Contains(m.geom, r.geom)
GROUP BY m.name
ORDER BY roads_km;

name                        | roads_km
----------------------------+----------
SURREY                      | 1539.476
VANCOUVER                   | 1450.331
LANGLEY DISTRICT            |  833.793
BURNABY                     |  773.769
PRINCE GEORGE               |  694.376
...
CREATE TABLE pg_roads as
SELECT
  ST_Intersection(r.geom, m.geom) AS intersection_geom,
  ST_Length(r.geom) AS rd_orig_length,
  r.*
FROM bc_roads AS r
JOIN bc_municipality AS m
  ON ST_Intersects(r.geom, m.geom)
WHERE
  m.name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';

SELECT
  sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 AS kilometers
FROM bc_roads r
JOIN bc_municipality m
  ON ST_Intersects(m.geom, r.geom
WHERE
  r.name = 'Douglas St'
  AND m.name = 'VICTORIA';

kilometers
------------------
4.89151904172838

SELECT gid, name, ST_Area(geom) AS area
FROM bc_municipality
WHERE ST_NRings(geom) 
> 1
ORDER BY area DESC LIMIT 1;

gid  | name         | area
-----+--------------+------------------
12   | SPALLUMCHEEN | 257374619.430216

SELECT AddGeometryColumn('myschema','mytable','bbox','4326','GEOMETRY','2');
UPDATE mytable SET bbox = ST_Envelope(ST_Force2D(geom));
SELECT geom_column
FROM mytable
WHERE bbox && ST_SetSRID('BOX3D(0 0,1 1)'::box3d,4326);

CLUSTER my_geom_index ON my_table;
ERROR: cannot cluster when index access method does not handle null values
HINT: You may be able to work around this by marking column "geom" NOT NULL.
ALTER TABLE my_table ALTER COLUMN geom SET not null;
ALTER TABLE
UPDATE mytable SET geom = ST_Force2D(geom);
VACUUM FULL ANALYZE mytable;
CREATE SCHEMA my_schema;
CREATE TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table (id serial);
\d my_schema.my_spatial_table
                                                         Table "my_schema.my_spatial_table"
 Column |  Type   |                                Modifiers
--------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 id     | integer | not null default nextval('my_schema.my_spatial_table_id_seq'::regclass)
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('my_schema', 'my_spatial_table', 'geom', 4326, 'POINT', 2);
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('my_schema', 'my_spatial_table', 'geom_c', 4326, 'POINT', 2, false);
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('my_schema', 'my_spatial_table', 'geomcp_c', 4326, 'CURVEPOLYGON', 2, false);
my_schema.my_spatial_table.geomcp_c SRID:4326 TYPE:CURVEPOLYGON DIMS:2
\d my_schema.my_spatial_table
                                    Table "my_schema.my_spatial_table"
 Column  |         Type         |                                Modifiers
----------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 id       | integer              | not null default nextval('my_schema.my_spatial_table_id_seq'::regclass)
 geom     | geometry(Point,4326) |
 geom_c   | geometry             |
 geomcp_c | geometry             |
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom_c" CHECK (st_ndims(geom_c) = 2)
    "enforce_dims_geomcp_c" CHECK (st_ndims(geomcp_c) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom_c" CHECK (geometrytype(geom_c) = 'POINT'::text OR geom_c IS NULL)
    "enforce_geotype_geomcp_c" CHECK (geometrytype(geomcp_c) = 'CURVEPOLYGON'::text OR geomcp_c IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom_c" CHECK (st_srid(geom_c) = 4326)
    "enforce_srid_geomcp_c" CHECK (st_srid(geomcp_c) = 4326)
SELECT f_geometry_column As col_name, type, srid, coord_dimension As ndims
    FROM geometry_columns
    WHERE f_table_name = 'my_spatial_table' AND f_table_schema = 'my_schema';
col_name |     type     | srid | ndims
----------+--------------+------+-------
 geom     | Point        | 4326 |     2
 geom_c   | Point        | 4326 |     2
 geomcp_c | CurvePolygon | 4326 |     2
SELECT DropGeometryColumn ('my_schema','my_spatial_table','geom');
my_schema.my_spatial_table.geom effectively removed.
ALTER TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table DROP column geom;
SELECT DropGeometryTable ('my_schema','my_spatial_table');
my_schema.my_spatial_table dropped.
DROP TABLE my_schema.my_spatial_table;
SELECT Find_SRID('public', 'tiger_us_state_2007', 'geom_4269');
4269
CREATE TABLE public.myspatial_table(gid serial, geom geometry);
INSERT INTO myspatial_table(geom) VALUES(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)',4326) );
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('public.myspatial_table'::regclass);
1

\d myspatial_table

                                   Table "public.myspatial_table"
 Column |           Type            |                           Modifiers
--------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
 gid    | integer                   | not null default nextval('myspatial_table_gid_seq'::regclass)
 geom   | geometry(LineString,4326) |
CREATE TABLE public.myspatial_table_cs(gid serial, geom geometry);
INSERT INTO myspatial_table_cs(geom) VALUES(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)',4326) );
SELECT Populate_Geometry_Columns('public.myspatial_table_cs'::regclass, false);
1
\d myspatial_table_cs

                          Table "public.myspatial_table_cs"
 Column |   Type   |                            Modifiers
--------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------
 gid    | integer  | not null default nextval('myspatial_table_cs_gid_seq'::regclass)
 geom   | geometry |
Check constraints:
    "enforce_dims_geom" CHECK (st_ndims(geom) = 2)
    "enforce_geotype_geom" CHECK (geometrytype(geom) = 'LINESTRING'::text OR geom IS NULL)
    "enforce_srid_geom" CHECK (st_srid(geom) = 4326)
COPY roads (geom) FROM STDIN;
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(10 10, 15 0)
\.

SELECT UpdateGeometrySRID('roads','geom',4326);
ALTER TABLE roads
  ALTER COLUMN geom TYPE geometry(MULTILINESTRING, 4326)
    USING ST_SetSRID(geom,4326);
ALTER TABLE roads
 ALTER COLUMN geom TYPE geometry(MULTILINESTRING, 3857) USING ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(geom,4326),3857) ;
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Collect(
    ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'),
    ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-2 3)') ));
MULTIPOINT((1 2),(-2 3))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Collect(
        ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3)'),
        ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 4)') ) );
MULTIPOINT(1 2 3,1 2 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Collect(
        'CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)',
        'CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406)'));
MULTICURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406),
 CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406))
SELECT ST_Collect(ARRAY(SELECT geom FROM sometable));
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Collect(
        ARRAY[ ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'),
            ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(3 4, 4 5)') ] )) As wktcollect;
MULTILINESTRING((1 2,3 4),(3 4,4 5))
SELECT stusps, ST_Collect(f.geom) as geom
     FROM (SELECT stusps, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom As geom
                FROM
                somestatetable ) As f
    GROUP BY stusps

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineFromMultiPoint('MULTIPOINT(1 2 3, 4 5 6, 7 8 9)'));
LINESTRING(1 2 3,4 5 6,7 8 9)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 10, 11, 11, 4326));
POLYGON((10 10, 10 11, 11 11, 11 10, 10 10))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,2), ST_Point(3,4)));
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePoint(1,2,3), ST_MakePoint(3,4,5)));
LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeLine('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)', 'LINESTRING(2 2, 3 3)'));
LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,2 2,3 3)
SELECT ST_MakeLine(ARRAY(SELECT ST_Centroid(geom) FROM visit_locations ORDER BY visit_time));
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_MakeLine(ARRAY[ST_MakePoint(1,2,3), ST_MakePoint(3,4,5), ST_MakePoint(6,6,6)]));
LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5,6 6 6)
SELECT gps.track_id, ST_MakeLine(gps.geom ORDER BY gps_time) As geom
    FROM gps_points As gps
    GROUP BY track_id;
SELECT gps.track_id, ST_MakeLine(gps.geom) As geom
    FROM ( SELECT track_id, gps_time, geom
            FROM gps_points ORDER BY track_id, gps_time ) As gps
    GROUP BY track_id;
SELECT ST_MakePoint(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829);
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829),4326);
SELECT ST_MakePoint(1, 2,1.5);
SELECT ST_Z(ST_MakePoint(1, 2,1.5));
1.5
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_MakePointM(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829, 10));
POINTM(-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829 10)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePointM(-71.104, 42.315, 10),  4326));
SRID=4326;POINTM(-71.104 42.315 10)
SELECT ST_M(ST_MakePointM(-71.104, 42.315, 10));
10
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(75 29,77 29,77 29, 75 29)'));
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_AddPoint(foo.open_line, ST_StartPoint(foo.open_line)) )
FROM (
  SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(75 29,77 29,77 29, 75 29)') As open_line) As foo;

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_MakePolygon('LINESTRING(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1, 75.15 29.53 1)'));
POLYGON((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1,75.15 29.53 1))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_MakePolygon('LINESTRINGM(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 2, 75.15 29.53 2)'));
POLYGONM((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 2,75.15 29.53 2))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakePolygon('CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 1,2 0,1 -1,0 0)'));
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 1,2 0,1 -1,0 0))
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(
    ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ring.line,10)),
    ARRAY[  ST_Translate(ring.line, 1, 1),
        ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(20,20),1)) ]
    )
FROM (SELECT ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(10,10),10,10)) AS line ) AS ring;

SELECT p.gid, p.province_name,
    CASE WHEN array_agg(w.geom) IS NULL
    THEN p.geom
    ELSE  ST_MakePolygon(
        ST_LineMerge(ST_Boundary(p.geom)),
        array_agg(w.geom)) END
FROM
    provinces p LEFT JOIN waterlines w
        ON (ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom) AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom))
GROUP BY p.gid, p.province_name, p.geom;

SELECT p.gid,  p.province_name,
    CASE WHEN EXISTS( SELECT w.geom
        FROM waterlines w
        WHERE ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom)
        AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom))
    THEN ST_MakePolygon(
        ST_LineMerge(ST_Boundary(p.geom)),
        ARRAY( SELECT w.geom
            FROM waterlines w
            WHERE ST_Within(w.geom, p.geom)
            AND ST_IsClosed(w.geom)))
    ELSE p.geom
    END AS geom
FROM provinces p;

SELECT ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315);
SELECT ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315, 4326);
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315), 4326);
SELECT ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315, 4326)::geography;
SELECT CAST(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.104, 42.315), 4326) AS geography);
SELECT ST_Transform(ST_Point(3637510, 3014852, 2273), 4326)::geography;
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZ(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5, 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5, srid => 4326)
SELECT ST_PointZM(-71.104, 42.315, 3.4, 4.5)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Polygon('LINESTRING(75 29, 77 29, 77 29, 75 29)'::geometry, 4326));
POLYGON((75 29,77 29,77 29,75 29))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Polygon(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(75 29 1, 77 29 2, 77 29 3, 75 29 1)'), 4326));
SRID=4326;POLYGON((75 29 1, 77 29 2, 77 29 3, 75 29 1))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TileEnvelope(2, 1, 1));
POLYGON((-10018754.1713945 0,-10018754.1713945 10018754.1713945,0 10018754.1713945,0 0,-10018754.1713945 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TileEnvelope(3, 1, 1, ST_MakeEnvelope(-180, -90, 180, 90, 4326)));
POLYGON((-135 45,-135 67.5,-90 67.5,-90 45,-135 45))
SELECT COUNT(*), hexes.geom
FROM ST_HexagonGrid(
    10000,
    ST_SetSRID(ST_EstimatedExtent('pointtable', 'geom'), 3857)
) AS hexes
    INNER JOIN
    pointtable AS pts
    ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, hexes.geom)
GROUP BY hexes.geom;
SELECT admin1.gid, hex.geom
FROM
    admin1
    CROSS JOIN
    ST_HexagonGrid(100000, admin1.geom) AS hex
WHERE
    adm0_a3 = 'USA'
    AND
    ST_Intersects(admin1.geom, hex.geom)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetSRID(ST_Hexagon(1.0, 0, 0), 3857));

POLYGON((-1 0,-0.5
         -0.866025403784439,0.5
         -0.866025403784439,1
         0,0.5
         0.866025403784439,-0.5
         0.866025403784439,-1 0)) 
WITH grid AS (
SELECT (ST_SquareGrid(1, ST_Transform(geom,4326))).*
FROM admin0 WHERE name = 'Canada'
)
  SELEcT ST_AsText(geom)
  FROM grid
SELECT COUNT(*), squares.geom
    FROM
    pointtable AS pts
    INNER JOIN
    ST_SquareGrid(
        1000,
        ST_SetSRID(ST_EstimatedExtent('pointtable', 'geom'), 3857)
    ) AS squares
    ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, squares.geom)
    GROUP BY squares.geom
SELECT COUNT(*), squares.geom
    FROM
    pointtable AS pts
    INNER JOIN
    ST_SquareGrid(
       1000,
       pts.geom
    ) AS squares
    ON ST_Intersects(pts.geom, squares.geom)
    GROUP BY squares.geom
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetSRID(ST_Square(1.0, 0, 0), 3857));

 POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Letters('Yo'));
SELECT ST_Translate(ST_Scale(ST_Letters('Yo'), 10, 10), 100,100);
SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 10, 10 0)'::geometry);
SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 10, 10 0)'::geometry, ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0]);
SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 10, 10 0)'::geometry, ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0], ARRAY[0,0,0,1,1,1]);
SELECT GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
LINESTRING
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
                        POLYHEDRALSURFACE

SELECT GeometryType(geom) as result
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')  AS geom
    ) AS g;
TIN
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(geom))
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(100 150,50 60, 70 80, 160 170)'::geometry As geom) As f;

MULTIPOINT((100 150),(160 170))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(geom))
FROM (SELECT
'POLYGON (( 10 130, 50 190, 110 190, 140 150, 150 80, 100 10, 20 40, 10 130 ),
        ( 70 40, 100 50, 120 80, 80 110, 50 90, 70 40 ))'::geometry As geom) As f;

MULTILINESTRING((10 130,50 190,110 190,140 150,150 80,100 10,20 40,10 130),
        (70 40,100 50,120 80,80 110,50 90,70 40))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 1,0 0, -1 1)')));
MULTIPOINT((1 1),(-1 1))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 1,0 0, -1 1, 1 1))')));
LINESTRING(1 1,0 0,-1 1,1 1)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((1 1 1,0 0 1, -1 1 1, 1 1 1))')));
LINESTRING(1 1 1,0 0 1,-1 1 1,1 1 1)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((1 1 1,0 0 0.5, -1 1 1),(1 1 0.5,0 0 0.5, -1 1 0.5, 1 1 0.5) )')));
MULTIPOINT(1 1 1,-1 1 1)
SELECT ST_X(ST_StartPoint(ST_BoundingDiagonal(
  ST_Buffer(ST_Point(0,0),10)
)));
-10
SELECT ST_CoordDim('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2 3, 1 3 4, 5 6 7, 8 9 10, 11 12 13)');
3
SELECT ST_CoordDim(ST_Point(1,2));
2
SELECT ST_Dimension('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(1 1,0 0),POINT(0 0))');
1
SELECT sometable.field1, sometable.field1,
      (ST_Dump(sometable.geom)).geom AS geom
FROM sometable;

-- Break a compound curve into its constituent linestrings and circularstrings
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(a.geom), ST_HasArc(a.geom)
  FROM ( SELECT (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
         FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0),(1 0, 0 1))') AS p_geom) AS b
        ) AS a;
st_asewkt          | st_hasarc
-----------------------------+----------
 CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 1,1 0) | t
 LINESTRING(1 0,0 1)         | f
(2 rows)
SELECT (a.p_geom).path[1] As path, ST_AsEWKT((a.p_geom).geom) As geom_ewkt
  FROM (SELECT ST_Dump(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),  ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),  ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1))
)') ) AS p_geom )  AS a;
path |                geom_ewkt
------+------------------------------------------
    1 | POLYGON((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0))
    2 | POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0))
    3 | POLYGON((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0))
    4 | POLYGON((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0))
    5 | POLYGON((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0))
    6 | POLYGON((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
SELECT (g.gdump).path, ST_AsEWKT((g.gdump).geom) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_Dump(ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )') ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
path |                 wkt
------+-------------------------------------
 {1}  | TRIANGLE((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 0,0 0 0))
 {2}  | TRIANGLE((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,0 0 0))

SELECT edge_id, (dp).path[1] As index, ST_AsText((dp).geom) As wktnode
FROM (SELECT 1 As edge_id,
        ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 10 10)')) AS dp
     UNION ALL
     SELECT 2 As edge_id,
        ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(3 5, 5 6, 9 10)')) AS dp
   ) As foo;
edge_id | index |    wktnode
---------+-------+--------------
       1 |     1 | POINT(1 2)
       1 |     2 | POINT(3 4)
       1 |     3 | POINT(10 10)
       2 |     1 | POINT(3 5)
       2 |     2 | POINT(5 6)
       2 |     3 | POINT(9 10)
SELECT path, ST_AsText(geom)
FROM (
  SELECT (ST_DumpPoints(g.geom)).*
  FROM
    (SELECT
       'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
          POINT ( 0 1 ),
          LINESTRING ( 0 3, 3 4 ),
          POLYGON (( 2 0, 2 3, 0 2, 2 0 )),
          POLYGON (( 3 0, 3 3, 6 3, 6 0, 3 0 ),
                   ( 5 1, 4 2, 5 2, 5 1 )),
          MULTIPOLYGON (
                  (( 0 5, 0 8, 4 8, 4 5, 0 5 ),
                   ( 1 6, 3 6, 2 7, 1 6 )),
                  (( 5 4, 5 8, 6 7, 5 4 ))
          )
        )'::geometry AS geom
    ) AS g
  ) j;
path    | st_astext
-----------+------------
 {1,1}     | POINT(0 1)
 {2,1}     | POINT(0 3)
 {2,2}     | POINT(3 4)
 {3,1,1}   | POINT(2 0)
 {3,1,2}   | POINT(2 3)
 {3,1,3}   | POINT(0 2)
 {3,1,4}   | POINT(2 0)
 {4,1,1}   | POINT(3 0)
 {4,1,2}   | POINT(3 3)
 {4,1,3}   | POINT(6 3)
 {4,1,4}   | POINT(6 0)
 {4,1,5}   | POINT(3 0)
 {4,2,1}   | POINT(5 1)
 {4,2,2}   | POINT(4 2)
 {4,2,3}   | POINT(5 2)
 {4,2,4}   | POINT(5 1)
 {5,1,1,1} | POINT(0 5)
 {5,1,1,2} | POINT(0 8)
 {5,1,1,3} | POINT(4 8)
 {5,1,1,4} | POINT(4 5)
 {5,1,1,5} | POINT(0 5)
 {5,1,2,1} | POINT(1 6)
 {5,1,2,2} | POINT(3 6)
 {5,1,2,3} | POINT(2 7)
 {5,1,2,4} | POINT(1 6)
 {5,2,1,1} | POINT(5 4)
 {5,2,1,2} | POINT(5 8)
 {5,2,1,3} | POINT(6 7)
 {5,2,1,4} | POINT(5 4)
(29 rows)
SELECT (g.gdump).path, ST_AsEWKT((g.gdump).geom) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )') ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
path   |     wkt
---------+--------------
 {1,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {1,1,2} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {1,1,3} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {1,1,4} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {1,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,2} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {2,1,3} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {2,1,4} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {2,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {3,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {3,1,2} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {3,1,3} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {3,1,4} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {3,1,5} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {4,1,1} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {4,1,2} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {4,1,3} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {4,1,4} | POINT(1 0 0)
 {4,1,5} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {5,1,1} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {5,1,2} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {5,1,3} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {5,1,4} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {5,1,5} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {6,1,1} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {6,1,2} | POINT(1 0 1)
 {6,1,3} | POINT(1 1 1)
 {6,1,4} | POINT(0 1 1)
 {6,1,5} | POINT(0 0 1)
(30 rows)
SELECT (g.gdump).path, ST_AsText((g.gdump).geom) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromEWKT('TRIANGLE ((
                0 0,
                0 9,
                9 0,
                0 0
            ))') ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
path |    wkt
------+------------
 {1,1} | POINT(0 0)
 {1,2} | POINT(0 9)
 {1,3} | POINT(9 0)
 {1,4} | POINT(0 0)
SELECT (g.gdump).path, ST_AsEWKT((g.gdump).geom) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )') ) AS gdump
    ) AS g;
path   |     wkt
---------+--------------
 {1,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {1,1,2} | POINT(0 0 1)
 {1,1,3} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {1,1,4} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} | POINT(0 0 0)
 {2,1,2} | POINT(0 1 0)
 {2,1,3} | POINT(1 1 0)
 {2,1,4} | POINT(0 0 0)
(8 rows)
SELECT path, ST_AsText(geom)
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    LINESTRING(1 1, 3 3, 4 4),
    POLYGON((5 5, 6 6, 7 7, 5 5))
)'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;
path   │      st_astext
---------------------------------
 {1,1}   │ LINESTRING(1 1,3 3)
 {1,2}   │ LINESTRING(3 3,4 4)
 {2,1,1} │ LINESTRING(5 5,6 6)
 {2,1,2} │ LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)
 {2,1,3} │ LINESTRING(7 7,5 5)
(5 rows)
SELECT path, ST_AsText(geom)
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'TRIANGLE((
        0 0,
        0 9,
        9 0,
        0 0
    ))'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;
path  │      st_astext
 ---------------------------------
 {1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0,0 9)
 {1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 9,9 0)
 {1,3} │ LINESTRING(9 0,0 0)
(3 rows)
SELECT path, ST_AsEWKT(geom)
FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DumpSegments(g.geom)).*
    FROM (SELECT 'TIN(((
        0 0 0,
        0 0 1,
        0 1 0,
        0 0 0
    )), ((
        0 0 0,
        0 1 0,
        1 1 0,
        0 0 0
    ))
    )'::geometry AS geom
        ) AS g
) j;
path   │        st_asewkt
  ---------------------------------
 {1,1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0 0,0 0 1)
 {1,1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 0 1,0 1 0)
 {1,1,3} │ LINESTRING(0 1 0,0 0 0)
 {2,1,1} │ LINESTRING(0 0 0,0 1 0)
 {2,1,2} │ LINESTRING(0 1 0,1 1 0)
 {2,1,3} │ LINESTRING(1 1 0,0 0 0)
(6 rows)
SELECT polyTable.field1, polyTable.field1,
          (ST_DumpRings(polyTable.geom)).geom As geom
FROM polyTable

SELECT path, ST_AsText(geom) As geom
        FROM ST_DumpRings('POLYGON ((1 9, 9 9, 9 1, 1 1, 1 9), (2 2, 2 3, 3 3, 3 2, 2 2), (4 2, 4 4, 6 4, 6 2, 4 2))');
path |              geom
------+--------------------------------
 {0}  | POLYGON((1 9,9 9,9 1,1 1,1 9))
 {1}  | POLYGON((2 2,2 3,3 3,3 2,2 2))
 {2}  | POLYGON((4 2,4 4,6 4,6 2,4 2))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_EndPoint('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2, 3 3)'::geometry));
POINT(3 3)
SELECT ST_EndPoint('POINT(1 1)'::geometry) IS NULL AS is_null;
t
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_EndPoint('LINESTRING(1 1 2, 1 2 3, 0 0 5)'));
POINT(0 0 5)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_EndPoint('CIRCULARSTRING(5 2,-3 2, -2 1, -4 2, 6 3)'::geometry));
POINT(6 3)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_EndPoint('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 1 1, 2 0))'::geometry));
POINT(2 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope('POINT(1 3)'::geometry));
POINT(1 3)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 3)'::geometry));
POLYGON((0 0,0 3,1 3,1 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1.0000001 1, 1.0000001 0, 0 0))'::geometry));
POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1.0000001 1,1.0000001 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1.0000000001 1, 1.0000000001 0, 0 0))'::geometry));
POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1.0000000001 1,1.0000000001 0,0 0))
SELECT Box3D(geom), Box2D(geom), ST_AsText(ST_Envelope(geom)) As envelopewkt
        FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1000012333334.34545678, 1.0000001 1, 1.0000001 0, 0 0))'::geometry As geom) As foo;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Envelope(ST_Collect(
                        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)'),
                        ST_Point(20, 80)
                        ))) As wktenv;
POLYGON((20 75,20 150,125 150,125 75,20 75))
SELECT gid, ST_ExteriorRing(geom) AS ering
FROM sometable;

--If you have a table of MULTIPOLYGONs
--and want to return a MULTILINESTRING composed of the exterior rings of each polygon
SELECT gid, ST_Collect(ST_ExteriorRing(geom)) AS erings
        FROM (SELECT gid, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom As geom
                        FROM sometable) As foo
GROUP BY gid;

--3d Example
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_ExteriorRing(
        ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((0 0 1, 1 1 1, 1 2 1, 1 1 1, 0 0 1))')
        )
);
LINESTRING(0 0 1,1 1 1,1 2 1,1 1 1,0 0 1)
SELECT n, ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeometryN(geom, n)) As geomewkt
FROM (
VALUES (ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTIPOINT((1 2 7), (3 4 7), (5 6 7), (8 9 10))') ),
( ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTICURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5,4.5 2.5, 3.5 3.5), (10 11, 12 11))') )
        )As foo(geom)
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,100) n
WHERE n <= ST_NumGeometries(geom);

 n |               geomewkt
---+-----------------------------------------
 1 | POINT(1 2 7)
 2 | POINT(3 4 7)
 3 | POINT(5 6 7)
 4 | POINT(8 9 10)
 1 | CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5,4.5 2.5,3.5 3.5)
 2 | LINESTRING(10 11,12 11)

--Extracting all geometries (useful when you want to assign an id)
SELECT gid, n, ST_GeometryN(geom, n)
FROM sometable CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,100) n
WHERE n <= ST_NumGeometries(geom);

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeometryN(p_geom,3)) As geom_ewkt
  FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1))
)')  AS p_geom )  AS a;
POLYGON((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeometryN(geom,2)) as wkt
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')  AS geom
    ) AS g;
TRIANGLE((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,0 0 0))
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
                        ST_LineString
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
                        ST_PolyhedralSurface
SELECT ST_GeometryType(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
                        ST_PolyhedralSurface
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geom) as result
  FROM
    (SELECT
       ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')  AS geom
    ) AS g;
ST_Tin
SELECT ST_HasArc(ST_Collect('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 5 6)', 'CIRCULARSTRING(1 1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 5 6)'));
t
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_InteriorRingN(geom, 1)) As geom
FROM (SELECT ST_BuildArea(ST_Collect(
                        ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,2), 20,3),
                        ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1, 2), 10,3))) As geom
                )  as foo;

-- Returns 3
SELECT ST_NumCurves('COMPOUNDCURVE(
    (2 2, 2.5 2.5),
    CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5, 4.5 2.5, 3.5 3.5),
    (3.5 3.5, 2.5 4.5, 3 5, 2 2)
  )');

-- Returns 0
SELECT ST_NumCurves('COMPOUNDCURVE EMPTY');

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CurveN(
  'COMPOUNDCURVE(
    (2 2, 2.5 2.5),
    CIRCULARSTRING(2.5 2.5, 4.5 2.5, 3.5 3.5),
    (3.5 3.5, 2.5 4.5, 3 5, 2 2)
  )',
  1));

SELECT ST_IsClosed('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsClosed('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0)'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsClosed('MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0),(0 0, 1 1))'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsClosed('POINT(0 0)'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsClosed('MULTIPOINT((0 0), (1 1))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsClosed(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
t
SELECT ST_IsClosed(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)) )'));
f
SELECT ST_IsCollection('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT EMPTY'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT((0 0))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsCollection('MULTIPOINT((0 0), (42 42))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsCollection('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY'));
t
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON EMPTY'));
t
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 1 2))'));
f
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 1 2))')) = false;
t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING EMPTY'));
t
SELECT ST_IsRing(geom), ST_IsClosed(geom), ST_IsSimple(geom)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
st_isring | st_isclosed | st_issimple
-----------+-------------+-------------
 t         | t           | t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_IsRing(geom), ST_IsClosed(geom), ST_IsSimple(geom)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 0, 1 1, 0 0)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
st_isring | st_isclosed | st_issimple
-----------+-------------+-------------
 f         | t           | f
(1 row)
SELECT ST_IsSimple(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 1 2))'));
f
SELECT ST_IsSimple(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 1,2 2,2 3.5,1 3,1 2,2 1)'));
f
SELECT ST_M(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
4
--Return how much byte space Boston takes up  in our Mass data set
SELECT pg_size_pretty(SUM(ST_MemSize(geom))) as totgeomsum,
pg_size_pretty(SUM(CASE WHEN town = 'BOSTON' THEN ST_MemSize(geom) ELSE 0 END)) As bossum,
CAST(SUM(CASE WHEN town = 'BOSTON' THEN ST_MemSize(geom) ELSE 0 END)*1.00 /
                SUM(ST_MemSize(geom))*100 As numeric(10,2)) As perbos
FROM towns;

totgeomsum        bossum        perbos
----------        ------        ------
1522 kB                30 kB        1.99

SELECT ST_MemSize(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'));

---
73

--What percentage of our table is taken up by just the geometry
SELECT pg_total_relation_size('public.neighborhoods') As fulltable_size, sum(ST_MemSize(geom)) As geomsize,
sum(ST_MemSize(geom))*1.00/pg_total_relation_size('public.neighborhoods')*100 As pergeom
FROM neighborhoods;
fulltable_size geomsize  pergeom
------------------------------------------------
262144         96238         36.71188354492187500000

SELECT ST_NDims(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 1)')) As d2point,
        ST_NDims(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 1 2)')) As d3point,
        ST_NDims(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINTM(1 1 0.5)')) As d2pointm;
d2point | d3point | d2pointm
---------+---------+----------
           2 |       3 |        3
SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
4

--Polygon in 3D space
SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07 1,77.42 29.26 0,77.27 29.31 -1,77.29 29.07 3)'))
4
SELECT ST_NRings(geom) As Nrings, ST_NumInteriorRings(geom) As ninterrings
                                        FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 1 2))') As geom) As foo;
nrings | ninterrings
--------+-------------
          1 |           0
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NumGeometries(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
1

--Geometry Collection Example - multis count as one geom in a collection
SELECT ST_NumGeometries(ST_GeomFromEWKT('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTIPOINT((-2 3),(-2 2)),
LINESTRING(5 5 ,10 10),
POLYGON((-7 4.2,-7.1 5,-7.1 4.3,-7 4.2)))'));
3

SELECT gid, field1, field2, ST_NumInteriorRings(geom) AS numholes
FROM sometable;

--If you have multipolygons
--And you want to know the total number of interior rings in the MULTIPOLYGON
SELECT gid, field1, field2, SUM(ST_NumInteriorRings(geom)) AS numholes
FROM (SELECT gid, field1, field2, (ST_Dump(geom)).geom As geom
        FROM sometable) As foo
GROUP BY gid, field1,field2;

SELECT ST_NumPatches(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
                6

SELECT ST_NumPoints(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
                4

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_PatchN(geom, 2)) As geomewkt
FROM (
VALUES (ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
        ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
        ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )')) ) As foo(geom);
POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointN(
          column1,
          generate_series(1, ST_NPoints(column1))
   ))
FROM ( VALUES ('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'::geometry) ) AS foo;
POINT(0 0)
 POINT(1 1)
 POINT(2 2)
(3 rows)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointN(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2, 3 2, 1 2)'), 2));
POINT(3 2)
SELECT ST_AsText(f)
FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0 0, 1 1 1, 2 2 2)') AS g
  CROSS JOIN ST_PointN(g, -2) AS f; -- 1 based index
POINT Z (1 1 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Points('POLYGON Z ((30 10 4,10 30 5,40 40 6, 30 10))'));

MULTIPOINT Z ((30 10 4),(10 30 5),(40 40 6),(30 10 4))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_StartPoint('LINESTRING(0 1, 0 2)'::geometry));
POINT(0 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_StartPoint('POINT(0 1)'::geometry));
POINT(0 1)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_StartPoint('LINESTRING(0 1 1, 0 2 2)'::geometry));
POINT(0 1 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_StartPoint('CIRCULARSTRING(5 2,-3 2, -2 1, -4 2, 6 3)'::geometry));
POINT(5 2)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_StartPoint('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 1 1, 2 0))'::geometry));
POINT(0 0)
SELECT ST_StartM('LINESTRING M(0 0 10, 1 1 20, 2 0 30)'::geometry);
10
SELECT ST_StartM('CIRCULARSTRING M(0 0 5, 1 1 10, 2 0 15)'::geometry);
5
SELECT ST_StartM('NURBSCURVE M(2, (0 0 100, 1 1 200, 2 0 300))'::geometry);
100
SELECT ST_StartM('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry) IS NULL AS is_null;
t
SELECT ST_EndM('LINESTRING M(0 0 10, 1 1 20, 2 0 30)'::geometry);
30
SELECT ST_EndM('CIRCULARSTRING M(0 0 5, 1 1 10, 2 0 15)'::geometry);
15
SELECT ST_EndM('NURBSCURVE M(2, (0 0 100, 1 1 200, 2 0 300))'::geometry);
300
SELECT ST_EndM('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry) IS NULL AS is_null;
t
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetStartM('LINESTRING M(0 0 10, 1 1 20, 2 0 30)'::geometry, 100));
LINESTRING M (0 0 100,1 1 20,2 0 30)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetStartM('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 0)'::geometry, 50));
LINESTRING M (0 0 50,1 1 0,2 0 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetStartM('CIRCULARSTRING M(0 0 5, 1 1 10, 2 0 15)'::geometry, 99));
CIRCULARSTRING M (0 0 99,1 1 10,2 0 15)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetStartM('NURBSCURVE M(2, (0 0 100, 1 1 200, 2 0 300))'::geometry, 500));
NURBSCURVE M (DEGREE 2,CONTROLPOINTS M (NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (0 0 500),WEIGHT 1),NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (1 1 200),WEIGHT 1),NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (2 0 300),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3),KNOT(1,3)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetEndM('LINESTRING M(0 0 10, 1 1 20, 2 0 30)'::geometry, 999));
LINESTRING M (0 0 10,1 1 20,2 0 999)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetEndM('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 0)'::geometry, 75));
LINESTRING M (0 0 0,1 1 0,2 0 75)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetEndM('CIRCULARSTRING M(0 0 5, 1 1 10, 2 0 15)'::geometry, 88));
CIRCULARSTRING M (0 0 5,1 1 10,2 0 88)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetEndM('NURBSCURVE M(2, (0 0 100, 1 1 200, 2 0 300))'::geometry, 999));
NURBSCURVE M (DEGREE 2,CONTROLPOINTS M (NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (0 0 100),WEIGHT 1),NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (1 1 200),WEIGHT 1),NURBSPOINT(WEIGHTEDPOINT M (2 0 999),WEIGHT 1)),KNOTS (KNOT(0,3),KNOT(1,3)))
SELECT ST_Summary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)')) as geom,
        ST_Summary(ST_GeogFromText('POLYGON((0 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 1, 0 0))')) geog;
geom             |          geog
-----------------------------+--------------------------
 LineString[B] with 2 points | Polygon[BGS] with 1 rings
                             | ring 0 has 5 points
                             :
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Summary(ST_GeogFromText('LINESTRING(0 0 1, 1 1 1)')) As geog_line,
        ST_Summary(ST_GeomFromText('SRID=4326;POLYGON((0 0 1, 1 1 2, 1 2 3, 1 1 1, 0 0 1))')) As geom_poly;
geog_line             |        geom_poly
-------------------------------- +--------------------------
 LineString[ZBGS] with 2 points | Polygon[ZBS] with 1 rings
                                :    ring 0 has 5 points
                                :
(1 row)
SELECT ST_X(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
1
SELECT ST_Y(ST_Centroid(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4, 1 1 1 1)')));
1.5
SELECT ST_Y(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
2
SELECT ST_Y(ST_Centroid(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4, 1 1 1 1)')));
1.5
SELECT ST_Z(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
3
SELECT ST_ZMFlag(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'));
0
SELECT ST_ZMFlag(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRINGM(1 2 3, 3 4 3)'));
1
SELECT ST_ZMFlag(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 2 3, 3 4 3, 5 6 3)'));
2
SELECT ST_ZMFlag(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2 3 4)'));
3
SELECT ST_HasZ(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2 3)'));
 true

SELECT ST_HasZ(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'));
 false

SELECT ST_HasM(ST_GeomFromText('POINTM(1 2 3)'));
 true

SELECT ST_HasM(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'));
 false

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ControlPoints('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry));
MULTIPOINT((0 0),(5 10),(10 0))
SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_ControlPoints('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry));
3
SELECT ST_Degree('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
2
SELECT ST_Degree('NURBSCURVE(3, (0 0, 2 5, 5 8, 10 0))'::geometry) = 3;
t
SELECT ST_Weights(ST_MakeNurbsCurve(2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 10, 10 0)'::geometry, ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0]));
{1,2,1}
SELECT ST_Weights('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
null
SELECT ST_Knots(ST_MakeNurbsCurve(
                2,
                'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 10, 10 0)'::geometry,
                ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0],
                ARRAY[0,0,0,1,1,1]));
{0,0,0,1,1,1}
SELECT ST_Knots('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
null
SELECT ST_NumControlPoints('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
3
SELECT ST_NumControlPoints(curve) 
>= ST_Degree(curve) + 1 AS valid
FROM (SELECT 'NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry AS curve) AS t;
t
SELECT ST_NurbsCurveIsRational(ST_MakeNurbsCurve(
                2,
                'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 10, 10 0)'::geometry,
                ARRAY[1.0, 2.0, 1.0]));
t
SELECT ST_NurbsCurveIsRational('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_IsNurbsCurve('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_IsNurbsCurve('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Evaluate('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry, 0.5));
SELECT t, ST_AsText(ST_Evaluate(curve, t)) AS point
FROM (SELECT 'NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry AS curve) AS c,
             generate_series(0, 1, 0.25) AS t;
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_NurbsToLineString('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry));
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_NurbsToLineString('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry, 64));
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_NurbsToLineString('NURBSCURVE(2, (0 0, 5 10, 10 0))'::geometry, 16));
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_AddPoint('LINESTRING(0 0 1, 1 1 1)', ST_MakePoint(1, 2, 3)));
LINESTRING(0 0 1,1 1 1,1 2 3)
UPDATE sometable
SET geom = ST_AddPoint(geom, ST_StartPoint(geom))
FROM sometable
WHERE ST_IsClosed(geom) = false;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionExtract('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION( POINT(0 0), LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2) )'));
MULTILINESTRING((1 1, 2 2))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionExtract('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0)))',
                1));
MULTIPOINT((0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionExtract('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)),LINESTRING(2 2, 3 3))',
                2));
MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 1 1), (2 2, 3 3))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0))'));
POINT(0 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTIPOINT((0 0)))'));
POINT(0 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0),POINT(1 1))'));
MULTIPOINT((0 0),(1 1))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0), GEOMETRYCOLLECTION( LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)))'));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0),LINESTRING(1 1,2 2))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CollectionHomogenize('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((10 50, 50 50, 50 10, 10 10, 10 50)), POLYGON ((90 50, 90 10, 50 10, 50 50, 90 50)))'));
MULTIPOLYGON(((10 50,50 50,50 10,10 10,10 50)),((90 50,90 10,50 10,50 50,90 50)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CurveToLine(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)')));
LINESTRING(220268 150415,220269.95064912 150416.539364228,220271.823415575 150418.17258804,220273.613787707 150419.895736857,
 220275.317452352 150421.704659462,220276.930305234 150423.594998003,220278.448460847 150425.562198489,
 220279.868261823 150427.60152176,220281.186287736 150429.708054909,220282.399363347 150431.876723113,
 220283.50456625 150434.10230186,220284.499233914 150436.379429536,220285.380970099 150438.702620341,220286.147650624 150441.066277505,
 220286.797428488 150443.464706771,220287.328738321 150445.892130112,220287.740300149 150448.342699654,
 220288.031122486 150450.810511759,220288.200504713 150453.289621251,220288.248038775 150455.77405574,
 220288.173610157 150458.257830005,220287.977398166 150460.734960415,220287.659875492 150463.199479347,
 220287.221807076 150465.64544956,220286.664248262 150468.066978495,220285.988542259 150470.458232479,220285.196316903 150472.81345077,
 220284.289480732 150475.126959442,220283.270218395 150477.39318505,220282.140985384 150479.606668057,
 220280.90450212 150481.762075989,220279.5637474 150483.85421628,220278.12195122 150485.87804878,
 220276.582586992 150487.828697901,220274.949363179 150489.701464356,220273.226214362 150491.491836488,
 220271.417291757 150493.195501133,220269.526953216 150494.808354014,220267.559752731 150496.326509628,
 220265.520429459 150497.746310603,220263.41389631 150499.064336517,220261.245228106 150500.277412127,
 220259.019649359 150501.38261503,220256.742521683 150502.377282695,220254.419330878 150503.259018879,
 220252.055673714 150504.025699404,220249.657244448 150504.675477269,220247.229821107 150505.206787101,
 220244.779251566 150505.61834893,220242.311439461 150505.909171266,220239.832329968 150506.078553494,
 220237.347895479 150506.126087555,220234.864121215 150506.051658938,220232.386990804 150505.855446946,
 220229.922471872 150505.537924272,220227.47650166 150505.099855856,220225.054972724 150504.542297043,
 220222.663718741 150503.86659104,220220.308500449 150503.074365683,
 220217.994991777 150502.167529512,220215.72876617 150501.148267175,
 220213.515283163 150500.019034164,220211.35987523 150498.7825509,
 220209.267734939 150497.441796181,220207.243902439 150496,
 220205.293253319 150494.460635772,220203.420486864 150492.82741196,220201.630114732 150491.104263143,
 220199.926450087 150489.295340538,220198.313597205 150487.405001997,220196.795441592 150485.437801511,
 220195.375640616 150483.39847824,220194.057614703 150481.291945091,220192.844539092 150479.123276887,220191.739336189 150476.89769814,
 220190.744668525 150474.620570464,220189.86293234 150472.297379659,220189.096251815 150469.933722495,
 220188.446473951 150467.535293229,220187.915164118 150465.107869888,220187.50360229 150462.657300346,
 220187.212779953 150460.189488241,220187.043397726 150457.710378749,220186.995863664 150455.22594426,
 220187.070292282 150452.742169995,220187.266504273 150450.265039585,220187.584026947 150447.800520653,
 220188.022095363 150445.35455044,220188.579654177 150442.933021505,220189.25536018 150440.541767521,
 220190.047585536 150438.18654923,220190.954421707 150435.873040558,220191.973684044 150433.60681495,
 220193.102917055 150431.393331943,220194.339400319 150429.237924011,220195.680155039 150427.14578372,220197.12195122 150425.12195122,
 220198.661315447 150423.171302099,220200.29453926 150421.298535644,220202.017688077 150419.508163512,220203.826610682 150417.804498867,
 220205.716949223 150416.191645986,220207.684149708 150414.673490372,220209.72347298 150413.253689397,220211.830006129 150411.935663483,
 220213.998674333 150410.722587873,220216.22425308 150409.61738497,220218.501380756 150408.622717305,220220.824571561 150407.740981121,
 220223.188228725 150406.974300596,220225.586657991 150406.324522731,220227 150406)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_CurveToLine(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)')));
LINESTRING(220268 150415 1,220269.95064912 150416.539364228 1.0181172856673,
 220271.823415575 150418.17258804 1.03623457133459,220273.613787707 150419.895736857 1.05435185700189,....AD INFINITUM ....
    220225.586657991 150406.324522731 1.32611114201132,220227 150406 3)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CurveToLine(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'),2));
LINESTRING(220268 150415,220287.740300149 150448.342699654,220278.12195122 150485.87804878,
 220244.779251566 150505.61834893,220207.243902439 150496,220187.50360229 150462.657300346,
 220197.12195122 150425.12195122,220227 150406)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CurveToLine('CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,100 -100,200 0)'::geometry,
                20, -- Tolerance
                1, -- Above is max distance between curve and line
                1  -- Symmetric flag
));
LINESTRING(0 0,49.99999999999996 -86.60254037844383,149.99999999999994 -86.6025403784439,200 0)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Scroll('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(0 0 0 1, 10 0 2 0, 5 5 4 2,0 0 0 1)', 'POINT(5 5 4 2)'));
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(5 5 4 2,0 0 0 1,10 0 2 0,5 5 4 2)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_FlipCoordinates(GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 2)')));
POINT(2 1)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force2D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,5 6)
SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force2D('POLYGON((0 0 2,0 5 2,5 0 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,3 1 2,1 3 2,1 1 2))'));
POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)
SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3D('POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))'));
POLYGON((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3DZ(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2,2 3 2,4 5 2,6 7 2,5 6 2)
SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3DZ('POLYGON((0 0,0 5,5 0,0 0),(1 1,3 1,1 3,1 1))'));
POLYGON((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3DM(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
CIRCULARSTRINGM(1 1 0,2 3 0,4 5 0,6 7 0,5 6 0)
SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force3DM('POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))'));
POLYGONM((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,3 1 0,1 3 0,1 1 0))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force4D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2, 2 3 2, 4 5 2, 6 7 2, 5 6 2)')));
CIRCULARSTRING(1 1 2 0,2 3 2 0,4 5 2 0,6 7 2 0,5 6 2 0)
SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_Force4D('MULTILINESTRINGM((0 0 1,0 5 2,5 0 3,0 0 4),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))'));
MULTILINESTRING((0 0 0 1,0 5 0 2,5 0 0 3,0 0 0 4),(1 1 0 1,3 1 0 1,1 3 0 1,1 1 0 1))
SELECT  ST_AsEWKT(ST_ForceCollection('POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1))'));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0 1,0 5 1,5 0 1,0 0 1),(1 1 1,3 1 1,1 3 1,1 1 1)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ForceCollection('CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406)'));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(CIRCULARSTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,220227 150406))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_ForceCollection('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
 ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
 ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
 ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)))'));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
  POLYGON((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
  POLYGON((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
  POLYGON((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
  POLYGON((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1))
)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ForceCurve('POLYGON((0 0 2, 5 0 2, 0 5 2, 0 0 2),(1 1 2, 1 3 2, 3 1 2, 1 1 2))'::geometry
  )
);
CURVEPOLYGON Z ((0 0 2,5 0 2,0 5 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,1 3 2,3 1 2,1 1 2))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_ForceRHR('POLYGON((0 0 2, 5 0 2, 0 5 2, 0 0 2),(1 1 2, 1 3 2, 3 1 2, 1 1 2))'
  )
);
POLYGON((0 0 2,0 5 2,5 0 2,0 0 2),(1 1 2,3 1 2,1 3 2,1 1 2))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineExtend('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 10)'::geometry, 5, 6));
LINESTRING(0 -6,0 0,0 10,0 15)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineToCurve(foo.geom)) As curvedastext,ST_AsText(foo.geom) As non_curvedastext
    FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)'::geometry, 3) As geom) As foo;

curvedatext                                                            non_curvedastext
--------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(4 3,3.12132034355964 0.878679656440359, | POLYGON((4 3,3.94235584120969 2.41472903395162,3.77163859753386 1.85194970290473,
1 0,-1.12132034355965 5.12132034355963,4 3))                        |  3.49440883690764 1.33328930094119,3.12132034355964 0.878679656440359,
                                                                    |  2.66671069905881 0.505591163092366,2.14805029709527 0.228361402466141,
                                                                    |  1.58527096604839 0.0576441587903094,1 0,
                                                                    |  0.414729033951621 0.0576441587903077,-0.148050297095264 0.228361402466137,
                                                                    |  -0.666710699058802 0.505591163092361,-1.12132034355964 0.878679656440353,
                                                                    |  -1.49440883690763 1.33328930094119,-1.77163859753386 1.85194970290472
                                                                    |  --ETC-- ,3.94235584120969 3.58527096604839,4 3))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineToCurve(geom)) As curved, ST_AsText(geom) AS not_curved
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_Force3D(ST_Boundary(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,3), 2,2))),0,0,3) AS geom) AS foo;
curved                                      | not_curved
--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CIRCULARSTRING Z (3 3 3,-1 3 3,3 3 3)      | LINESTRING Z (3 3 3,2.414213562373095 1.585786437626905 3,1 1 3,-0.414213562373095 1.585786437626905 3,-1 3 3,-0.414213562373095 4.414213562373095 3,1 5 3,2.414213562373095 4.414213562373096 3,3 3 3)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Multi('POLYGON ((10 30, 30 30, 30 10, 10 10, 10 30))'));
MULTIPOLYGON(((10 30,30 30,30 10,10 10,10 30)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Normalize(ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    POINT(2 3),
    MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 1 1),(2 2, 3 3)),
    POLYGON(
      (0 10,0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10),
      (4 2,2 2,2 4,4 4,4 2),
      (6 8,8 8,8 6,6 6,6 8)
    )
  )'
)));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0,0 10,10 10,10 0,0 0),(6 6,8 6,8 8,6 8,6 6),(2 2,4 2,4 4,2 4,2 2)),MULTILINESTRING((2 2,3 3),(0 0,1 1)),POINT(2 3))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Project('POINT(0 0)'::geography, 100000, radians(45.0)));
POINT(0.635231029125537 0.639472334729198)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_QuantizeCoordinates('POINT (100.123456 0)'::geometry, 4));
POINT(100.12344360351562 0)
WITH test AS (SELECT 'POINT (123.456789123456 123.456789123456)'::geometry AS geom)
SELECT
  digits,
  encode(ST_QuantizeCoordinates(geom, digits), 'hex'),
  ST_AsText(ST_QuantizeCoordinates(geom, digits))
FROM test, generate_series(15, -15, -1) AS digits;
digits |                   encode                   |                  st_astext
--------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------
     15 | 01010000005f9a72083cdd5e405f9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
     14 | 01010000005f9a72083cdd5e405f9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456789123456 123.456789123456)
     13 | 01010000005e9a72083cdd5e405e9a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912345599 123.45678912345599)
     12 | 0101000000409a72083cdd5e40409a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912345556 123.45678912345556)
     11 | 0101000000009a72083cdd5e40009a72083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912345466 123.45678912345466)
     10 | 0101000000009872083cdd5e40009872083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912344738 123.45678912344738)
      9 | 0101000000008072083cdd5e40008072083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912336007 123.45678912336007)
      8 | 0101000000000070083cdd5e40000070083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678912103176 123.45678912103176)
      7 | 0101000000000060083cdd5e40000060083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.4567891061306 123.4567891061306)
      6 | 0101000000000000083cdd5e40000000083cdd5e40 | POINT(123.45678901672363 123.45678901672363)
      5 | 0101000000000000003cdd5e40000000003cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456787109375 123.456787109375)
      4 | 0101000000000000003cdd5e40000000003cdd5e40 | POINT(123.456787109375 123.456787109375)
      3 | 01010000000000000038dd5e400000000038dd5e40 | POINT(123.45654296875 123.45654296875)
      2 | 01010000000000000000dd5e400000000000dd5e40 | POINT(123.453125 123.453125)
      1 | 01010000000000000000dc5e400000000000dc5e40 | POINT(123.4375 123.4375)
      0 | 01010000000000000000c05e400000000000c05e40 | POINT(123 123)
     -1 | 01010000000000000000005e400000000000005e40 | POINT(120 120)
     -2 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -3 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -4 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -5 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -6 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -7 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -8 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
     -9 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -10 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -11 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -12 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -13 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -14 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
    -15 | 010100000000000000000058400000000000005840 | POINT(96 96)
(31 rows)
UPDATE sometable
        SET geom = ST_RemovePoint(geom, ST_NPoints(geom) - 1)
        FROM sometable
        WHERE ST_IsClosed(geom);

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints('MULTIPOINT ((1 1), (2 2), (3 3), (2 2))'));
MULTIPOINT((1 1),(2 2),(3 3))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints('LINESTRING (0 0, 0 0, 1 1, 0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'));
LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,0 0,1 1,2 2)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (LINESTRING (1 1, 2 2, 2 2, 3 3), POINT (4 4), POINT (4 4), POINT (5 5))'));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(1 1,2 2,3 3),POINT(4 4),POINT(4 4),POINT(5 5))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints('LINESTRING (0 0, 0 0, 1 1, 5 5, 1 1, 2 2)', 2));
LINESTRING(0 0,5 5,2 2)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((10 10, 20 10, 30 10, 40 10, 20 20, 10 20, 10 10)),((10 10, 20 10, 20 20, 10 20, 10 10)))'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18), true));
MULTIPOLYGON(((10 10,40 10,20 20,10 20,10 10)),((10 10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10 10)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 10 0,20 0,30 0), (0 15, 5 15, 10 15, 15 15, 20 15, 25 15, 30 15, 40 15), (13 13,15 15,17 17))'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18), true));
MULTILINESTRING((10 15,15 15,20 15),(13 13,15 15,17 17))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 0,20 0,30 0)'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18), true));
LINESTRING EMPTY
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 30, 15 30, 30 30, 30 0, 0 0, 0 30))'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18), true));
POLYGON((15 30,30 0,0 0,15 30))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 30, 15 30, 30 30, 30 0, 0 0, 0 30))'),
                        ST_MakeEnvelope(12,12,18,18)));
POLYGON((0 30,30 30,30 0,0 0,0 30))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveSmallParts(ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
                                ((60 160, 120 160, 120 220, 60 220, 60 160), (70 170, 70 210, 110 210, 110 170, 70 170)),
                                ((85 75, 155 75, 155 145, 85 145, 85 75)),
                                ((50 110, 70 110, 70 130, 50 130, 50 110)))'),
                                50, 50));
MULTIPOLYGON(((60 160,120 160,120 220,60 220,60 160)),((85 75,155 75,155 145,85 145,85 75)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_RemoveSmallParts(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(10 10, 20 20)'),
                                50, 50));
LINESTRING EMPTY
SELECT ST_AsText(geom) as line, ST_AsText(ST_Reverse(geom)) As reverseline
FROM ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,2), ST_Point(1,10)) As geom;
line         |     reverseline
---------------------+----------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,1 10) | LINESTRING(1 10,1 2)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Segmentize('MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 0 1, 0 9),(1 10, 1 18))'::geometry,
                5));
MULTILINESTRING((0 0,0 1,0 5,0 9),(1 10,1 14,1 18))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Segmentize('POLYGON((0 0, 0 8, 30 0, 0 0))'::geometry,
                10));
POLYGON((0 0,0 8,7.5 6,15 4,22.5 2,30 0,20 0,10 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Segmentize(('LINESTRING (0 0, 60 60)'::geography), 2000000));
LINESTRING(0 0,4.252632294621186 8.43596525986862,8.69579947419404 16.824093489701564,13.550465473227048 25.107950473646188,19.1066053508691 33.21091076089908,25.779290201459894 41.01711439406505,34.188839517966954 48.337222885886,45.238153936612264 54.84733442373889,60 60)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetPoint('LINESTRING(-1 2,-1 3)', 0, 'POINT(-1 1)'));
LINESTRING(-1 1,-1 3)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SetPoint(foo.geom, ST_NumPoints(foo.geom) - 1, ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(-1 1 3)')))
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(-1 2 3,-1 3 4, 5 6 7)') As geom) As foo;
LINESTRING(-1 2 3,-1 3 4,-1 1 3)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetPoint(g, -3, p))
FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2, 3 3, 4 4)') AS g
        CROSS JOIN ST_PointN(g,1) as p;
LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,0 0,3 3,4 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;POINT(270 0)'::geometry))
POINT(-90 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;POINT(-90 0)'::geometry))
POINT(270 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ShiftLongitude('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(174 12, 182 13)'::geometry))
LINESTRING(174 12,-178 13)
select ST_WrapX(geom, 0, 360);

-- Move all components of the given geometries whose bounding box
-- falls completely on the left of x=-30 to +360
select ST_WrapX(geom, -30, 360);

UPDATE mytable
   SET geom = ST_SnapToGrid(geom, 0.001);

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SnapToGrid(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1.1115678 2.123, 4.111111 3.2374897, 4.11112 3.23748667)'),
                0.001));
LINESTRING(1.112 2.123,4.111 3.237)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SnapToGrid(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(-1.1115678 2.123 2.3456 1.11111,
                4.111111 3.2374897 3.1234 1.1111, -1.11111112 2.123 2.3456 1.1111112)'),
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1.12 2.22 3.2 4.4444)'),
                0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.01));
LINESTRING(-1.08 2.12 2.3 1.1144,4.12 3.22 3.1 1.1144,-1.08 2.12 2.3 1.1144)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SnapToGrid(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(-1.1115678 2.123 3 2.3456,
                4.111111 3.2374897 3.1234 1.1111)'),
           0.01)      );
LINESTRING(-1.11 2.12 3 2.3456,4.11 3.24 3.1234 1.1111)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Snap(poly,line, ST_Distance(poly,line)*1.01)) AS polysnapped
FROM (SELECT
   ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     ((26 125, 26 200, 126 200, 126 125, 26 125 ),
      ( 51 150, 101 150, 76 175, 51 150 )),
      (( 151 100, 151 200, 176 175, 151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107, 54 84, 101 100)') As line
        ) As foo;
MULTIPOLYGON(((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,101 100,26 125),
 (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150)),((151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100)))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Snap(poly,line, ST_Distance(poly,line)*1.25)
  ) AS polysnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
    (( 26 125, 26 200, 126 200, 126 125, 26 125 ),
      ( 51 150, 101 150, 76 175, 51 150 )),
      (( 151 100, 151 200, 176 175, 151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107, 54 84, 101 100)') As line
        ) As foo;
MULTIPOLYGON(((5 107,26 200,126 200,126 125,101 100,54 84,5 107),
(51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150)),((151 100,151 200,176 175,151 100)))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Snap(line, poly, ST_Distance(poly,line)*1.01)
  ) AS linesnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     ((26 125, 26 200, 126 200, 126 125, 26 125),
      (51 150, 101 150, 76 175, 51 150 )),
      ((151 100, 151 200, 176 175, 151 100)))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107, 54 84, 101 100)') As line
        ) As foo;
LINESTRING(5 107,26 125,54 84,101 100)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Snap(line, poly, ST_Distance(poly,line)*1.25)
  ) AS linesnapped
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(
     (( 26 125, 26 200, 126 200, 126 125, 26 125 ),
      (51 150, 101 150, 76 175, 51 150 )),
      ((151 100, 151 200, 176 175, 151 100 )))') As poly,
       ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (5 107, 54 84, 101 100)') As line
        ) As foo;
LINESTRING(26 125,54 84,101 100)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SwapOrdinates(ST_Scale(ST_SwapOrdinates(g,'xm'),
      2, 1
    ),
  'xm')
) FROM ( SELECT 'POINT ZM (0 0 0 2)'::geometry g ) foo;
POINT ZM (0 0 0 4)
SELECT ST_IsValid(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)')) As good_line,
        ST_IsValid(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 1, 0 0))')) As bad_poly;
NOTICE:  Self-intersection at or near point 0 0
 good_line | bad_poly
-----------+----------
 t         | f

SELECT gid, reason(ST_IsValidDetail(geom)), ST_AsText(location(ST_IsValidDetail(geom))) as location
FROM
(SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_ExteriorRing(e.buff), array_agg(f.line)) As geom, gid
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1) As buff, x1*10 + y1*100 + z1*1000 As gid
        FROM generate_series(-4,6) x1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,8) z1
        WHERE x1 
> y1*0.5 AND z1 < x1*y1) As e
        INNER JOIN (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1)),y1*1, z1*2) As line
        FROM generate_series(-3,6) x1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10) z1
        WHERE x1 
> y1*0.75 AND z1 < x1*y1) As f
ON (ST_Area(e.buff) 
> 78 AND ST_Contains(e.buff, f.line))
GROUP BY gid, e.buff) As quintuplet_experiment
WHERE ST_IsValid(geom) = false
ORDER BY gid
LIMIT 3;

 gid  |      reason       |  location
------+-------------------+-------------
 5330 | Self-intersection | POINT(32 5)
 5340 | Self-intersection | POINT(42 5)
 5350 | Self-intersection | POINT(52 5)

 --simple example
SELECT * FROM ST_IsValidDetail('LINESTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,222020 150410)');

 valid | reason | location
-------+--------+----------
 t     |        |

SELECT ST_IsValidReason(
    'POLYGON ((100 200, 100 100, 200 200,
     200 100, 100 200))'::geometry) as validity_info;
Self-intersection[150 150]

SELECT gid, ST_IsValidReason(geom) as validity_info
FROM
(SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_ExteriorRing(e.buff), array_agg(f.line)) As geom, gid
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1) As buff, x1*10 + y1*100 + z1*1000 As gid
        FROM generate_series(-4,6) x1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,8) z1
        WHERE x1 
> y1*0.5 AND z1 < x1*y1) As e
        INNER JOIN (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x1*10,y1), z1)),y1*1, z1*2) As line
        FROM generate_series(-3,6) x1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,5) y1
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10) z1
        WHERE x1 
> y1*0.75 AND z1 < x1*y1) As f
ON (ST_Area(e.buff) 
> 78 AND ST_Contains(e.buff, f.line))
GROUP BY gid, e.buff) As quintuplet_experiment
WHERE ST_IsValid(geom) = false
ORDER BY gid
LIMIT 3;

 gid  |      validity_info
------+--------------------------
 5330 | Self-intersection [32 5]
 5340 | Self-intersection [42 5]
 5350 | Self-intersection [52 5]

 --simple example
SELECT ST_IsValidReason('LINESTRING(220227 150406,2220227 150407,222020 150410)');

 st_isvalidreason
------------------
 Valid Geometry

SELECT f.geom AS before_geom, ST_MakeValid(f.geom) AS after_geom, ST_MakeValid(f.geom, 'method=structure') AS after_geom_structure
FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOLYGON(((186 194,187 194,188 195,189 195,190 195,
191 195,192 195,193 194,194 194,194 193,195 192,195 191,
195 190,195 189,195 188,194 187,194 186,14 6,13 6,12 5,11 5,
10 5,9 5,8 5,7 6,6 6,6 7,5 8,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,6 13,6 14,186 194)),
((150 90,149 80,146 71,142 62,135 55,128 48,119 44,110 41,100 40,
90 41,81 44,72 48,65 55,58 62,54 71,51 80,50 90,51 100,
54 109,58 118,65 125,72 132,81 136,90 139,100 140,110 139,
119 136,128 132,135 125,142 118,146 109,149 100,150 90)))'::geometry AS geom) AS f;
SELECT c.geom AS before_geom,
                    ST_MakeValid(c.geom) AS after_geom,
                    ST_MakeValid(c.geom, 'method=structure') AS after_geom_structure
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOLYGON(((91 50,79 22,51 10,23 22,11 50,23 78,51 90,79 78,91 50)),
                  ((91 100,79 72,51 60,23 72,11 100,23 128,51 140,79 128,91 100)),
                  ((91 150,79 122,51 110,23 122,11 150,23 178,51 190,79 178,91 150)),
                  ((141 50,129 22,101 10,73 22,61 50,73 78,101 90,129 78,141 50)),
                  ((141 100,129 72,101 60,73 72,61 100,73 128,101 140,129 128,141 100)),
                  ((141 150,129 122,101 110,73 122,61 150,73 178,101 190,129 178,141 150)))'::geometry AS geom) AS c;
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeValid(
    'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0)',
    'method=structure keepcollapsed=true'
    ));
POINT(0 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeValid(
    'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0)',
    'method=structure keepcollapsed=false'
    ));
LINESTRING EMPTY
SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_InverseTransformPipeline(
        'POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)'::geometry,
        'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031'
    )
) AS wgs_geom;
POINT(2 48.99999999999999)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform('SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry, 7844)) AS gda2020_auto;
POINT(143.00000635638918 -36.999986706128176)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-123.365556, 48.428611),4326)) AS wgs84long_lat;
SRID=4326;POINT(-123.365556 48.428611)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-123.365556, 48.428611),4326),3785)) AS sphere_merc;
SRID=3785;POINT(-13732990.8753491 6178458.96425423)
SELECT ST_SRID(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.1043 42.315)',4326));
    4326

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
  743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))',2249),
    4326)) As wgs_geom;

POLYGON((-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512903,-71.17768437663261 42.390382947801015,-71.17758443054647 42.390382667791854,-71.17758259272304 42.390289364798825,-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512903))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=2249;CIRCULARSTRING(743238 2967416 1,743238 2967450 2,743265 2967450 3,743265.625 2967416 3,743238 2967416 4)'),
    4326));
SRID=4326;CIRCULARSTRING(-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902 1,-71.1776843766326 42.3903829478009 2,
 -71.1775844305465 42.3903826677917 3,
 -71.1775825927231 42.3902893647987 3,-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902 4)

CREATE INDEX idx_geom_26986_parcels
  ON parcels
  USING gist
  (ST_Transform(geom, 26986))
  WHERE geom IS NOT NULL;

WITH data AS (
   SELECT
     ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((170 50,170 72,-130 72,-130 50,170 50))', 4326) AS p1,
     ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((-170 68,-170 90,-141 90,-141 68,-170 68))', 4326) AS p2,
     '+proj=gnom +ellps=WGS84 +lat_0=70 +lon_0=-160 +no_defs'::text AS gnom
 )
 SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform(ST_Intersection(ST_Transform(p1, gnom), ST_Transform(p2, gnom)),
   gnom, 4326))
 FROM data;
POLYGON((-140.9999840290591 73.42768865981984,-141 68,-170 68,-170.0000026915361 74.05492179637055,-140.9999840290591 73.42768865981984))
+nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat
+nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat,null
UPDATE spatial_ref_sys SET proj4text = '+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat,null +no_defs' WHERE srid = 4267;
SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_TransformPipeline(
        'SRID=4326;POINT(2 49)'::geometry,
        'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031'
    )
) AS utm_geom;
POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)
SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_InverseTransformPipeline(
        'POINT(426857.9877165967 5427937.523342293)'::geometry,
        'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::16031'
    )
) AS wgs_geom;
POINT(2 48.99999999999999)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform('SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry, 7844)) AS gda2020_auto;
POINT(143.00000635638918 -36.999986706128176)
SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_TransformPipeline(
        'SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry,
        'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::8447'
    )
) AS gda2020_code;
POINT(143.0000063280214 -36.999986718287545)
SELECT ST_AsText(
    ST_TransformPipeline(
        'SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry,
        '+proj=pipeline
   +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad
   +step +proj=hgridshift +grids=au_icsm_GDA94_GDA2020_conformal_and_distortion.tif
   +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg'
    )
) AS gda2020_pipeline;
POINT(143.0000063280214 -36.999986718287545)
SELECT * FROM postgis_srs_codes('EPSG') ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 10;
10156
 10157
 10158
 10160
 10162
 10163
 10164
 10165
 10166
 10167
SELECT * FROM postgis_srs('EPSG', '3005');

auth_name | EPSG
auth_srid | 3005
srname    | NAD83 / BC Albers
srtext    | PROJCS["NAD83 / BC Albers", ... ]]
proj4text | +proj=aea +lat_0=45 +lon_0=-126 +lat_1=50 +lat_2=58.5 +x_0=1000000 +y_0=0 +datum=NAD83 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs
point_sw  | 0101000020E6100000E17A14AE476161C00000000000204840
point_ne  | 0101000020E610000085EB51B81E855CC0E17A14AE47014E40

SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname FROM postgis_srs_all() ORDER BY auth_name, auth_srid LIMIT 10;
auth_name | auth_srid |                                srname
-----------+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------
 EPSG      | 10156     | ETRS89 + MSL UK & Ireland VORF08 depth
 EPSG      | 10157     | ETRS89 + CD UK & Ireland VORF08 depth
 EPSG      | 10158     | S34J-IRF
 EPSG      | 10160     | S34J reconstruction east-orientated
 EPSG      | 10162     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS I + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10163     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS II + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10164     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS III + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10165     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS IV + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10166     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS V + JGD2011 (vertical) height
 EPSG      | 10167     | JGD2011 / Japan Plane Rectangular CS VI + JGD2011 (vertical) height    
SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname,
  ST_AsText(point_sw) AS point_sw,
  ST_AsText(point_ne) AS point_ne
FROM postgis_srs_search('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-90 30, -91 31)')
WHERE srname LIKE '%Louisiana%'
ORDER BY auth_name, auth_srid::integer
LIMIT 3;
auth_name | auth_srid |                srname                |      point_sw       |      point_ne
-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------------+---------------------
 EPSG      | 2801      | NAD83(HARN) / Louisiana South        | POINT(-93.94 28.85) | POINT(-88.75 31.07)
 EPSG      | 3452      | NAD83 / Louisiana South (ftUS)       | POINT(-93.94 28.85) | POINT(-88.75 31.07)
 EPSG      | 3457      | NAD83(HARN) / Louisiana South (ftUS) | POINT(-93.94 28.85) | POINT(-88.75 31.07)

WITH ext AS (
  SELECT ST_Extent(geom) AS geom, Max(ST_SRID(geom)) AS srid
  FROM foo
)
SELECT auth_name, auth_srid, srname,
  ST_AsText(point_sw) AS point_sw,
  ST_AsText(point_ne) AS point_ne
FROM ext
CROSS JOIN postgis_srs_search(ST_SetSRID(ext.geom, ext.srid))
LIMIT 3;
ALTER TABLE sometable ADD COLUMN geog geography(POINT,4326);
UPDATE sometable SET geog = ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(' || lon || ' ' || lat || ')');

--- specify a geography point using EPSG:4267, NAD27
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4267;POINT(-77.0092 38.889588)'));

SELECT ST_GeomCollFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(1 2),LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4))');
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)');
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;MULTILINESTRING((-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236,
-71.1031627617667 42.3152960829043,-71.102923838298 42.3149156848307,
-71.1023097974109 42.3151969047397,-71.1019285062273 42.3147384934248,
-71.102505233663 42.3144722937587,-71.10277487471 42.3141658254797,
-71.103113945163 42.3142739188902,-71.10324876416 42.31402489987,
-71.1033002961013 42.3140393340215,-71.1033488797549 42.3139495090772,
-71.103396240451 42.3138632439557,-71.1041521907712 42.3141153348029,
-71.1041411411543 42.3141545014533,-71.1041287795912 42.3142114839058,
-71.1041188134329 42.3142693656241,-71.1041112482575 42.3143272556118,
-71.1041072845732 42.3143851580048,-71.1041057218871 42.3144430686681,
-71.1041065602059 42.3145009876017,-71.1041097995362 42.3145589148055,
-71.1041166403905 42.3146168544148,-71.1041258822717 42.3146748022936,
-71.1041375307579 42.3147318674446,-71.1041492906949 42.3147711126569,
-71.1041598612795 42.314808571739,-71.1042515013869 42.3151287620809,
-71.1041173835118 42.3150739481917,-71.1040809891419 42.3151344119048,
-71.1040438678912 42.3151191367447,-71.1040194562988 42.3151832057859,
-71.1038734225584 42.3151140942995,-71.1038446938243 42.3151006300338,
-71.1038315271889 42.315094347535,-71.1037393329282 42.315054824985,
-71.1035447555574 42.3152608696313,-71.1033436658644 42.3151648370544,
-71.1032580383161 42.3152269126061,-71.103223066939 42.3152517403219,
-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236)),
((-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546,-71.1043583974082 42.3151211109857,
-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829,-71.1043850704575 42.3150793250568,-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546)))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)');
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE(
        ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
        ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
        ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
        ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1))
)');

                SELECT
                ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromMARC21('
                        <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                            <leader
>00000nz a2200000nc 4500</leader>
                            <controlfield tag="001"
>040277569</controlfield>
                            <datafield tag="034" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
                                <subfield code="d"
>W004.500000</subfield>
                                <subfield code="e"
>W004.500000</subfield>
                                <subfield code="f"
>N054.250000</subfield>
                                <subfield code="g"
>N054.250000</subfield>
                            </datafield>
                        </record
>'));

POINT(-4.5 54.25)

                SELECT
                ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromMARC21('
                        <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                            <leader
>01062cem a2200241 a 4500</leader>
                            <controlfield tag="001"
>   84696781 </controlfield>
                            <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                                <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                                <subfield code="b"
>50000</subfield>
                                <subfield code="d"
>E0130600</subfield>
                                <subfield code="e"
>E0133100</subfield>
                                <subfield code="f"
>N0523900</subfield>
                                <subfield code="g"
>N0522300</subfield>
                            </datafield>
                        </record
>'));

POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65))

                SELECT
                ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromMARC21('
                <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="b"
>50000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>E0130600</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>E0133100</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N0523900</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N0522300</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="d"
>W004.500000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>W004.500000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N054.250000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N054.250000</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                </record
>'));

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65)),POINT(-4.5 54.25))
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)');
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)',4269);

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236,
-71.1031627617667 42.3152960829043,-71.102923838298 42.3149156848307,
-71.1023097974109 42.3151969047397,-71.1019285062273 42.3147384934248,
-71.102505233663 42.3144722937587,-71.10277487471 42.3141658254797,
-71.103113945163 42.3142739188902,-71.10324876416 42.31402489987,
-71.1033002961013 42.3140393340215,-71.1033488797549 42.3139495090772,
-71.103396240451 42.3138632439557,-71.1041521907712 42.3141153348029,
-71.1041411411543 42.3141545014533,-71.1041287795912 42.3142114839058,
-71.1041188134329 42.3142693656241,-71.1041112482575 42.3143272556118,
-71.1041072845732 42.3143851580048,-71.1041057218871 42.3144430686681,
-71.1041065602059 42.3145009876017,-71.1041097995362 42.3145589148055,
-71.1041166403905 42.3146168544148,-71.1041258822717 42.3146748022936,
-71.1041375307579 42.3147318674446,-71.1041492906949 42.3147711126569,
-71.1041598612795 42.314808571739,-71.1042515013869 42.3151287620809,
-71.1041173835118 42.3150739481917,-71.1040809891419 42.3151344119048,
-71.1040438678912 42.3151191367447,-71.1040194562988 42.3151832057859,
-71.1038734225584 42.3151140942995,-71.1038446938243 42.3151006300338,
-71.1038315271889 42.315094347535,-71.1037393329282 42.315054824985,
-71.1035447555574 42.3152608696313,-71.1033436658644 42.3151648370544,
-71.1032580383161 42.3152269126061,-71.103223066939 42.3152517403219,
-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236)),
((-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546,-71.1043583974082 42.3151211109857,
-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829,-71.1043850704575 42.3150793250568,-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546)))',4326);

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)');

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)')) AS aline,
       ST_LineFromText('POINT(1 2)') IS NULL AS null_return;
aline                 | null_return
------------------------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)  | t

SELECT ST_MLineFromText('MULTILINESTRING((1 2, 3 4), (4 5, 6 7))');
SELECT ST_MPointFromText('MULTIPOINT((1 2),(3 4))');
SELECT ST_MPointFromText('MULTIPOINT((-70.9590 42.1180),(-70.9611 42.1223))', 4326);
SELECT ST_MPolyFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0 1,20 0 1,20 20 1,0 20 1,0 0 1),(5 5 3,5 7 3,7 7 3,7 5 3,5 5 3)))');
SELECt ST_MPolyFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-70.916 42.1002,-70.9468 42.0946,-70.9765 42.0872,-70.9754 42.0875,-70.9749 42.0879,-70.9752 42.0881,-70.9754 42.0891,-70.9758 42.0894,-70.9759 42.0897,-70.9759 42.0899,-70.9754 42.0902,-70.9756 42.0906,-70.9753 42.0907,-70.9753 42.0917,-70.9757 42.0924,-70.9755 42.0928,-70.9755 42.0942,-70.9751 42.0948,-70.9755 42.0953,-70.9751 42.0958,-70.9751 42.0962,-70.9759 42.0983,-70.9767 42.0987,-70.9768 42.0991,-70.9771 42.0997,-70.9771 42.1003,-70.9768 42.1005,-70.977 42.1011,-70.9766 42.1019,-70.9768 42.1026,-70.9769 42.1033,-70.9775 42.1042,-70.9773 42.1043,-70.9776 42.1043,-70.9778 42.1048,-70.9773 42.1058,-70.9774 42.1061,-70.9779 42.1065,-70.9782 42.1078,-70.9788 42.1085,-70.9798 42.1087,-70.9806 42.109,-70.9807 42.1093,-70.9806 42.1099,-70.9809 42.1109,-70.9808 42.1112,-70.9798 42.1116,-70.9792 42.1127,-70.979 42.1129,-70.9787 42.1134,-70.979 42.1139,-70.9791 42.1141,-70.9987 42.1116,-71.0022 42.1273,
        -70.9408 42.1513,-70.9315 42.1165,-70.916 42.1002)))',4326);

SELECT ST_PointFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');
SELECT ST_PointFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)', 4326);

SELECT ST_PolygonFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');
010300000001000000050000006...
SELECT ST_PolygonFromText('POINT(1 2)') IS NULL AS point_is_notpoly;
t
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeogFromWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\000\\002\\000\\000\\000\\037\\205\\353Q\\270~\\\\\\300\\323Mb\\020X\\231C@\\020X9\\264\\310~\\\\\\300)\\\\\\217\\302\\365\\230C@')
);
LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000 \\255\\020\\000\\000\\003\\000\\000\\000\\344J=
\\013B\\312Q\\300n\\303(\\010\\036!E@''\\277E''K
\\312Q\\300\\366{b\\235*!E@\\225|\\354.P\\312Q
\\300p\\231\\323e1!E@');
set standard_conforming_strings = on;
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKB('\001\002\000\000 \255\020\000\000\003\000\000\000\344J=\012\013B
    \312Q\300n\303(\010\036!E@''\277E''K\012\312Q\300\366{b\235*!E@\225|\354.P\312Q\012\300p\231\323e1')
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeomFromWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\000\\002\\000\\000\\000\\037\\205\\353Q\\270~\\\\\\300\\323Mb\\020X\\231C@\\020X9\\264\\310~\\\\\\300)\\\\\\217\\302\\365\\230C@',4326)
);
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
SELECT
  ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromWKB(ST_AsEWKB('POINT(2 5)'::geometry)
        )
  );
POINT(2 5)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineFromWKB(ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)')))) AS aline,
       ST_LineFromWKB(ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'))) IS NULL AS null_return;
aline                 | null_return
------------------------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)  | t

SELECT
  ST_AsText(ST_LinestringFromWKB(ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'))
  )) AS aline,
  ST_LinestringFromWKB(ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'))
  ) IS NULL AS null_return;
aline                 | null_return
------------------------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)  | t
SELECT
  ST_AsText(ST_PointFromWKB(ST_AsEWKB('POINT(2 5)'::geometry)
        )
  );
POINT(2 5)
SELECT
  ST_AsText(ST_PointFromWKB(ST_AsEWKB('LINESTRING(2 5, 2 6)'::geometry)
        )
  );
null
SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0');
BOX(-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646)
SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 0);
BOX(-180 -90,180 90)
SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10);
BOX(-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473,-115.172810554504 36.1146461963654)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0'));
POLYGON((-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 4));
POLYGON((-115.3125 36.03515625,-115.3125 36.2109375,-114.9609375 36.2109375,-114.9609375 36.03515625,-115.3125 36.03515625))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10));
POLYGON((-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473,-115.17282128334 36.1146461963654,-115.172810554504 36.1146461963654,-115.172810554504 36.1146408319473,-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473))
SELECT ST_GeomFromGML($$
    <gml:LineString xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
                        srsName="EPSG:4269">
        <gml:coordinates>
            -71.16028,42.258729 -71.160837,42.259112 -71.161143,42.25932
        </gml:coordinates>
    </gml:LineString>
$$);

SELECT ST_GeomFromGML($$
    <gml:LineString xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
            xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
            srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4269">
        <gml:pointProperty>
            <gml:Point gml:id="p1"
><gml:pos
>42.258729 -71.16028</gml:pos
></gml:Point>
        </gml:pointProperty>
        <gml:pos
>42.259112 -71.160837</gml:pos>
        <gml:pointProperty>
            <gml:Point xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#p1"/>
        </gml:pointProperty>
    </gml:LineString>
$$);

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeomFromGML('
<gml:PolyhedralSurface xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<gml:polygonPatches>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
      <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing
><gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1</gml:posList
></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
</gml:polygonPatches>
</gml:PolyhedralSurface
>'));

POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
 ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
 ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
 ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoJSON('{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-48.23456,20.12345]}')) AS wkt;
POINT(-48.23456 20.12345)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoJSON('{"type":"LineString","coordinates":[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]}')) AS wkt;
LINESTRING Z (1 2 3,4 5 6,7 8 9)
SELECT ST_GeomFromKML($$
    <LineString>
        <coordinates
>-71.1663,42.2614
            -71.1667,42.2616</coordinates>
    </LineString>
$$);

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromTWKB(ST_AsTWKB('LINESTRING(126 34, 127 35)'::geometry)));
LINESTRING(126 34, 127 35)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_GeomFromTWKB(E'\\x620002f7f40dbce4040105')
);
LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline('_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@'));
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-120.2 38.5,-120.95 40.7,-126.453 43.252)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineFromEncodedPolyline('_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@',6));
SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-12.02 3.85,-12.095 4.07,-12.6453 4.3252)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0'));
POINT(-115.172816 36.114646)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 4));
POINT(-115.13671875 36.123046875)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10));
POINT(-115.172815918922 36.1146435141563)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT('0103000020e61000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'::geometry);
SRID=4326;POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT('0108000080030000000000000060E30A4100000000785C0241000000000000F03F0000000018E20A4100000000485F024100000000000000400000000018E20A4100000000305C02410000000000000840');
CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)
SELECT ST_AsText('01030000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000');
POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText('POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)'::geometry);
POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)
SELECT ST_AsText('POINT(111.1111111 1.1111111)'::geometry, 2);
POINT(111.11 1.11)
SELECT ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));
\x01030000000100000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f0000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326), 'XDR');
\x000000000300000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003ff000
00000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));
\x0103000020e610000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f000000000000f03f00000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326), 'XDR');
\x0020000003000010e600000001000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff00000000000003ff000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_AsHEXEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));
0103000020E6100000010000000500
    00000000000000000000000000000000
    00000000000000000000000000000000F03F
    000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03
    F000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326)::text;
SELECT ST_AsEncodedPolyline(GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-120.2 38.5,-120.95 40.7,-126.453 43.252)'));
_p~iF~ps|U_ulLnnqC_mqNvxq`@

SELECT ST_AsEncodedPolyline(ST_Segmentize(
        ST_GeogFromText('LINESTRING(-71.0519 42.4935,-122.4483 37.64)'),
        100000)::geometry) As encodedFlightPath;
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?libraries=geometry"
></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
   flightPath = new google.maps.Polyline({
      path:  google.maps.geometry.encoding.decodePath("$encodedFlightPath"),
      map: map,
      strokeColor: '#0000CC',
      strokeOpacity: 1.0,
      strokeWeight: 4
    });
</script>

SELECT encode(ST_AsGeobuf(q, 'geom'), 'base64')
    FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))') AS geom) AS q;
GAAiEAoOCgwIBBoIAAAAAgIAAAE=
SELECT json_build_object(
    'type', 'FeatureCollection',
    'features', json_agg(ST_AsGeoJSON(t.*, id_column =
> 'id')::json)
    )
FROM ( VALUES (1, 'one', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry),
              (2, 'two', 'POINT(2 2)'),
              (3, 'three', 'POINT(3 3)')
     ) as t(id, name, geom);
{"type" : "FeatureCollection", "features" : [{"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[1,1]}, "id": 1, "properties": {"name": "one"}}, {"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[2,2]}, "id": 2, "properties": {"name": "two"}}, {"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[3,3]}, "id": 3, "properties": {"name": "three"}}]}
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(t.*, id_column =
> 'id')
FROM (VALUES (1, 'one', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry)) AS t(id, name, geom);
{"type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type":"Point","coordinates":[1,1]}, "id": 1, "properties": {"name": "one"}}
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(ST_Transform(geom,4326)) FROM fe_edges LIMIT 1;
{"type":"MultiLineString","coordinates":[[[-89.734634999999997,31.492072000000000],
[-89.734955999999997,31.492237999999997]]]}

SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
{"type":"LineString","coordinates":[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]}
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(ST_SetSRID('POINT(1 1)'::geometry, 4326), 9, 4|1);
{"type":"Point","crs":{"type":"name","properties":{"name":"urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326"}},"bbox":[1.000000000,1.000000000,1.000000000,1.000000000],"coordinates":[1,1]}

SELECT ST_AsGML(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));
    st_asgml
    --------
    <gml:Polygon srsName="EPSG:4326"
><gml:outerBoundaryIs
><gml:LinearRing
><gml:coordinates
>0,0 0,1 1,1 1,0 0,0</gml:coordinates
></gml:LinearRing
></gml:outerBoundaryIs
></gml:Polygon>

SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(5.234234233242 6.34534534534)',4326), 5, 17);
      st_asgml
      --------
    <gml:Point srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326"
><gml:pos srsDimension="2"
>6.34535 5.23423</gml:pos
></gml:Point>

-- Output the envelope (32) --
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 10 20)',4326), 5, 32);
    st_asgml
    --------
  <gml:Envelope srsName="EPSG:4326" srsDimension="2"
><gml:lowerCorner
>1 2</gml:lowerCorner
><gml:upperCorner
>10 20</gml:upperCorner
></gml:Envelope>

-- Output the envelope (32) , reverse (lat lon instead of lon lat) (16), long srs (1)= 32 | 16 | 1 = 49 --
SELECT ST_AsGML(3, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 10 20)',4326), 5, 49);
  st_asgml
  --------
  <gml:Envelope srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326" srsDimension="2"
><gml:lowerCorner
>2 1</gml:lowerCorner
><gml:upperCorner
>20 10</gml:upperCorner
></gml:Envelope>

SELECT ST_AsGML(
3,
ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
  st_asgml
  --------
 <gml:PolyhedralSurface>
<gml:polygonPatches>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
   <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
        <gml:LinearRing>
           <gml:posList srsDimension="3"
>0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1</gml:posList>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
   </gml:PolygonPatch>
</gml:polygonPatches>
</gml:PolyhedralSurface>

SELECT ST_AsKML(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))',4326));

    st_askml
    --------
    <Polygon
><outerBoundaryIs
><LinearRing
><coordinates
>0,0 0,1 1,1 1,0 0,0</coordinates
></LinearRing
></outerBoundaryIs
></Polygon>

    --3d linestring
    SELECT ST_AsKML('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
    <LineString
><coordinates
>1,2,3 4,5,6</coordinates
></LineString>

SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)'));
2°19'29.928"S 3°14'3.243"W
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D°M''S.SSS"C'));
2°19'29.928"S 3°14'3.243"W
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D degrees, M minutes, S seconds to the C'));
2 degrees, 19 minutes, 30 seconds to the S 3 degrees, 14 minutes, 3 seconds to the W
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D°M''S.SSS"'));
-2°19'29.928" -3°14'3.243"
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-3.2342342 -2.32498)', 'D.DDDD degrees C'));
2.3250 degrees S 3.2342 degrees W
SELECT (ST_AsLatLonText('POINT (-302.2342342 -792.32498)'));
72°19'29.928"S 57°45'56.757"E

                SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;POINT(-4.504289 54.253312)'::geometry);

                                st_asmarc21
                -------------------------------------------------
                <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>W0043015</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>W0043015</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N0541512</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N0541512</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                </record>

                SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;POLYGON((-4.5792388916015625 54.18172660239091,-4.56756591796875 54.196993557130355,-4.546623229980469 54.18313300502024,-4.5792388916015625 54.18172660239091))'::geometry,'hddd.dddd');

                <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>W004.5792</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>W004.5466</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N054.1970</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N054.1817</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                </record>

                SELECT ST_AsMARC21('SRID=4326;GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((13.1 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.65,13.516666666666667 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.38333333333333,13.1 52.65)),POINT(-4.5 54.25))'::geometry,'hdddmm.mmmm');

                                st_asmarc21
                -------------------------------------------------
                <record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>E01307.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>E01331.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N05240.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N05224.0000</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                    <datafield tag="034" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
                        <subfield code="a"
>a</subfield>
                        <subfield code="d"
>W00430.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="e"
>W00430.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="f"
>N05415.0000</subfield>
                        <subfield code="g"
>N05415.0000</subfield>
                    </datafield>
                </record>

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AsMVTGeom(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((0 0, 10 0, 10 5, 0 -5, 0 0))'),
    ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0, 0), ST_Point(4096, 4096)),
    4096, 0, false));
MULTIPOLYGON(((5 4096,10 4091,10 4096,5 4096)),((5 4096,0 4101,0 4096,5 4096)))

SELECT ST_AsMVTGeom(ST_Transform(geom, 3857 ),
            ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412),
            extent =
> 4096,
            buffer =
> 64) AS geom
  FROM data
  WHERE geom && ST_Transform(ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412, margin =
> (64.0 / 4096)),4326)

WITH mvtgeom AS
(
  SELECT ST_AsMVTGeom(geom, ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412), extent =
> 4096, buffer =
> 64) AS geom, name, description
  FROM points_of_interest
  WHERE geom && ST_TileEnvelope(12, 513, 412, margin =
> (64.0 / 4096))
)
SELECT ST_AsMVT(mvtgeom.*)
FROM mvtgeom;

SELECT ST_AsSVG('POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0))'::geometry);
M 0 0 L 0 -1 1 -1 1 0 Z
SELECT ST_AsSVG(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(-2 0,0 2,2 0,0 2,2 4)'));
M -2 0 A 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 A 2 2 0 0 1 2 -4
SELECT ST_AsSVG('MULTICURVE((5 5,3 5,3 3,0 3),
 CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 1,2 2))'::geometry, 0, 0);
M 5 -5 L 3 -5 3 -3 0 -3 M 0 0 A 2 2 0 0 0 2 -2
SELECT ST_AsSVG('MULTISURFACE(
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(-2 0,-1 -1,0 0,1 -1,2 0,0 2,-2 0),
    (-1 0,0 0.5,1 0,0 1,-1 0)),
((7 8,10 10,6 14,4 11,7 8)))'::geometry, 0, 2);
M -2 0 A 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 A 2 2 0 0 0 -2 0 Z
M -1 0 L 0 -0.5 1 0 0 -1 -1 0 Z
M 7 -8 L 10 -10 6 -14 4 -11 Z
SELECT ST_AsTWKB('LINESTRING(1 1,5 5)'::geometry);
\x02000202020808
SELECT ST_AsTWKB(array_agg(geom), array_agg(gid)) FROM mytable;
\x040402020400000202
SELECT '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE X3D PUBLIC "ISO//Web3D//DTD X3D 3.0//EN" "http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.dtd">
<X3D>
  <Scene>
    <Transform>
      <Shape>
       <Appearance>
            <Material emissiveColor=''0 0 1''/>
       </Appearance
> ' ||
       ST_AsX3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )')) ||
      '</Shape>
    </Transform>
  </Scene>
</X3D
>' As x3ddoc;

    x3ddoc
    --------
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE X3D PUBLIC "ISO//Web3D//DTD X3D 3.0//EN" "http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.dtd">
<X3D>
  <Scene>
    <Transform>
      <Shape>
       <Appearance>
            <Material emissiveColor='0 0 1'/>
       </Appearance>
       <IndexedFaceSet  coordIndex='0 1 2 3 -1 4 5 6 7 -1 8 9 10 11 -1 12 13 14 15 -1 16 17 18 19 -1 20 21 22 23'>
            <Coordinate point='0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1' />
      </IndexedFaceSet>
      </Shape>
    </Transform>
  </Scene>
</X3D>

SELECT string_agg('<Shape
>' || ST_AsX3D(ST_Extrude(geom, 0,0, i*0.5)) ||
    '<Appearance>
          <Material diffuseColor="' || (0.01*i)::text || ' 0.8 0.2" specularColor="' || (0.05*i)::text || ' 0 0.5"/>
        </Appearance>
    </Shape
>', '')
FROM ST_Subdivide(ST_Letters('PostGIS'),20) WITH ORDINALITY AS f(geom,i);

SELECT ST_AsX3D(ST_Translate(ST_Force3D(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(10,10),5, 'quad_segs=2')), 0,0,
    3),
  6) As x3dfrag;

x3dfrag
--------
<IndexedFaceSet  convex='false' coordIndex='0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7'
><Coordinate point='15 10 3 13.535534 6.464466 3 10 5 3 6.464466 6.464466 3 5 10 3 6.464466 13.535534 3 10 15 3 13.535534 13.535534 3 ' /></IndexedFaceSet>

SELECT ST_AsX3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('TIN (((
                0 0 0,
                0 0 1,
                0 1 0,
                0 0 0
            )), ((
                0 0 0,
                0 1 0,
                1 1 0,
                0 0 0
            ))
            )')) As x3dfrag;

    x3dfrag
    --------
<IndexedTriangleSet  index='0 1 2 3 4 5'
><Coordinate point='0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0'/></IndexedTriangleSet>

SELECT ST_AsX3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((20 0 10,16 -12 10,0 -16 10,-12 -12 10,-20 0 10,-12 16 10,0 24 10,16 16 10,20 0 10),
  (12 0 10,8 8 10,0 12 10,-8 8 10,-8 0 10,-8 -4 10,0 -8 10,8 -4 10,12 0 10))')
) As x3dfrag;

    x3dfrag
    --------
<IndexedLineSet  coordIndex='0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 -1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8'>
    <Coordinate point='20 0 10 16 -12 10 0 -16 10 -12 -12 10 -20 0 10 -12 16 10 0 24 10 16 16 10 12 0 10 8 8 10 0 12 10 -8 8 10 -8 0 10 -8 -4 10 0 -8 10 8 -4 10 ' />
 </IndexedLineSet>

SELECT ST_GeoHash(ST_Point(-126,48));
c0w3hf1s70w3hf1s70w3
SELECT ST_GeoHash(ST_Point(-126,48), 5);
c0w3h
SELECT ST_GeoHash('LINESTRING(-126 48, -126.1 48.1)'::geometry);
c0w3
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps
FROM ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
        (3, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps
---------+---------+----------
           1 |       3 | t
           2 |       3 | f
(2 rows)

SELECT ST_Point(1,1) && ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) && ST_Point(1,1) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) && ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(3,3)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &&& tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_3d,
                                    tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_2d
FROM ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING Z(0 0 1, 3 3 2)'::geometry),
        (2, 'LINESTRING Z(1 2 0, 0 5 -1)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
        (3, 'LINESTRING Z(1 2 1, 4 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps_3d | overlaps_2d
---------+---------+-------------+-------------
       1 |       3 | t           | t
       2 |       3 | f           | t

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &&& tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_3zm,
                                    tbl1.column2 && tbl2.column2 AS overlaps_2d
FROM ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING M(0 0 1, 3 3 2)'::geometry),
        (2, 'LINESTRING M(1 2 0, 0 5 -1)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
( VALUES
        (3, 'LINESTRING M(1 2 1, 4 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overlaps_3zm | overlaps_2d
---------+---------+-------------+-------------
       1 |       3 | t           | t
       2 |       3 | f           | t

SELECT ST_MakePoint(1,1,1) &&& ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) &&& ST_MakePoint(1,1,1) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(0,0,0), ST_MakePoint(2,2,2)) &&& ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(1,1,1), ST_MakePoint(3,3,3)) AS overlaps;

 overlaps
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &< tbl2.column2 AS overleft
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overleft
---------+---------+----------
           1 |       2 | f
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &<| tbl2.column2 AS overbelow
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 4)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overbelow
---------+---------+-----------
           1 |       2 | f
           1 |       3 | t
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 &
> tbl2.column2 AS overright
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 1)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overright
---------+---------+-----------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | t
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 << tbl2.column2 AS left
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (1 2, 1 5)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (6 0, 6 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (2 2, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | left
---------+---------+------
           1 |       2 | f
           1 |       3 | t
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 <<| tbl2.column2 AS below
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (1 4, 1 7)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1, 6 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (2 3, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | below
---------+---------+-------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 0)'::geometry = 'LINESTRING(1 1, 0 0)'::geometry;
 ?column?
----------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(column1)
FROM ( VALUES
        ('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry),
        ('LINESTRING(1 1, 0 0)'::geometry)) AS foo;
          st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)
 LINESTRING(1 1,0 0)
(2 rows)

-- Note: the GROUP BY uses the "=" to compare for geometry equivalency.
SELECT ST_AsText(column1)
FROM ( VALUES
        ('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry),
        ('LINESTRING(1 1, 0 0)'::geometry)) AS foo
GROUP BY column1;
      st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)
 LINESTRING(1 1,0 0)
(2 rows)

-- In versions prior to 2.0, this used to return true --
 SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1707296.37 4820536.77)') =
        ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1707296.27 4820536.87)') As pt_intersect;

--pt_intersect --
f

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 
>
> tbl2.column2 AS right
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (2 3, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (1 4, 1 7)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1, 6 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | right
---------+---------+-------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 @ tbl2.column2 AS contained
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (1 1, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 4)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (2 2, 4 4)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (1 1, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | contained
---------+---------+-----------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)

SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(2 2)'), 1) @ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(5,5)) AS is_contained;
t
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2,2), ST_Point(3,3)) @ ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 1)'), 10) AS is_contained;
t
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2,2), ST_Point(3,3)) @ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(5,5)) AS is_contained;
t
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 |&
> tbl2.column2 AS overabove
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING(6 0, 6 4)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 3 3)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING(0 1, 0 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING(1 2, 4 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;

 column1 | column1 | overabove
---------+---------+-----------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)

SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 |>> tbl2.column2 AS above
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (1 4, 1 7)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 2)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (6 1, 6 5)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (2 3, 5 6)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;
column1 | column1 | above
---------+---------+-------
           1 |       2 | t
           1 |       3 | f
           1 |       4 | f
(3 rows)
SELECT tbl1.column1, tbl2.column1, tbl1.column2 ~ tbl2.column2 AS contains
FROM
  ( VALUES
        (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl1,
  ( VALUES
        (2, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 4 4)'::geometry),
        (3, 'LINESTRING (1 1, 2 2)'::geometry),
        (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 3 3)'::geometry)) AS tbl2;
column1 | column1 | contains
---------+---------+----------
           1 |       2 | f
           1 |       3 | t
           1 |       4 | t
(3 rows)
SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 1)'), 10) ~ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(2,2)) AS contains;
t
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(5,5)) ~ ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(2 2)'), 1) AS contains;
t
SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0,0), ST_Point(5,5)) ~ ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(2,2), ST_Point(3,3)) AS contains;
t
SELECT 'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'::geometry ~= 'LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)'::geometry AS equality;
t
SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
FROM va2005
ORDER BY d limit 10;
d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)
SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
FROM va2005
ORDER BY geom <-> 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

WITH index_query AS (
  SELECT ST_Distance(geom, 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry) as d,edabbr, vaabbr
        FROM va2005
  ORDER BY geom <-> 'SRID=3005;POINT(1011102 450541)'::geometry LIMIT 100)
  SELECT *
        FROM index_query
  ORDER BY d limit 10;

        d         | edabbr | vaabbr
------------------+--------+--------
                0 | ALQ    | 128
 5541.57712511724 | ALQ    | 129A
 5579.67450712005 | ALQ    | 001
  6083.4207708641 | ALQ    | 131
  7691.2205404848 | ALQ    | 003
 7900.75451037313 | ALQ    | 122
 8694.20710669982 | ALQ    | 129B
 9564.24289057111 | ALQ    | 130
  12089.665931705 | ALQ    | 127
 18472.5531479404 | ALQ    | 002
(10 rows)

\set qt 'ST_AddMeasure(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePointM(-350, 300, 0), ST_MakePointM(-410, 490, 0)), 10, 20)'

SELECT track_id, dist FROM (
  SELECT track_id,
    ST_DistanceCPA(tr, :qt) dist
  FROM trajectories
  ORDER BY tr |=| :qt
  LIMIT 5
) foo;
track_id        dist
----------+-------------------
      395 | 0.576496831518066
      380 |  5.06797130410151
      390 |  7.72262293958322
      385 |   9.8004461358071
      405 |  10.9534397988433
(5 rows)
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT b.tlid, b.mtfcc,
        b.geom <#
> ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(746149 2948672,745954 2948576,
                745787 2948499,745740 2948468,745712 2948438,
                745690 2948384,745677 2948319)',2249) As b_dist,
                ST_Distance(b.geom, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(746149 2948672,745954 2948576,
                745787 2948499,745740 2948468,745712 2948438,
                745690 2948384,745677 2948319)',2249)) As act_dist
    FROM bos_roads As b
    ORDER BY b_dist, b.tlid
    LIMIT 100) As foo
    ORDER BY act_dist, tlid LIMIT 10;

   tlid    | mtfcc |      b_dist      |     act_dist
-----------+-------+------------------+------------------
  85732027 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85732029 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85732031 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85734335 | S1400 |                0 |                0
  85736037 | S1400 |                0 |                0
 624683742 | S1400 |                0 | 128.528874268666
  85719343 | S1400 | 260.839270432962 | 260.839270432962
  85741826 | S1400 | 164.759294123275 | 260.839270432962
  85732032 | S1400 |           277.75 | 311.830282365264
  85735592 | S1400 |           222.25 | 311.830282365264
(10 rows)

SELECT ST_3DIntersects(pt, line), ST_Intersects(pt, line)
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(0 0 2)'::geometry As pt, 'LINESTRING (0 0 1, 0 2 3)'::geometry As line) As foo;
st_3dintersects | st_intersects
-----------------+---------------
 f               | t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_3DIntersects('TIN(((0 0 0,1 0 0,0 1 0,0 0 0)))'::geometry, 'POINT(.1 .1 0)'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_Contains(smallc, bigc) As smallcontainsbig,
     ST_Contains(bigc,smallc) As bigcontainssmall,
     ST_Contains(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigcontainsunion,
     ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion,
     ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
     ST_Contains(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
       ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;

smallcontainsbig | bigcontainssmall | bigcontainsunion | bigisunion | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
------------------+------------------+------------------+------------+-------------------+---------------------
 f                | t                | t                | t          | t        | f
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geomA) As geomtype, ST_Contains(geomA,geomA) AS acontainsa, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, geomA) AS acontainspropa,
   ST_Contains(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainsba, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainspropba
FROM (VALUES ( ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,1), 5,1) ),
       ( ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(-1,-1) ) ),
       ( ST_Point(1,1) )
    ) As foo(geomA);
geomtype    | acontainsa | acontainspropa | acontainsba | acontainspropba
--------------+------------+----------------+-------------+-----------------
ST_Polygon    | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_LineString | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_Point      | t          | t              | f           | f

SELECT ST_ContainsProperly(smallc, bigc) As smallcontainspropbig,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc,smallc) As bigcontainspropsmall,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigcontainspropunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
smallcontainspropbig | bigcontainspropsmall | bigcontainspropunion | bigisunion | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
------------------+------------------+------------------+------------+-------------------+---------------------
 f                     | t                    | f                    | t          | t                 | f
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geomA) As geomtype, ST_Contains(geomA,geomA) AS acontainsa, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, geomA) AS acontainspropa,
 ST_Contains(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainsba, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainspropba
 FROM (VALUES ( ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,1), 5,1) ),
      ( ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(-1,-1) ) ),
      ( ST_Point(1,1) )
  ) As foo(geomA);
geomtype    | acontainsa | acontainspropa | acontainsba | acontainspropba
--------------+------------+----------------+-------------+-----------------
ST_Polygon    | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_LineString | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_Point      | t          | t              | f           | f

SELECT ST_CoveredBy(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_CoveredBy(smallc, bigc) As smallcoveredbybig,
  ST_CoveredBy(ST_ExteriorRing(bigc), bigc) As exteriorcoveredbybig,
  ST_Within(ST_ExteriorRing(bigc),bigc) As exeriorwithinbig
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
smallinsmall | smallcoveredbybig | exteriorcoveredbybig | exeriorwithinbig
--------------+-------------------+----------------------+------------------
 t            | t                 | t                    | f
(1 row) 
SELECT ST_Covers(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_Covers(smallc, bigc) As smallcoversbig,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
  ST_Contains(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
smallinsmall | smallcoversbig | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
--------------+----------------+-------------------+---------------------
 t            | f              | t                 | f
(1 row) 
SELECT ST_Covers(geog_poly, geog_pt) As poly_covers_pt,
  ST_Covers(ST_Buffer(geog_pt,10), geog_pt) As buff_10m_covers_cent
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(-99.327 31.4821)'), 300) As geog_poly,
        ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(-99.33 31.483)') As geog_pt ) As foo;
poly_covers_pt | buff_10m_covers_cent
----------------+------------------
 f              | t
CREATE TABLE roads (
  id serial NOT NULL,
  geom geometry,
  CONSTRAINT roads_pkey PRIMARY KEY (road_id)
);
CREATE TABLE highways (
  id serial NOT NULL,
  the_gem geometry,
  CONSTRAINT roads_pkey PRIMARY KEY (road_id)
);
SELECT roads.id
FROM roads, highways
WHERE ST_Crosses(roads.geom, highways.geom);
SELECT ST_Disjoint('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_Disjoint('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_Equals(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)'),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)'));
t
SELECT ST_Equals(ST_Reverse(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)')),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)'));
t
SELECT ST_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
t
SELECT id, name FROM cities WHERE ST_Intersects(geom, 'SRID=4326;POLYGON((28 53,27.707 52.293,27 52,26.293 52.293,26 53,26.293 53.707,27 54,27.707 53.707,28 53))');
id | name
----+-------
  2 | Minsk
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Intersects('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-43.23456 72.4567,-43.23456 72.4568)'::geography,
    'SRID=4326;POINT(-43.23456 72.4567772)'::geography
    );
t
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (20 140, 71 74, 161 53)') As lineB
  ) As foo;
A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
        -1 |         1
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(171 154,20 140,71 74,161 53)') As lineB
  ) As foo;
A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
         3 |        -3
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(5 90, 71 74, 20 140, 171 154)') As lineB
  ) As foo;
A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
        -2 |         2

SELECT s1.gid, s2.gid, ST_LineCrossingDirection(s1.geom, s2.geom)
  FROM streets s1 CROSS JOIN streets s2
         ON (s1.gid != s2.gid AND s1.geom && s2.geom )
WHERE ST_LineCrossingDirection(s1.geom, s2.geom) 
> 0;

SELECT ST_OrderingEquals('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)',
  'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)');
f
SELECT ST_OrderingEquals('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)',
  'LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)');
t
SELECT ST_OrderingEquals('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))',
  'POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))');
f
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,       ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,  ST_Contains(b,a) AS b_contains_a
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT (100 100)') As a,
             ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (30 50, 40 160, 160 40, 180 160)')  AS b) AS t
overlaps | crosses | intersects | b_contains_a
---------+----------------------+--------------
f        | f       | t          | t
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,        ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,   ST_Contains(a,b) AS contains
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((40 170, 90 30, 180 100, 40 170))') AS a,
             ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(10 10, 190 190)') AS b) AS t;
overlap | crosses | intersects | contains
---------+---------+------------+--------------
 f       | t       | t          | f
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,       ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,  ST_Contains(b, a) AS b_contains_a,
       ST_Dimension(a) AS dim_a, ST_Dimension(b) AS dim_b,
       ST_Dimension(ST_Intersection(a,b)) AS dim_int
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((40 170, 90 30, 180 100, 40 170))') AS a,
             ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((110 180, 20 60, 130 90, 110 180))') AS b) As t;
overlaps | crosses | intersects | b_contains_a | dim_a | dim_b | dim_int
----------+---------+------------+--------------+-------+-------+-----------
 t        | f       | t          | f            |     2 |     2 |       2
SELECT ST_Relate('POINT(1 2)', ST_Buffer('POINT(1 2)', 2), '0FFFFF212');
t
SELECT ST_Relate('POINT(1 2)', ST_Buffer('POINT(1 2)', 2), '*FF*FF212');
t
SELECT c.* , p.name As poly_name
    FROM polys AS p
    INNER JOIN compounds As c
          ON c.geom && p.geom
             AND ST_Relate(p.geom, c.geom,'T********');

SELECT ST_Relate('POINT(1 2)',
                  ST_Buffer('POINT(1 2)', 2));
0FFFFF212
SELECT ST_Relate('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)',
                  'LINESTRING(5 6, 7 8)' );
FF1FF0102
WITH data AS (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(1 1, 3 3)'::geometry AS a_line,
  'MULTILINESTRING((3 3, 3 5), (3 3, 5 3))':: geometry AS b_multiline
)
SELECT ST_Relate(a_line, b_multiline, 1) AS bnr_mod2,
       ST_Relate(a_line, b_multiline, 2) AS bnr_endpoint
    FROM data;
bnr_mod2  | bnr_endpoint
-----------+--------------
 FF10F0102 | FF1F00102
SELECT ST_RelateMatch('101202FFF', 'TTTTTTFFF') ;
t
SELECT pat.name AS relationship, pat.val AS pattern,
       mat.name AS position, mat.val AS matrix,
       ST_RelateMatch(mat.val, pat.val) AS match
    FROM (VALUES ( 'Equality', 'T1FF1FFF1' ),
                 ( 'Overlaps', 'T*T***T**' ),
                 ( 'Within',   'T*F**F***' ),
                 ( 'Disjoint', 'FF*FF****' )) AS pat(name,val)
    CROSS JOIN
        (VALUES  ('non-intersecting', 'FF1FF0212'),
                 ('overlapping',      '1010F0212'),
                 ('inside',           '1FF0FF212')) AS mat(name,val);
relationship |  pattern  |     position     |  matrix   | match
--------------+-----------+------------------+-----------+-------
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | t
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | t
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | t
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
SELECT ST_Touches('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 0 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry);
f
SELECT ST_Touches('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 0 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(0 2)'::geometry);
t
SELECT ST_Within(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_Within(smallc, bigc) As smallinbig,
  ST_Within(bigc,smallc) As biginsmall,
  ST_Within(ST_Union(smallc, bigc), bigc) as unioninbig,
  ST_Within(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as biginunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion
FROM
(
SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(50 50)'), 20) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(50 50)'), 40) As bigc) As foo;
smallinsmall | smallinbig | biginsmall | unioninbig | biginunion | bigisunion
--------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
 t            | t          | f          | t          | t          | t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_3DDWithin(ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'),2163),
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163),
      126.8
    ) As within_dist_3d,
ST_DWithin(ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'),2163),
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163),
      126.8
    ) As within_dist_2d;
within_dist_3d | within_dist_2d
----------------+----------------
 f              | t
SELECT ST_3DDFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) as D3DFullyWithin10, ST_3DDWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) as D3DWithin10,
  ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) as D2DFullyWithin20,
  ST_3DDFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) as D3DFullyWithin20 from
    (select ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 1 2)') as geom_a,
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 5 2, 2 7 20, 1 9 100, 14 12 3)') as geom_b) t1;
d3dfullywithin10 | d3dwithin10 | d2dfullywithin20 | d3dfullywithin20
------------------+-------------+------------------+------------------
 f                | t           | t                | f 
SELECT
    ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS DFullyWithin10,
    ST_DWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS DWithin10,
    ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) AS DFullyWithin20
FROM (VALUES
    ('POINT(1 1)', 'LINESTRING(1 5, 2 7, 1 9, 14 12)')
    ) AS v(geom_a, geom_b)
dfullywithin10 | dwithin10 | dfullywithin20
----------------+-----------+----------------
 f              | t         | t
SELECT DISTINCT ON (s.gid) s.gid, s.school_name, s.geom, h.hospital_name
  FROM schools s
    LEFT JOIN hospitals h ON ST_DWithin(s.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  ORDER BY s.gid, ST_Distance(s.geom, h.geom);

-- The schools with no close hospitals
-- Find all schools with no hospital within 3000 units
-- away from the school.  Units is in units of spatial ref (e.g. meters, feet, degrees)
SELECT s.gid, s.school_name
  FROM schools s
    LEFT JOIN hospitals h ON ST_DWithin(s.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  WHERE h.gid IS NULL;

-- Find broadcasting towers that a receiver with limited range can receive.
-- Data is geometry in Spherical Mercator (SRID=3857), ranges are approximate.

-- Create geometry index that will check proximity limit of user to tower
CREATE INDEX ON broadcasting_towers using gist (geom);

-- Create geometry index that will check proximity limit of tower to user
CREATE INDEX ON broadcasting_towers using gist (ST_Expand(geom, sending_range));

-- Query towers that 4-kilometer receiver in Minsk Hackerspace can get
-- Note: two conditions, because shorter LEAST(b.sending_range, 4000) will not use index.
SELECT b.tower_id, b.geom
  FROM broadcasting_towers b
  WHERE ST_DWithin(b.geom, 'SRID=3857;POINT(3072163.4 7159374.1)', 4000)
    AND ST_DWithin(b.geom, 'SRID=3857;POINT(3072163.4 7159374.1)', b.sending_range);

SELECT ST_PointInsideCircle(ST_Point(1,2), 0.5, 2, 3);
t
select ST_Area(geom) sqft,
    ST_Area(geom) * 0.3048 ^ 2 sqm
from (
         select 'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
                                 743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))' :: geometry geom
     ) subquery;
┌─────────┬─────────────┐
│  sqft   │     sqm     │
├─────────┼─────────────┤
│ 928.625 │ 86.27208552 │
└─────────┴─────────────┘

select ST_Area(geom) sqft,
    ST_Area(ST_Transform(geom, 26986)) As sqm
from (
         select
             'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,
             743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))' :: geometry geom
     ) subquery;
┌─────────┬─────────────────┐
│  sqft   │       sqm       │
├─────────┼─────────────────┤
│ 928.625 │ 86.272430607008 │
└─────────┴─────────────────┘

select ST_Area(geog) / 0.3048 ^ 2 sqft_spheroid,
    ST_Area(geog, false) / 0.3048 ^ 2 sqft_sphere,
    ST_Area(geog) sqm_spheroid
from (
         select ST_Transform(
                    'SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,743265 2967450,743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))'::geometry,
                    4326
             ) :: geography geog
     ) as subquery;
┌──────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────┐
│  sqft_spheroid   │   sqft_sphere    │   sqm_spheroid   │
├──────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────┤
│ 928.684405784452 │ 927.049336105925 │ 86.2776044979692 │
└──────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────┘

select ST_Area(geog) / 0.3048 ^ 2 sqft,
    ST_Area(the_geog) sqm
from somegeogtable;
SELECT degrees(ST_Azimuth(ST_Point(25, 45),  ST_Point(75, 100))) AS degA_B,
       degrees(ST_Azimuth(ST_Point(75, 100), ST_Point(25, 45) )) AS degB_A;
dega_b       |     degb_a
------------------+------------------
42.27368900609371 | 222.27368900609372
SELECT degrees(ST_Angle('POINT(0 0)', 'POINT(10 10)', 'POINT(20 0)'));
270
SELECT degrees(ST_Angle('POINT (10 10)', 'POINT (0 0)', 'POINT(90 90)', 'POINT (100 80)'));
269.9999999999999
SELECT degrees(ST_Angle('LINESTRING(0 0, 0.3 0.7, 1 1)', 'LINESTRING(0 0, 0.2 0.5, 1 0)'));
45
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ClosestPoint(pt,line)) AS cp_pt_line,
       ST_AsText(ST_ClosestPoint(line,pt)) AS cp_line_pt
    FROM (SELECT 'POINT (160 40)'::geometry AS pt,
                 'LINESTRING (10 30, 50 50, 30 110, 70 90, 180 140, 130 190)'::geometry AS line ) AS t;
cp_pt_line   |                cp_line_pt
----------------+------------------------------------------
 POINT(160 40)  | POINT(125.75342465753425 115.34246575342466)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ClosestPoint(
                                'POLYGON ((190 150, 20 10, 160 70, 190 150))',
                                ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)', 30)        )) As ptwkt;
POINT(131.59149149528952 101.89887534906195)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DClosestPoint(line,pt)) AS cp3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_ClosestPoint(line,pt)) As cp2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 1000)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;
cp3d_line_pt                                                |               cp2d_line_pt
-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------
POINT(54.69937988676193 128.93502291722837 11.547586950660556) | POINT(73.07692307692307 115.38461538461539)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DClosestPoint(line,pt)) AS cp3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_ClosestPoint(line,pt)) As cp2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30, 50 74 1000)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 900)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;
cp3d_line_pt                        | cp2d_line_pt
-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------
POINT(54.69937988676193 128.93502291722837 11.547586950660556) | POINT(50 75)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DClosestPoint(poly, mline)) As cp3d,
    ST_AsEWKT(ST_ClosestPoint(poly, mline)) As cp2d
        FROM (SELECT  ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((175 150 5, 20 40 5, 35 45 5, 50 60 5, 100 100 5, 175 150 5))') As poly,
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2, 20 40 20, 50 60 -2, 125 100 1, 175 155 1),
                (1 10 2, 5 20 1))') As mline ) As foo;
cp3d                    |     cp2d
-------------------------------------------+--------------
POINT(40.45454545454545 53.63636363636364 5) | POINT(20 40)
SELECT ST_Distance(
    'SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry,
    'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry );
0.00150567726382282
SELECT ST_Distance(
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 3857),
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 3857) );
167.441410065196
SELECT ST_Distance(
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 3857),
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 3857)
                        ) * cosd(42.3521);
123.742351254151
SELECT ST_Distance(
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 26986),
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 26986) );
123.797937878454
SELECT ST_Distance(
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry, 2163),
    ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry, 2163) );
126.664256056812
SELECT ST_Distance(gg1, gg2) As spheroid_dist, ST_Distance(gg1, gg2, false) As sphere_dist
FROM (SELECT
    'SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geography as gg1,
    'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geography as gg2
        ) As foo  ;
spheroid_dist   |   sphere_dist
------------------+------------------
 123.802076746848 | 123.475736916397
SELECT ST_3DDistance(
                        ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'::geometry,2163),
                                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'::geometry,2163)
                        ) As dist_3d,
                        ST_Distance(
                                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521)'::geometry,2163),
                                ST_Transform('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.123 42.1546)'::geometry,2163)
                        ) As dist_2d;
dist_3d      |     dist_2d
------------------+-----------------
 127.295059324629 | 126.66425605671
SELECT ST_3DDistance(poly, mline) As dist3d,
    ST_Distance(poly, mline) As dist2d
        FROM (SELECT  'POLYGON((175 150 5, 20 40 5, 35 45 5, 50 60 5, 100 100 5, 175 150 5))'::geometry as poly,
               'MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2, 20 40 20, 50 60 -2, 125 100 1, 175 155 1), (1 10 2, 5 20 1))'::geometry as mline) as foo;
dist3d       | dist2d
-------------------+--------
                 0 |      0
SELECT round(CAST(ST_DistanceSphere(ST_Centroid(geom), ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)',4326)) As numeric),2) As dist_meters,
round(
    CAST(ST_Distance(
                                ST_Transform(ST_Centroid(geom),32611),
                                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326),32611)) As numeric),2) As dist_utm11_meters,
round(CAST(ST_Distance(ST_Centroid(geom), ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326)) As numeric),5) As dist_degrees,
round(
    CAST(ST_Distance(
                                ST_Transform(geom,32611),
                                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326),32611)) As numeric),2) As min_dist_line_point_meters
FROM
        (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5)', 4326) As geom) as foo;
dist_meters | dist_utm11_meters | dist_degrees | min_dist_line_point_meters
        -------------+-------------------+--------------+----------------------------
                70424.71 |          70438.00 |      0.72900 |                   65871.18
SELECT round(
            CAST(
                        ST_DistanceSpheroid(ST_Centroid(geom), ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)',4326), 'SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]')
                                As numeric),2) As dist_meters_spheroid,
                round(CAST(ST_DistanceSphere(ST_Centroid(geom), ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)',4326)) As numeric),2) As dist_meters_sphere,
round(
    CAST(ST_Distance(
                                ST_Transform(ST_Centroid(geom),32611),
                                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-118 38)', 4326),32611)) As numeric),2) As dist_utm11_meters
FROM
        (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5)', 4326) As geom) as foo;
dist_meters_spheroid | dist_meters_sphere | dist_utm11_meters
----------------------+--------------------+-------------------
                         70454.92 |           70424.71 |          70438.00
SELECT ST_FrechetDistance('LINESTRING (0 0, 100 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 50 50, 100 0)'::geometry);
70.7106781186548
SELECT ST_FrechetDistance('LINESTRING (0 0, 100 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 50 50, 100 0)'::geometry, 0.5);
50
SELECT ST_HausdorffDistance(geomA, geomB),
       ST_Distance(geomA, geomB)
    FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING (20 70, 70 60, 110 70, 170 70)'::geometry AS geomA,
                 'LINESTRING (20 90, 130 90, 60 100, 190 100)'::geometry AS geomB) AS t;
st_hausdorffdistance | st_distance
----------------------+-------------
    37.26206567625497 |          20
SELECT ST_HausdorffDistance(
            'LINESTRING (130 0, 0 0, 0 150)'::geometry,
            'LINESTRING (10 10, 10 150, 130 10)'::geometry,
            0.5);
70
SELECT DISTINCT ON (buildings.gid) buildings.gid, parcels.parcel_id
   FROM buildings
       INNER JOIN parcels
       ON ST_Intersects(buildings.geom, parcels.geom)
   ORDER BY buildings.gid, ST_HausdorffDistance(buildings.geom, parcels.geom);

SELECT ST_Length(ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(743238 2967416,743238 2967450,743265 2967450,
743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416)',
2249));
122.63074400009504
SELECT ST_Length(ST_Transform(
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.1240 42.45666, -72.123 42.1546)'),
                        26986
        )
);
34309.4563576191
SELECT ST_Length(the_geog) As length_spheroid,  ST_Length(the_geog,false) As length_sphere
FROM (SELECT ST_GeographyFromText('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45, -72.1240 42.45666, -72.123 42.1546)') As the_geog)
 As foo;
length_spheroid  |  length_sphere
------------------+------------------
34310.5703627284 | 34346.20609607416
SELECT ST_3DLength(ST_GeomFromText(
'LINESTRING(743238 2967416 1,743238 2967450 1,743265 2967450 3,
743265.625 2967416 3,743238 2967416 3)',
2249));
122.70471674145682
SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid(
                                  geometry_column,
                                  'SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]'
                      )
                          FROM geometry_table;
SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid(geom, sph_m ) As tot_len,
ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom,1), sph_m) As len_line1,
ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom,2), sph_m) As len_line2
                          FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((-118.584 38.374,-118.583 38.5),
        (-71.05957 42.3589 , -71.061 43))') As geom,
CAST('SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]' As spheroid) As sph_m)  as foo;
tot_len      |    len_line1     |    len_line2
------------------+------------------+------------------
 85204.52077117894 | 13986.87252824332 | 71217.64824293563
SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid(geom, sph_m ) As tot_len,
ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom,1), sph_m) As len_line1,
ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeometryN(geom,2), sph_m) As len_line2
                          FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((-118.584 38.374 20,-118.583 38.5 30),
        (-71.05957 42.3589 75, -71.061 43 90))') As geom,
CAST('SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]' As spheroid) As sph_m)  as foo;
tot_len      |    len_line1    |    len_line2
------------------+-----------------+------------------
 85204.52592562366 | 13986.876103023424 | 71217.64982260024
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LongestLine(
        'POINT (160 40)',
        'LINESTRING (10 30, 50 50, 30 110, 70 90, 180 140, 130 190)' )
                ) AS lline;
LINESTRING(160 40,130 190)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LongestLine(
        'POLYGON ((190 150, 20 10, 160 70, 190 150))',
        ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)', 30)
            ) ) AS llinewkt;
LINESTRING(20 10,91.4805029709527 187.7163859753386)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LongestLine(geom)) AS llinewkt,
                  ST_MaxDistance(geom) AS max_dist,
                  ST_Length(ST_LongestLine(geom)) AS lenll
FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON ((40 180, 110 160, 180 180, 180 120, 140 90, 160 40, 80 10, 70 40, 20 50, 40 180),
              (60 140, 99 77.5, 90 140, 60 140))'::geometry AS geom) AS t;
llinewkt          |      max_dist      |       lenll
---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------
 LINESTRING(20 50,180 180) | 206.15528128088303 | 206.15528128088303
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DLongestLine(line,pt)) AS lol3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_LongestLine(line,pt)) As lol2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 1000)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;
lol3d_line_pt           |       lol2d_line_pt
-----------------------------------+----------------------------
 LINESTRING(50 75 1000,100 100 30) | LINESTRING(98 190,100 100)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DLongestLine(line,pt)) AS lol3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_LongestLine(line,pt)) As lol2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30, 50 74 1000)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 900)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;
lol3d_line_pt          |      lol2d_line_pt
---------------------------------+--------------------------
 LINESTRING(98 190 1,50 74 1000) | LINESTRING(98 190,50 74)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DLongestLine(poly, mline)) As lol3d,
    ST_AsEWKT(ST_LongestLine(poly, mline)) As lol2d
        FROM (SELECT  ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((175 150 5, 20 40 5, 35 45 5, 50 60 5, 100 100 5, 175 150 5))') As poly,
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2, 20 40 20, 50 60 -2, 125 100 1, 175 155 1),
                (1 10 2, 5 20 1))') As mline ) As foo;
lol3d             |          lol2d
------------------------------+--------------------------
 LINESTRING(175 150 5,1 10 2) | LINESTRING(175 150,1 10)
SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
2
SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 2, 2 2 )'::geometry);
2.82842712474619
SELECT ST_MaxDistance('POLYGON ((10 10, 10 0, 0 0, 10 10))'::geometry);
14.142135623730951
SELECT ST_3DMaxDistance(
                        ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 10000)'),2163),
                                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163)
                        ) As dist_3d,
                        ST_MaxDistance(
                                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 10000)'),2163),
                                ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163)
                        ) As dist_2d;
dist_3d      |     dist_2d
------------------+------------------
 24383.7467488441 | 22247.8472107251
SELECT ST_MinimumClearance('POLYGON ((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0.5 3.2e-4, 0 0))');
0.00032
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MinimumClearanceLine('POLYGON ((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0.5 3.2e-4, 0 0))'));
LINESTRING(0.5 0.00032,0.5 0)

SELECT ST_Perimeter(ST_GeomFromText(
'POLYGON((743238 2967416,743238 2967450,743265 2967450,
743265.625 2967416,743238 2967416))',
2249));
122.63074400009504
SELECT ST_Perimeter(ST_GeomFromText(
'MULTIPOLYGON(((763104.471273676 2949418.44119003,
763104.477769673 2949418.42538203,
763104.189609677 2949418.22343004,763104.471273676 2949418.44119003)),
((763104.471273676 2949418.44119003,763095.804579742 2949436.33850239,
763086.132105649 2949451.46730207,763078.452329651 2949462.11549407,
763075.354136904 2949466.17407812,763064.362142565 2949477.64291974,
763059.953961626 2949481.28983009,762994.637609571 2949532.04103014,
762990.568508415 2949535.06640477,762986.710889563 2949539.61421415,
763117.237897679 2949709.50493431,763235.236617789 2949617.95619822,
763287.718121842 2949562.20592617,763111.553321674 2949423.91664605,
763104.471273676 2949418.44119003)))',
2249));
845.227713366825
SELECT  ST_Perimeter(geog) As per_meters, ST_Perimeter(geog)/0.3048 As per_ft
FROM ST_GeogFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902,-71.1776843766326 42.3903829478009,
-71.1775844305465 42.3903826677917,-71.1775825927231 42.3902893647987,-71.1776848522251 42.3902896512902))') As geog;
per_meters    |      per_ft
-----------------+------------------
37.37904625414049 | 122.63466618812497
SELECT  ST_Perimeter(geog) As per_meters, ST_Perimeter(geog,false) As per_sphere_meters,  ST_Perimeter(geog)/0.3048 As per_ft
FROM ST_GeogFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411,-71.1044542869917 42.3406744369506,
-71.1044553562977 42.340673886454,-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411)),
((-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411,-71.1044860600303 42.3407237015564,-71.1045215770124 42.3407653385914,
-71.1045498002983 42.3407946553165,-71.1045611902745 42.3408058316308,-71.1046016507427 42.340837442371,
-71.104617893173 42.3408475056957,-71.1048586153981 42.3409875993595,-71.1048736143677 42.3409959528211,
-71.1048878050242 42.3410084812078,-71.1044020965803 42.3414730072048,
-71.1039672113619 42.3412202916693,-71.1037740497748 42.3410666421308,
-71.1044280218456 42.3406894151355,-71.1044543107478 42.340674480411)))') As geog;
per_meters    | per_sphere_meters |      per_ft
------------------+-------------------+------------------
 257.634283683311 |  257.412311446337 | 845.256836231335

SELECT ST_3DPerimeter(geom), ST_Perimeter2D(geom), ST_Perimeter(geom) FROM
                        (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=2249;POLYGON((743238 2967416 2,743238 2967450 1,
743265.625 2967416 1,743238 2967416 2))') As geom) As foo;
ST_3DPerimeter  |  st_perimeter2d  |   st_perimeter
------------------+------------------+------------------
105.46579359767418 | 105.43299727218763 | 105.43299727218763
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ShortestLine(
        'POINT (160 40)',
        'LINESTRING (10 30, 50 50, 30 110, 70 90, 180 140, 130 190)')
                ) As sline;
LINESTRING(160 40,125.75342465753425 115.34246575342466)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ShortestLine(
         'POLYGON ((190 150, 20 10, 160 70, 190 150))',
         ST_Buffer('POINT(80 160)', 30)
                      ) ) AS llinewkt;
LINESTRING(131.59149149528952 101.89887534906195,101.21320343559643 138.78679656440357)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DShortestLine(line,pt)) AS shl3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_ShortestLine(line,pt)) As shl2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'POINT(100 100 30)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 1000)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;
shl3d_line_pt                                                                 |               shl2d_line_pt
----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(54.69937988676193 128.93502291722837 11.547586950660556,100 100 30) | LINESTRING(73.07692307692307 115.38461538461539,100 100)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DShortestLine(line,pt)) AS shl3d_line_pt,
                ST_AsEWKT(ST_ShortestLine(line,pt)) As shl2d_line_pt
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(100 100 30, 50 74 1000)'::geometry As pt,
                        'LINESTRING (20 80 20, 98 190 1, 110 180 3, 50 75 900)'::geometry As line
                ) As foo;
shl3d_line_pt                                       | shl2d_line_pt
---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------
 LINESTRING(54.69937988676193 128.93502291722837 11.547586950660556,100 100 30) | LINESTRING(50 75,50 74)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_3DShortestLine(poly, mline)) As shl3d,
    ST_AsEWKT(ST_ShortestLine(poly, mline)) As shl2d
        FROM (SELECT  ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYGON((175 150 5, 20 40 5, 35 45 5, 50 60 5, 100 100 5, 175 150 5))') As poly,
                ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRING((175 155 2, 20 40 20, 50 60 -2, 125 100 1, 175 155 1),
                (1 10 2, 5 20 1))') As mline ) As foo;
shl3d                                                                           |     shl2d
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------
 LINESTRING(40.45454545454545 53.63636363636364 5,40.45454545454545 53.63636363636364 5) | LINESTRING(20 40,20 40)
SELECT ST_ClipByBox2D(geom, ST_MakeEnvelope(0,0,10,10)) FROM mytab;
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Difference('LINESTRING(50 100, 50 200)'::geometry,
            'LINESTRING(50 50, 50 150)'::geometry
        )
    );
LINESTRING(50 150,50 200)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Difference('MULTIPOINT(-118.58 38.38 5,-118.60 38.329 6,-118.614 38.281 7)' :: geometry,
                   'POINT(-118.614 38.281 5)' :: geometry
                  ) );
MULTIPOINT(-118.6 38.329 6,-118.58 38.38 5)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry));
POINT EMPTY
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry));
POINT(0 0)
select clipped.gid, clipped.f_name, clipped_geom
from (
         select trails.gid, trails.f_name,
             (ST_Dump(ST_Intersection(country.geom, trails.geom))).geom clipped_geom
         from country
              inner join trails on ST_Intersects(country.geom, trails.geom)
     ) as clipped
where ST_Dimension(clipped.clipped_geom) = 1;
select poly.gid,
    ST_Multi(ST_Buffer(ST_Intersection(country.geom, poly.geom),
            0.0
        )
    ) clipped_geom
from country
     inner join poly on ST_Intersects(country.geom, poly.geom)
where not ST_IsEmpty(ST_Buffer(ST_Intersection(country.geom, poly.geom), 0.0));
select ST_AsText(ST_Intersection(linestring, polygon)) As wkt
from  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING Z (2 2 6,1.5 1.5 7,1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10)') AS linestring
 CROSS JOIN ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0 8, 0 1 8, 1 1 8, 1 0 8, 0 0 8))') AS polygon;
LINESTRING Z (1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10)
SELECT id,
       ST_MemUnion(geom) as singlegeom
FROM sometable f
GROUP BY id;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Node('LINESTRINGZ(0 0 0, 10 10 10, 0 10 5, 10 0 3)'::geometry)
    ) As  output;
MULTILINESTRING Z ((0 0 0,5 5 4.5),(5 5 4.5,10 10 10,0 10 5,5 5 4.5),(5 5 4.5,10 0 3))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Node('MULTILINESTRING ((2 5, 2 1, 7 1), (6 1, 4 1, 2 3, 2 5))'::geometry)
    ) As  output;
MULTILINESTRING((2 5,2 3),(2 3,2 1,4 1),(4 1,2 3),(4 1,6 1),(6 1,7 1))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Split(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50), -- circle
                ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(10, 10),ST_Point(190, 190)) -- line
    ));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
            POLYGON((150 90,149.039264020162 80.2454838991936,146.193976625564 70.8658283817455,..),
            POLYGON(..))
)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Split('MULTILINESTRING((10 10, 190 190), (15 15, 30 30, 100 90))',
    ST_Point(30,30)));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
    LINESTRING(10 10,30 30),
    LINESTRING(30 30,190 190),
    LINESTRING(15 15,30 30),
    LINESTRING(30 30,100 90)
)
WITH data AS (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(0 0, 100 100)'::geometry AS line,
  'POINT(51 50)':: geometry AS point
)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Split(ST_Snap(line, point, 1), point)) AS snapped_split,
       ST_AsText(ST_Split(line, point)) AS not_snapped_not_split
       FROM data;
snapped_split                            |            not_snapped_not_split
---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,51 50),LINESTRING(51 50,100 100)) | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,100 100))
SELECT row_number() OVER() As rn, ST_AsText(geom) As wkt
    FROM (SELECT ST_Subdivide('POLYGON((132 10,119 23,85 35,68 29,66 28,49 42,32 56,22 64,32 110,40 119,36 150,
        57 158,75 171,92 182,114 184,132 186,146 178,176 184,179 162,184 141,190 122,
        190 100,185 79,186 56,186 52,178 34,168 18,147 13,132 10))'::geometry,10))  AS f(geom);

rn │                                                      wkt
────┼────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  1 │ POLYGON((85 35,68 29,66 28,32 56,22 64,29.82608695652174 100,119 100,119 23,85 35))
  2 │ POLYGON((186 52,178 34,168 18,147 13,132 10,119 23,119 56,186 56,186 52))
  3 │ POLYGON((185 79,186 56,119 56,119 100,190 100,185 79))
  4 │ POLYGON((40 119,36 150,57 158,75 171,92 182,114 184,114 100,29.82608695652174 100,32 110,40 119))
  5 │ POLYGON((132 186,146 178,176 184,179 162,184 141,190 122,190 100,114 100,114 184,132 186))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Subdivide(ST_Segmentize('LINESTRING(0 0, 85 85)'::geography,
                          1200000)::geometry,    8));

LINESTRING(0 0,0.487578359029357 5.57659056746196,0.984542144675897 11.1527721155093,1.50101059639722 16.7281035483571,1.94532113630331 21.25)
LINESTRING(1.94532113630331 21.25,2.04869538062779 22.3020741387339,2.64204641967673 27.8740533545155,3.29994062412787 33.443216802941,4.04836719489742 39.0084282520239,4.59890468420694 42.5)
LINESTRING(4.59890468420694 42.5,4.92498503922732 44.5680389206321,5.98737409390639 50.1195229244701,7.3290919767674 55.6587646879025,8.79638749938413 60.1969505994924)
LINESTRING(8.79638749938413 60.1969505994924,9.11375579533779 61.1785363177625,11.6558166691368 66.6648504160202,15.642041247655 72.0867690601745,22.8716627200212 77.3609628116894,24.6991785131552 77.8939011989848)
LINESTRING(24.6991785131552 77.8939011989848,39.4046096622744 82.1822848017636,44.7994523421035 82.5156766227011)
LINESTRING(44.7994523421035 82.5156766227011,85 85)

WITH complex_areas_to_subdivide AS (
    DELETE from polygons_table
    WHERE ST_NPoints(geom) 
> 255
    RETURNING id, column1, column2, column3, geom
)
INSERT INTO polygons_table (fid, column1, column2, column3, geom)
    SELECT fid, column1, column2, column3,
           ST_Subdivide(geom, 255) as geom
    FROM complex_areas_to_subdivide;

CREATE TABLE subdivided_geoms AS
    SELECT pkey, ST_Subdivide(geom) AS geom
    FROM original_geoms;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SymDifference(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 100, 50 200)'),
        ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50, 50 150)')
    )
);
MULTILINESTRING((50 150,50 200),(50 50,50 100))
--When used in 3d doesn't quite do the right thing
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SymDifference(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 1, 1 4 2)'),
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 1 3, 1 3 4)')))
MULTILINESTRING((1 3 4,1 4 2),(1 1 3,1 2 1))
SELECT id,
       ST_Union(geom) as singlegeom
FROM sometable f
GROUP BY id;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union('POINT(1 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(-2 3)'::geometry));
MULTIPOINT((1 2),(-2 3))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union('POINT(1 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(1 2)'::geometry));
POINT(1 2)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Union(geom))
FROM (
    SELECT 'POLYGON Z((-7 4.2 5, -7.1 4.2 5, -7.1 4.3 5, -7 4.2 5))'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'POINT Z(5 5 5)'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'POINT Z(-2 3 1)'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'LINESTRING Z(5 5 5, 10 10 10)'::geometry geom
) AS foo;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(-2 3 1),LINESTRING(5 5 5,10 10 10),POLYGON((-7 4.2 5,-7.1 4.2 5,-7.1 4.3 5,-7 4.2 5)))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Union(geom))
FROM (
    SELECT 'POLYGON((-7 4.2 2, -7.1 4.2 3, -7.1 4.3 2, -7 4.2 2))'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'POINT(5 5 5)'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'POINT(-2 3 1)'::geometry geom
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 'LINESTRING(5 5 5, 10 10 10)'::geometry geom
) AS foo;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(-2 3 1),LINESTRING(5 5 5,10 10 10),POLYGON((-7 4.2 2,-7.1 4.2 3,-7.1 4.3 2,-7 4.2 2)))
SELECT ST_Union(ARRAY(SELECT geom FROM sometable));
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union(ARRAY[
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(3 4, 4 5)')
])) As wktunion;
MULTILINESTRING((1 2,3 4),(3 4,4 5))
SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
 50, 'quad_segs=8');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
 50, 'quad_segs=2');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'endcap=round join=round');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'endcap=square join=round');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'endcap=flat join=round');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'join=bevel');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'join=mitre mitre_limit=5.0');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'join=mitre mitre_limit=1.0');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'side=left');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'side=right');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
 ), 10, 'side=left join=mitre');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
ST_ForceRHR(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((50 50, 50 150, 150 150, 150 50, 50 50))'))),
 ), 20, 'side=left');

SELECT ST_Buffer(
ST_ForceRHR(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((50 50, 50 150, 150 150, 150 50, 50 50))'))
), 20,'side=right')

SELECT ST_NPoints(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50)) As promisingcircle_pcount,
ST_NPoints(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 2)) As lamecircle_pcount;

promisingcircle_pcount | lamecircle_pcount
------------------------+-------------------
             33 |                9

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Buffer(
ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.063526, 42.35785),4269), 26986),
100,2)) As octagon;
POLYGON((236057.5905746494 900908.7599186979,236028.30125276805 900838.0492405792,235957.5905746494 900808.7599186979,235886.87989653074 900838.0492405792,235857.5905746494 900908.7599186979,235886.87989653074 900979.4705968165,235957.5905746494 901008.7599186979,236028.30125276805 900979.4705968165,236057.5905746494 900908.7599186979))
WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES
   ('LINESTRING (180 40, 30 20, 20 90)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (180 40, 160 160)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (160 160, 80 190, 80 120, 20 90)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (80 60, 120 130, 150 80)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (80 60, 150 80)'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_BuildArea(ST_Collect(geom ))) AS wkt
    FROM data;
POLYGON((180 40,30 20,20 90,80 120,80 190,160 160,180 40),(150 80,120 130,80 60,150 80))
SELECT ST_BuildArea(ST_Collect(inring,outring))
FROM (SELECT
    ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)', 25) As inring,
    ST_Buffer('POINT(100 90)', 50) As outring) As t;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Centroid('MULTIPOINT ( -1 0, -1 2, -1 3, -1 4, -1 7, 0 1, 0 3, 1 1, 2 0, 6 0, 7 8, 9 8, 10 6 )'));
st_astext
------------------------------------------
POINT(2.307692307692308 3.307692307692308)
(1 row)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Centroid(g))
FROM  ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(0 2, -1 1,0 0, 0.5 0, 1 0, 2 1, 1 2, 0.5 2, 0 2)')  AS g ;
------------------------------------------
POINT(0.5 1)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Centroid(g))
FROM  ST_GeomFromText('COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 2, -1 1,0 0),(0 0, 0.5 0, 1 0),CIRCULARSTRING( 1 0, 2 1, 1 2),(1 2, 0.5 2, 0 2))' ) AS g;
------------------------------------------
POINT(0.5 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ChaikinSmoothing(geom)) smoothed
FROM (SELECT  'POLYGON((0 0, 8 8, 0 16, 0 0))'::geometry geom) AS foo;

                 smoothed
───────────────────────────────────────────
 POLYGON((2 2,6 6,6 10,2 14,0 12,0 4,2 2))

SELECT ST_ChaikinSmoothing('POLYGON ((20 20, 60 90, 10 150, 100 190, 190 160, 130 120, 190 50, 140 70, 120 10, 90 60, 20 20))',
            generate_series(1, 3) );

SELECT ST_ChaikinSmoothing('LINESTRING (10 140, 80 130, 100 190, 190 150, 140 20, 120 120, 50 30, 30 100)',
            generate_series(1, 3) );

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CatmullRomSmoothing('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 0, 10 0, 15 0)'));

 LINESTRING(0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0)

SELECT ST_CatmullRomSmoothing('POLYGON ((20 20, 60 90, 10 150, 100 190, 190 160, 130 120, 190 50, 140 70, 120 10, 90 60, 20 20))',
            generate_series(5, 10, 5) );

SELECT ST_CatmullRomSmoothing('LINESTRING (10 140, 80 130, 100 190, 190 150, 140 20, 120 120, 50 30, 30 100)',
            generate_series(5, 10, 5) );

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ConcaveHull('MULTIPOINT ((10 72), (53 76), (56 66), (63 58), (71 51), (81 48), (91 46), (101 45), (111 46), (121 47), (131 50), (140 55), (145 64), (144 74), (135 80), (125 83), (115 85), (105 87), (95 89), (85 91), (75 93), (65 95), (55 98), (45 102), (37 107), (29 114), (22 122), (19 132), (18 142), (21 151), (27 160), (35 167), (44 172), (54 175), (64 178), (74 180), (84 181), (94 181), (104 181), (114 181), (124 181), (134 179), (144 177), (153 173), (162 168), (171 162), (177 154), (182 145), (184 135), (139 132), (136 142), (128 149), (119 153), (109 155), (99 155), (89 155), (79 153), (69 150), (61 144), (63 134), (72 128), (82 125), (92 123), (102 121), (112 119), (122 118), (132 116), (142 113), (151 110), (161 106), (170 102), (178 96), (185 88), (189 78), (190 68), (189 58), (185 49), (179 41), (171 34), (162 29), (153 25), (143 23), (133 21), (123 19), (113 19), (102 19), (92 19), (82 19), (72 21), (62 22), (52 25), (43 29), (33 34), (25 41), (19 49), (14 58), (21 73), (31 74), (42 74), (173 134), (161 134), (150 133), (97 104), (52 117), (157 156), (94 171), (112 106), (169 73), (58 165), (149 40), (70 33), (147 157), (48 153), (140 96), (47 129), (173 55), (144 86), (159 67), (150 146), (38 136), (111 170), (124 94), (26 59), (60 41), (71 162), (41 64), (88 110), (122 34), (151 97), (157 56), (39 146), (88 33), (159 45), (47 56), (138 40), (129 165), (33 48), (106 31), (169 147), (37 122), (71 109), (163 89), (37 156), (82 170), (180 72), (29 142), (46 41), (59 155), (124 106), (157 80), (175 82), (56 50), (62 116), (113 95), (144 167))',
         0.1 ) );
---st_astext--
POLYGON ((18 142, 21 151, 27 160, 35 167, 44 172, 54 175, 64 178, 74 180, 84 181, 94 181, 104 181, 114 181, 124 181, 134 179, 144 177, 153 173, 162 168, 171 162, 177 154, 182 145, 184 135, 173 134, 161 134, 150 133, 139 132, 136 142, 128 149, 119 153, 109 155, 99 155, 89 155, 79 153, 69 150, 61 144, 63 134, 72 128, 82 125, 92 123, 102 121, 112 119, 122 118, 132 116, 142 113, 151 110, 161 106, 170 102, 178 96, 185 88, 189 78, 190 68, 189 58, 185 49, 179 41, 171 34, 162 29, 153 25, 143 23, 133 21, 123 19, 113 19, 102 19, 92 19, 82 19, 72 21, 62 22, 52 25, 43 29, 33 34, 25 41, 19 49, 14 58, 10 72, 21 73, 31 74, 42 74, 53 76, 56 66, 63 58, 71 51, 81 48, 91 46, 101 45, 111 46, 121 47, 131 50, 140 55, 145 64, 144 74, 135 80, 125 83, 115 85, 105 87, 95 89, 85 91, 75 93, 65 95, 55 98, 45 102, 37 107, 29 114, 22 122, 19 132, 18 142))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ConcaveHull('MULTIPOINT ((132 64), (114 64), (99 64), (81 64), (63 64), (57 49), (52 36), (46 20), (37 20), (26 20), (32 36), (39 55), (43 69), (50 84), (57 100), (63 118), (68 133), (74 149), (81 164), (88 180), (101 180), (112 180), (119 164), (126 149), (132 131), (139 113), (143 100), (150 84), (157 69), (163 51), (168 36), (174 20), (163 20), (150 20), (143 36), (139 49), (132 64), (99 151), (92 138), (88 124), (81 109), (74 93), (70 82), (83 82), (99 82), (112 82), (126 82), (121 96), (114 109), (110 122), (103 138), (99 151), (34 27), (43 31), (48 44), (46 58), (52 73), (63 73), (61 84), (72 71), (90 69), (101 76), (123 71), (141 62), (166 27), (150 33), (159 36), (146 44), (154 53), (152 62), (146 73), (134 76), (143 82), (141 91), (130 98), (126 104), (132 113), (128 127), (117 122), (112 133), (119 144), (108 147), (119 153), (110 171), (103 164), (92 171), (86 160), (88 142), (79 140), (72 124), (83 131), (79 118), (68 113), (63 102), (68 93), (35 45))',
         0.15, true ) );
---st_astext--
POLYGON ((43 69, 50 84, 57 100, 63 118, 68 133, 74 149, 81 164, 88 180, 101 180, 112 180, 119 164, 126 149, 132 131, 139 113, 143 100, 150 84, 157 69, 163 51, 168 36, 174 20, 163 20, 150 20, 143 36, 139 49, 132 64, 114 64, 99 64, 81 64, 63 64, 57 49, 52 36, 46 20, 37 20, 26 20, 32 36, 35 45, 39 55, 43 69), (88 124, 81 109, 74 93, 83 82, 99 82, 112 82, 121 96, 114 109, 110 122, 103 138, 92 138, 88 124))

WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES
   ('POLYGON ((10 90, 39 85, 61 79, 50 90, 80 80, 95 55, 25 60, 90 45, 70 16, 63 38, 60 10, 50 30, 43 27, 30 10, 20 20, 10 90))'::geometry)
)
SELECT  ST_ConcaveHull(geom,            0.1) AS polygon_hull,
        ST_ConcaveHull(ST_Points(geom), 0.1) AS points_hull
    FROM data;

SELECT disease_type,
    ST_ConcaveHull(ST_Collect(obs_pnt), 0.3 ) AS geom
  FROM disease_obs
  GROUP BY disease_type;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ConvexHull(ST_Collect(ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((100 190,10 8),(150 10, 20 30))'),
            ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOINT(50 5, 150 30, 50 10, 10 10)')
            )) );
---st_astext--
POLYGON((50 5,10 8,10 10,100 190,150 30,150 10,50 5))

SELECT d.disease_type,
    ST_ConvexHull(ST_Collect(d.geom)) As geom
    FROM disease_obs As d
    GROUP BY d.disease_type;

our original geometry
    ST_Union(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((175 150, 20 40,
            50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'),
        ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(110 170)'), 20)
        )

geometries overlaid multilinestring triangles

SELECT
    ST_DelaunayTriangles(ST_Union(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((175 150, 20 40,
            50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'),
        ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(110 170)'), 20)
        ))
     As  dtriag;

SELECT
    ST_DelaunayTriangles(ST_Union(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((175 150, 20 40,
            50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'),
        ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(110 170)'), 20)
        ),0.001,1)
     As  dtriag;

this produces a table of 42 points that form an L shape

SELECT (ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOINT(14 14,34 14,54 14,74 14,94 14,114 14,134 14,
150 14,154 14,154 6,134 6,114 6,94 6,74 6,54 6,34 6,
14 6,10 6,8 6,7 7,6 8,6 10,6 30,6 50,6 70,6 90,6 110,6 130,
6 150,6 170,6 190,6 194,14 194,14 174,14 154,14 134,14 114,
14 94,14 74,14 54,14 34,14 14)'))).geom
    INTO TABLE l_shape;

output as individual polygon triangles

SELECT ST_AsText((ST_Dump(geom)).geom) As wkt
FROM ( SELECT ST_DelaunayTriangles(ST_Collect(geom)) As geom
FROM l_shape) As foo;

wkt

POLYGON((6 194,6 190,14 194,6 194))
POLYGON((14 194,6 190,14 174,14 194))
POLYGON((14 194,14 174,154 14,14 194))
POLYGON((154 14,14 174,14 154,154 14))
POLYGON((154 14,14 154,150 14,154 14))
POLYGON((154 14,150 14,154 6,154 14))

3D multipoint

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_DelaunayTriangles(ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOINT Z(14 14 10, 150 14 100,34 6 25, 20 10 150)'))) As wkt;

wkt

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Z (POLYGON Z ((14 14 10,20 10 150,34 6 25,14 14 10)),
 POLYGON Z ((14 14 10,34 6 25,150 14 100,14 14 10)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_FilterByM(geom,30)) simplified
FROM (SELECT  ST_SetEffectiveArea('LINESTRING(5 2, 3 8, 6 20, 7 25, 10 10)'::geometry) geom) As foo;
LINESTRING(5 2,7 25,10 10)
SELECT ST_GeneratePoints(geom, 12, 1996)
FROM (
    SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'),
        10, 'endcap=round join=round') AS geom
) AS s;
SELECT s.id, dp.path[1] AS pt_id, dp.geom
FROM s, ST_DumpPoints(ST_GeneratePoints(s.geom,12)) AS dp;
WITH test AS (
SELECT 'MULTIPOINT((10 10), (10 40), (40 10), (190 190))'::geometry geom)
SELECT
  ST_AsText(ST_Centroid(geom)) centroid,
  ST_AsText(ST_GeometricMedian(geom)) median
FROM test;
centroid      |                 median
--------------------+----------------------------------------
   POINT(62.5 62.5) | POINT(25.01778421249728 25.01778421249728)
(1 row)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((10 160, 60 120), (120 140, 60 120), (120 140, 180 120))'
                ));
LINESTRING(10 160,60 120,120 140,180 120)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((10 160, 60 120), (120 140, 60 120), (120 140, 180 120), (100 180, 120 140))'
                ));
MULTILINESTRING((10 160,60 120,120 140),(100 180,120 140),(120 140,180 120))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((-29 -27,-30 -29.7,-36 -31,-45 -33),(-45.2 -33.2,-46 -32))'
));
MULTILINESTRING((-45.2 -33.2,-46 -32),(-29 -27,-30 -29.7,-36 -31,-45 -33))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((60 30, 10 70), (120 50, 60 30), (120 50, 180 30))',
TRUE));
MULTILINESTRING((120 50,60 30,10 70),(120 50,180 30))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineMerge('MULTILINESTRING((-29 -27 11,-30 -29.7 10,-36 -31 5,-45 -33 6), (-29 -27 12,-30 -29.7 5), (-45 -33 1,-46 -32 11))'
        ));
LINESTRING Z (-30 -29.7 5,-29 -27 11,-30 -29.7 10,-36 -31 5,-45 -33 1,-46 -32 11)
SELECT radius, ST_AsText(center) AS center, ST_AsText(nearest) AS nearest
    FROM ST_MaximumInscribedCircle('POLYGON ((40 180, 110 160, 180 180, 180 120, 140 90, 160 40, 80 10, 70 40, 20 50, 40 180),
        (60 140, 50 90, 90 140, 60 140))');
radius      |           center           |    nearest
-----------------+----------------------------+---------------
45.18896951053177 | POINT(96.9287109375 76.3232421875) | POINT(61.64205411585366 104.55256764481707)
SELECT radius,
      center,
      nearest
  FROM ST_LargestEmptyCircle('MULTILINESTRING (
          (10 100, 60 180, 130 150, 190 160),
          (20 50, 70 70, 90 20, 110 40),
          (160 30, 100 100, 180 100))');
SELECT radius,
       center,
       nearest
  FROM ST_LargestEmptyCircle(ST_Collect('MULTIPOINT ((70 50), (60 130), (130 150), (80 90))'::geometry,
           'POLYGON ((90 190, 10 100, 60 10, 190 40, 120 100, 190 180, 90 190))'::geometry),
           0,
         'POLYGON ((90 190, 10 100, 60 10, 190 40, 120 100, 190 180, 90 190))'::geometry
       );
SELECT d.disease_type,
    ST_MinimumBoundingCircle(ST_Collect(d.geom)) As geom
    FROM disease_obs As d
    GROUP BY d.disease_type;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MinimumBoundingCircle(ST_Collect(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)'),
                ST_Point(20, 80)), 8
                )) As wktmbc;
POLYGON((72.5 178.4024474346694,84.86920388664029 177.18418718546332,96.76306620464646 173.57622349601382,107.72451249529237 167.71720838753708,117.33230052487836 159.83230052487838,125.21720838753708 150.22451249529237,131.07622349601382 139.26306620464646,134.68418718546332 127.3692038866403,135.9024474346694 115,134.68418718546332 102.63079611335971,131.07622349601382 90.73693379535354,125.21720838753708 79.77548750470766,117.33230052487838 70.16769947512164,107.72451249529237 62.282791612462916,96.76306620464648 56.42377650398619,84.86920388664032 52.815812814536685,72.50000000000001 51.59755256533059,60.13079611335969 52.815812814536685,48.236933795353536 56.42377650398618,37.27548750470765 62.28279161246291,27.667699475121637 70.16769947512162,19.782791612462923 79.77548750470763,13.923776503986204 90.7369337953535,10.315812814536692 102.63079611335968,9.097552565330588 114.99999999999999,10.315812814536685 127.3692038866403,13.923776503986197 139.2630662046465,19.78279161246291 150.22451249529234,27.667699475121623 159.83230052487835,37.275487504707634 167.71720838753708,48.236933795353494 173.5762234960138,60.13079611335967 177.18418718546332,72.49999999999999 178.4024474346694))
SELECT ST_AsText(center), radius FROM ST_MinimumBoundingRadius('POLYGON((26426 65078,26531 65242,26075 65136,26096 65427,26426 65078))');
st_astext                 |      radius
------------------------------------------+------------------
 POINT(26284.84180271327 65267.114509082545) | 247.43604559140655
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OrientedEnvelope('MULTIPOINT ((0 0), (-1 -1), (3 2))'));
POLYGON((3 2,-1 -1,-1.12 -0.84,2.88 2.16,3 2))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OrientedEnvelope(ST_Collect(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(55 75,125 150)'),
                ST_Point(20, 80))
                )) As wktenv;
POLYGON((20 80,125 150,138.0769230769241 130.38461538461573,33.07692307692291 60.384615384615195,20 80))
SELECT ST_Union(
 ST_OffsetCurve(f.geom,  f.width/2, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
 ST_OffsetCurve(f.geom, -f.width/2, 'quad_segs=4 join=round')
) as track
FROM someroadstable;

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OffsetCurve(
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)'),
    15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'));

output

LINESTRING(164 1,18 1,12.2597485145237 2.1418070123307,
    7.39339828220179 5.39339828220179,
    5.39339828220179 7.39339828220179,
    2.14180701233067 12.2597485145237,1 18,1 195)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OffsetCurve(
    geom,
    -15,
    'quad_segs=4 join=round')) As notsocurvy
    FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;

notsocurvy

LINESTRING(31 195,31 31,164 31)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OffsetCurve(
    ST_OffsetCurve(
        geom,
        -30,
        'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
    -15,
    'quad_segs=4 join=round')) As morecurvy
    FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;

morecurvy

LINESTRING(164 31,46 31,40.2597485145236 32.1418070123307,
35.3933982822018 35.3933982822018,
32.1418070123307 40.2597485145237,31 46,31 195)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Collect(
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, 15, 'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
    ST_OffsetCurve(
        ST_OffsetCurve(
            geom,
            -30,
            'quad_segs=4 join=round'),
        -15,
        'quad_segs=4 join=round')
)
) As parallel_curves
    FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;

parallel curves

MULTILINESTRING((164 1,18 1,12.2597485145237 2.1418070123307,
7.39339828220179 5.39339828220179,5.39339828220179 7.39339828220179,
2.14180701233067 12.2597485145237,1 18,1 195),
(164 31,46 31,40.2597485145236 32.1418070123307,35.3933982822018 35.3933982822018,
32.1418070123307 40.2597485145237,31 46,31 195))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_OffsetCurve(
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)'),
        15, 'quad_segs=4 join=bevel'));

output

LINESTRING(164 1,18 1,7.39339828220179 5.39339828220179,
    5.39339828220179 7.39339828220179,1 18,1 195)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Collect(
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, 15, 'quad_segs=4 join=mitre mitre_limit=2.2'),
    ST_OffsetCurve(geom, -15, 'quad_segs=4 join=mitre mitre_limit=2.2')
    ) )
    FROM ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(164 16,144 16,124 16,104 16,84 16,64 16,
    44 16,24 16,20 16,18 16,17 17,
    16 18,16 20,16 40,16 60,16 80,16 100,
    16 120,16 140,16 160,16 180,16 195)') As geom;

output

MULTILINESTRING((164 1,11.7867965644036 1,1 11.7867965644036,1 195),
    (31 195,31 31,164 31))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointOnSurface('POINT(0 5)'::geometry));
------------
 POINT(0 5)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointOnSurface('LINESTRING(0 5, 0 10)'::geometry));
------------
 POINT(0 5)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointOnSurface('POLYGON((0 0, 0 5, 5 5, 5 0, 0 0))'::geometry));
----------------
 POINT(2.5 2.5)

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_PointOnSurface(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(0 5 1, 0 0 1, 0 10 2)')));
----------------
 POINT(0 0 1)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointOnSurface(geom)) AS pt_on_surf,
       ST_AsText(ST_Centroid(geom)) AS centroid
    FROM (SELECT 'POLYGON ((130 120, 120 190, 30 140, 50 20, 190 20,
                      170 100, 90 60, 90 130, 130 120))'::geometry AS geom) AS t;
pt_on_surf    |                  centroid
-----------------+---------------------------------------------
 POINT(62.5 110) | POINT(100.18264840182648 85.11415525114155)
WITH data(geom) AS (VALUES
   ('LINESTRING (180 40, 30 20, 20 90)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (180 40, 160 160)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (80 60, 120 130, 150 80)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (80 60, 150 80)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (20 90, 70 70, 80 130)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (80 130, 160 160)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (20 90, 20 160, 70 190)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (70 190, 80 130)'::geometry),
  ('LINESTRING (70 190, 160 160)'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Polygonize(geom ))
    FROM data;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((180 40,30 20,20 90,70 70,80 130,160 160,180 40),(150 80,120 130,80 60,150 80)),POLYGON((80 60,120 130,150 80,80 60)),POLYGON((80 130,70 70,20 90,20 160,70 190,80 130)),POLYGON((160 160,80 130,70 190,160 160)))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Polygonize(geom_4269)) As geomtextrep
FROM (SELECT geom_4269 FROM ma.suffolk_edges) As foo;

-------------------------------------
 SRID=4269;GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-71.040878 42.285678,-71.040943 42.2856,-71.04096 42.285752,-71.040878 42.285678)),
 POLYGON((-71.17166 42.353675,-71.172026 42.354044,-71.17239 42.354358,-71.171794 42.354971,-71.170511 42.354855,
 -71.17112 42.354238,-71.17166 42.353675)))

--Use ST_Dump to dump out the polygonize geoms into individual polygons
SELECT ST_AsEWKT((ST_Dump(t.polycoll)).geom) AS geomtextrep
FROM (SELECT ST_Polygonize(geom_4269) AS polycoll
    FROM (SELECT geom_4269 FROM ma.suffolk_edges)
        As foo) AS t;

------------------------
 SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.040878 42.285678,-71.040943 42.2856,-71.04096 42.285752,
-71.040878 42.285678))
 SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.17166 42.353675,-71.172026 42.354044,-71.17239 42.354358,
-71.171794 42.354971,-71.170511 42.354855,-71.17112 42.354238,-71.17166 42.353675))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 0.1));
POINT(1.4 19.3)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 1.0));
POINT(1 19)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('POINT(1.412 19.323)', 10));
POINT(0 20)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('LINESTRING (10 10, 19.6 30.1, 20 30, 20.3 30, 40 40)', 1));
LINESTRING (10 10, 20 30, 40 40)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ReducePrecision('POLYGON ((10 10, 60 60.1, 70 30, 40 40, 50 10, 10 10))', 10));
MULTIPOLYGON(((40 40,50 10,10 10,40 40)),((60 60,70 30,40 40,60 60)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SharedPaths(ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),
       (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150))'),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(151 100,126 156.25,126 125,90 161, 76 175)')
    )
  )
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTILINESTRING((126 156.25,126 125),
 (101 150,90 161),(90 161,76 175)),MULTILINESTRING EMPTY)

same example but linestring orientation flipped

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SharedPaths(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(76 175,90 161,126 125,126 156.25,151 100)'),
   ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),
       (51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150))')
    )
  )
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(MULTILINESTRING EMPTY,
MULTILINESTRING((76 175,90 161),(90 161,101 150),(126 125,126 156.25)))
SELECT ST_NPoints(geom) AS np_before,
       ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 0.1)) AS np01_notbadcircle,
       ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 0.5)) AS np05_notquitecircle,
       ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 1)) AS np1_octagon,
       ST_NPoints(ST_Simplify(geom, 10)) AS np10_gone,
       (ST_Simplify(geom, 100) is null) AS  np100_geometrygoesaway
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)', 10,12) As geom) AS t;
np_before | np01_notbadcircle | np05_notquitecircle | np1_octagon | np10_gone | np100_geometrygoesaway
-----------+-------------------+---------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------------
        49 |                33 |                  17 |           9 |      null | t
SELECT ST_Simplify('MULTILINESTRING ((20 180, 20 150, 50 150, 50 100, 110 150, 150 140, 170 120), (20 10, 80 30, 90 120), (90 120, 130 130), (130 130, 130 70, 160 40, 180 60, 180 90, 140 80), (50 40, 70 40, 80 70, 70 60, 60 60, 50 50, 50 40))',
    40);

SELECT ST_Simplify('MULTIPOLYGON (((90 110, 80 180, 50 160, 10 170, 10 140, 20 110, 90 110)), ((40 80, 100 100, 120 160, 170 180, 190 70, 140 10, 110 40, 60 40, 40 80), (180 70, 170 110, 142.5 128.5, 128.5 77.5, 90 60, 180 70)))',
    40);

SELECT  ST_NPoints(geom) AS np_before,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 0.1)) AS np01_notbadcircle,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 0.5)) AS np05_notquitecircle,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 1))   AS np1_octagon,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 10))  AS np10_minimal,
        ST_NPoints(ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom, 100)) AS np100_minimal
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer('POINT(1 3)', 10,12) AS geom) AS t;
np_before | np01_notbadcircle | np05_notquitecircle | np1_octagon | np10_minimal | np100_minimal
-----------+-------------------+---------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------
        49 |                33 |                  17 |           9 |            4 |             4
SELECT ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology('MULTILINESTRING ((20 180, 20 150, 50 150, 50 100, 110 150, 150 140, 170 120), (20 10, 80 30, 90 120), (90 120, 130 130), (130 130, 130 70, 160 40, 180 60, 180 90, 140 80), (50 40, 70 40, 80 70, 70 60, 60 60, 50 50, 50 40))',
    40);

SELECT ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology('MULTIPOLYGON (((90 110, 80 180, 50 160, 10 170, 10 140, 20 110, 90 110)), ((40 80, 100 100, 120 160, 170 180, 190 70, 140 10, 110 40, 60 40, 40 80), (180 70, 170 110, 142.5 128.5, 128.5 77.5, 90 60, 180 70)))',
    40);

SELECT ST_SimplifyPolygonHull('POLYGON ((131 158, 136 163, 161 165, 173 156, 179 148, 169 140, 186 144, 190 137, 185 131, 174 128, 174 124, 166 119, 158 121, 158 115, 165 107, 161 97, 166 88, 166 79, 158 57, 145 57, 112 53, 111 47, 93 43, 90 48, 88 40, 80 39, 68 32, 51 33, 40 31, 39 34, 49 38, 34 38, 25 34, 28 39, 36 40, 44 46, 24 41, 17 41, 14 46, 19 50, 33 54, 21 55, 13 52, 11 57, 22 60, 34 59, 41 68, 75 72, 62 77, 56 70, 46 72, 31 69, 46 76, 52 82, 47 84, 56 90, 66 90, 64 94, 56 91, 33 97, 36 100, 23 100, 22 107, 29 106, 31 112, 46 116, 36 118, 28 131, 53 132, 59 127, 62 131, 76 130, 80 135, 89 137, 87 143, 73 145, 80 150, 88 150, 85 157, 99 162, 116 158, 115 165, 123 165, 122 170, 134 164, 131 158))',
    0.3);

SELECT ST_SimplifyPolygonHull('POLYGON ((131 158, 136 163, 161 165, 173 156, 179 148, 169 140, 186 144, 190 137, 185 131, 174 128, 174 124, 166 119, 158 121, 158 115, 165 107, 161 97, 166 88, 166 79, 158 57, 145 57, 112 53, 111 47, 93 43, 90 48, 88 40, 80 39, 68 32, 51 33, 40 31, 39 34, 49 38, 34 38, 25 34, 28 39, 36 40, 44 46, 24 41, 17 41, 14 46, 19 50, 33 54, 21 55, 13 52, 11 57, 22 60, 34 59, 41 68, 75 72, 62 77, 56 70, 46 72, 31 69, 46 76, 52 82, 47 84, 56 90, 66 90, 64 94, 56 91, 33 97, 36 100, 23 100, 22 107, 29 106, 31 112, 46 116, 36 118, 28 131, 53 132, 59 127, 62 131, 76 130, 80 135, 89 137, 87 143, 73 145, 80 150, 88 150, 85 157, 99 162, 116 158, 115 165, 123 165, 122 170, 134 164, 131 158))',
    0.3, false);

SELECT ST_SimplifyPolygonHull(ST_Segmentize(ST_Letters('xt'), 2.0),
    0.1);

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SimplifyVW(geom,30)) simplified
  FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING(5 2, 3 8, 6 20, 7 25, 10 10)'::geometry AS geom) AS t;
LINESTRING(5 2,7 25,10 10)
SELECT ST_SimplifyVW('LINESTRING (10 10, 50 40, 30 70, 50 60, 70 80, 50 110, 100 100, 90 140, 100 180, 150 170, 170 140, 190 90, 180 40, 110 40, 150 20)',
    1600);

SELECT ST_SimplifyVW('MULTIPOLYGON (((90 110, 80 180, 50 160, 10 170, 10 140, 20 110, 90 110)), ((40 80, 100 100, 120 160, 170 180, 190 70, 140 10, 110 40, 60 40, 40 80), (180 70, 170 110, 142.5 128.5, 128.5 77.5, 90 60, 180 70)))',
    40);

select ST_AsText(ST_SetEffectiveArea(geom)) all_pts, ST_AsText(ST_SetEffectiveArea(geom,30) ) thrshld_30
FROM (SELECT  'LINESTRING(5 2, 3 8, 6 20, 7 25, 10 10)'::geometry geom) As foo;
all_pts                                             |                                   thrshld_30
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING M (5 2 3.402823466385289e+38,3 8 29,6 20 1.5,7 25 49.5,10 10 3.402823466385289e+38) | LINESTRING M (5 2 3.402823466385289e+38,7 25 49.5,10 10 3.402823466385289e+38)
(1 row)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TriangulatePolygon('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))'));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0,0 1,1 1,0 0)),POLYGON((1 1,1 0,0 0,1 1)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TriangulatePolygon('POLYGON ((26 17, 31 19, 34 21, 37 24, 38 29, 39 43, 39 161, 38 172, 36 176, 34 179, 30 181, 25 183, 10 185, 10 190, 100 190, 121 189, 139 187, 154 182, 167 177, 177 169, 184 161, 189 152, 190 141, 188 128, 186 123, 184 117, 180 113, 176 108, 170 104, 164 101, 151 96, 136 92, 119 89, 100 89, 86 89, 73 89, 73 39, 74 32, 75 27, 77 23, 79 20, 83 18, 89 17, 106 15, 106 10, 10 10, 10 15, 26 17), (152 147, 151 152, 149 157, 146 162, 142 166, 137 169, 132 172, 126 175, 118 177, 109 179, 99 180, 89 180, 80 179, 76 178, 74 176, 73 171, 73 100, 85 99, 91 99, 102 99, 112 100, 121 102, 128 104, 134 107, 139 110, 143 114, 147 118, 149 123, 151 128, 153 141, 152 147))'
    ));

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TriangulatePolygon('POLYGON (( 10 190, 10 70, 80 70, 80 130, 50 160, 120 160, 120 190, 10 190 ))'::geometry
                ));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((50 160,120 190,120 160,50 160)),
    POLYGON((10 70,80 130,80 70,10 70)),
    POLYGON((50 160,10 70,10 190,50 160)),
    POLYGON((120 190,50 160,10 190,120 190)),
    POLYGON((80 130,10 70,50 160,80 130)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_VoronoiLines('MULTIPOINT (50 30, 60 30, 100 100,10 150, 110 120)'::geometry,
            30)) AS geom;

MULTILINESTRING((135.555555555556 270,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273),(36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273,-110 43.3333333333333),(230 -45.7142857142858,36.8181818181818 92.2727272727273))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_VoronoiPolygons('MULTIPOINT (50 30, 60 30, 100 100,10 150, 110 120)'::geometry
            )) AS geom;

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-110 270,100.5 270,59.34782608695652 132.82608695652175,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,-110 43.33333333333332,-110 270)),
POLYGON((-110 -90,-110 43.33333333333332,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,55 79.28571428571429,55 -90,-110 -90)),
POLYGON((230 -20.71428571428572,55 79.28571428571429,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,59.34782608695652 132.82608695652175,230 47.50000000000001,230 -20.71428571428572)),POLYGON((230 -90,55 -90,55 79.28571428571429,230 -20.71428571428572,230 -90)),
POLYGON((230 270,230 47.50000000000001,59.34782608695652 132.82608695652175,100.5 270,230 270)))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_VoronoiPolygons('MULTIPOINT (50 30, 60 30, 100 100,10 150, 110 120)'::geometry,
            30)) AS geom;

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((-110 270,135.55555555555557 270,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,-110 43.33333333333332,-110 270)),
POLYGON((230 270,230 -45.71428571428574,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,135.55555555555557 270,230 270)),
POLYGON((230 -90,-110 -90,-110 43.33333333333332,36.81818181818182 92.27272727272727,230 -45.71428571428574,230 -90)))

WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 190, 30 160, 40 110, 100 70, 120 10, 10 10, 10 190))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((100 190, 10 190, 30 160, 40 110, 50 80, 74 110.5, 100 130, 140 120, 140 160, 100 190))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 190, 190 190, 190 80, 140 80, 140 190))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((180 40, 120 10, 100 70, 140 80, 190 80, 180 40))'::geometry)
)
SELECT id, ST_AsText(ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER ())
  FROM coverage;
id |               st_astext
----+---------------------------------------
  1 | LINESTRING (40 110, 100 70)
  2 | MULTILINESTRING ((100 130, 140 120, 140 160, 100 190), (40 110, 50 80, 74 110.5))
  3 | LINESTRING (140 80, 140 190)
  4 | null
SELECT true = ALL (
    SELECT ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER () IS NULL
    FROM coverage
    );

CREATE TABLE example AS SELECT * FROM (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 190, 30 160, 27 134.5, 40 110, 122 47, 120 10, 10 10, 10 190))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((150 190, 10 190, 30 160, 50 140, 40 110, 50 80, 130 70, 135 111, 140 130, 140 160, 150 190))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 190, 190 190, 190 80, 140 80, 140 190))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((190 10, 120 10, 97 77, 160 90, 170 70, 190 80, 190 10))'::geometry)
) AS v(id, geom);

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CoverageInvalidEdges(geom) OVER ())
  FROM example;

CREATE TABLE example_clean AS
  SELECT id, ST_CoverageClean(geom, 1) OVER () AS GEOM
  FROM example;

WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((160 150, 110 130, 90 100, 90 70, 60 60, 50 10, 30 30, 40 50, 25 40, 10 60, 30 100, 30 120, 20 170, 60 180, 90 190, 130 180, 130 160, 160 150), (40 160, 50 140, 66 125, 60 100, 80 140, 90 170, 60 160, 40 160))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((40 160, 60 160, 90 170, 80 140, 60 100, 66 125, 50 140, 40 160))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((110 130, 160 50, 140 50, 120 33, 90 30, 50 10, 60 60, 90 70, 90 100, 110 130))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((160 150, 150 120, 160 90, 160 50, 110 130, 160 150))'::geometry)
)
SELECT id, ST_AsText(ST_CoverageSimplify(geom, 30) OVER ())
  FROM coverage;
id |               st_astext
----+---------------------------------------
  1 | POLYGON ((160 150, 110 130, 50 10, 10 60, 20 170, 90 190, 160 150), (40 160, 66 125, 90 170, 40 160))
  2 | POLYGON ((40 160, 66 125, 90 170, 40 160))
  3 | POLYGON ((110 130, 160 50, 50 10, 110 130))
  4 | POLYGON ((160 150, 160 50, 110 130, 160 150))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CoverageEdges(ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0)), POLYGON((10 0, 20 0, 20 10, 10 10, 10 0)))')));
MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 10 0), (10 0, 20 0), (20 0, 20 10), (20 10, 10 10), (10 10, 0 10), (0 10, 0 0), (10 0, 10 10))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CoverageEdges(ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0)), POLYGON((10 0, 20 0, 20 10, 10 10, 10 0)))'), 2));
MULTILINESTRING((10 0, 10 10))
WITH coverage(id, geom) AS (VALUES
  (1, 'POLYGON ((10 10, 10 150, 80 190, 110 150, 90 110, 40 110, 50 60, 10 10))'::geometry),
  (2, 'POLYGON ((120 10, 10 10, 50 60, 100 70, 120 10))'::geometry),
  (3, 'POLYGON ((140 80, 120 10, 100 70, 40 110, 90 110, 110 150, 140 80))'::geometry),
  (4, 'POLYGON ((140 190, 120 170, 140 130, 160 150, 140 190))'::geometry),
  (5, 'POLYGON ((180 160, 170 140, 140 130, 160 150, 140 190, 180 160))'::geometry)
)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_CoverageUnion(geom)) AS wkt
  FROM coverage;
MULTIPOLYGON(((10 150,80 190,110 150,140 80,120 10,10 10,10 150),(50 60,100 70,40 110,50 60)),((120 170,140 190,180 160,170 140,140 130,120 170)))
ST_Affine(geom, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, xoff, yoff, zoff) 
/ a  b  c  xoff \
| d  e  f  yoff |
| g  h  i  zoff |
\ 0  0  0     1 /
x' = a*x + b*y + c*z + xoff
y' = d*x + e*y + f*z + yoff
z' = g*x + h*y + i*z + zoff
ST_Affine(geom, a, b, d, e, xoff, yoff)
/  a  b  0  xoff  \       /  a  b  xoff  \
|  d  e  0  yoff  | rsp.  |  d  e  yoff  |
|  0  0  1     0  |       \  0  0     1  /
\  0  0  0     1  /
x' = a*x + b*y + xoff
y' = d*x + e*y + yoff
z' = z 
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Affine(geom,  cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0,  sin(pi()), cos(pi()), 0,  0, 0, 1,  0, 0, 0)) As using_affine,
         ST_AsEWKT(ST_Rotate(geom, pi())) As using_rotate
        FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 4 3)') As geom) As foo;
using_affine         |        using_rotate
-----------------------------+-----------------------------
 LINESTRING(-1 -2 3,-1 -4 3) | LINESTRING(-1 -2 3,-1 -4 3)
(1 row)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Affine(geom, cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0, sin(pi()), cos(pi()), -sin(pi()), 0, sin(pi()), cos(pi()), 0, 0, 0))
        FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 4 3)') As geom) As foo;
LINESTRING(-1 -2 -3,-1 -4 -3)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Rotate('LINESTRING (50 160, 50 50, 100 50)'::geometry, pi()), 6);
LINESTRING(-50 -160,-50 -50,-100 -50)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Rotate('LINESTRING (50 160, 50 50, 100 50)'::geometry, pi()/6, 50, 160), 6);
LINESTRING(50 160,105 64.737206,148.30127 89.737206)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Rotate(geom, -pi()/3, ST_Centroid(geom)), 4)
FROM (SELECT 'LINESTRING (50 160, 50 50, 100 50)'::geometry AS geom) AS foo;
LINESTRING(116.4225 130.6721,21.1597 75.6721,46.1597 32.3708)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_RotateX(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), pi()/2));
LINESTRING(1 -3 2,1 -1 1)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_RotateY(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), pi()/2));
LINESTRING(3 2 -1,1 1 -1)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_RotateZ(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), pi()/2));
LINESTRING(-2 1 3,-1 1 1)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_RotateZ(geom, pi()/2))
FROM (SELECT ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(234 567)'), 3)) As geom) As foo;
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(-567 237.00000000000003,-567 231.00000000000003,-567 237.00000000000003))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Scale(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), 0.5, 0.75, 0.8));
LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 2.4,0.5 0.75 0.8)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Scale(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), 0.5, 0.75));
LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 3,0.5 0.75 1)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Scale(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3 4, 1 1 1 1)'),
     ST_MakePoint(0.5, 0.75, 2, -1)));
LINESTRING(0.5 1.5 6 -4,0.5 0.75 2 -1)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Scale('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)', 'POINT(2 2)', 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry));
LINESTRING(1 1,3 3)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Translate(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.01 42.37)',4326),1,0)) AS wgs_transgeomtxt;
POINT(-70.01 42.37)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Translate(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.01 42.37,-71.11 42.38)',4326),1,0.5)) AS wgs_transgeomtxt;
LINESTRING(-70.01 42.87,-70.11 42.88)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Translate(CAST('POINT(0 0 0)' AS geometry), 5, 12,3));
POINT(5 12 3)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Translate(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINTM(0 0 11)'), 5, 12));
POINTM(5 12 11)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Translate(ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(0 0 7 11)'), 5, 12, 3));
POINT(5 12 10 11)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Translate(ST_Collect('CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(4 3,3.12 0.878,1 0,-1.121 5.1213,6 7, 8 9,4 3))','POINT(1 3)'),1,2));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(5 5,4.12 2.878,2 2,-0.121 7.1213,7 9,9 11,5 5)),POINT(2 5))
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_TransScale(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 1 1 1)'), 0.5, 1, 1, 2));
LINESTRING(1.5 6 3,1.5 4 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TransScale(ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer('POINT(234 567)', 3)),1,2,3,4));
CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(714 2276,696 2276,714 2276))
SELECT name, ST_ClusterDBSCAN(geom, eps =
> 50, minpoints =
> 2) over () AS cid
FROM boston_polys
WHERE name 
> '' AND building 
> ''
        AND ST_DWithin(
        geom,
        ST_Transform(
            ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.04054 42.35141)', 4326),
            26986),
        500
    );

                name                 | bucket
-------------------------------------+--------
 Manulife Tower                      |      0
 Park Lane Seaport I                 |      0
 Park Lane Seaport II                |      0
 Renaissance Boston Waterfront Hotel |      0
 Seaport Boston Hotel                |      0
 Seaport Hotel & World Trade Center  |      0
 Waterside Place                     |      0
 World Trade Center East             |      0
 100 Northern Avenue                 |      1
 100 Pier 4                          |      1
 The Institute of Contemporary Art   |      1
 101 Seaport                         |      2
 District Hall                       |      2
 One Marina Park Drive               |      2
 Twenty Two Liberty                  |      2
 Vertex                              |      2
 Vertex                              |      2
 Watermark Seaport                   |      2
 Blue Hills Bank Pavilion            |   NULL
 World Trade Center West             |   NULL
(20 rows)

SELECT cid, ST_Collect(geom) AS cluster_geom, array_agg(parcel_id) AS ids_in_cluster FROM (
    SELECT parcel_id, ST_ClusterDBSCAN(geom, eps => 0.5, minpoints => 5) over () AS cid, geom
    FROM parcels) sq
GROUP BY cid;

WITH testdata AS
  (SELECT unnest(
           ARRAY['LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (5 5, 4 4)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (6 6, 7 7)'::geometry,
           'LINESTRING (0 0, -1 -1)'::geometry,
           'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))'::geometry]) AS geom)

SELECT ST_AsText(unnest(ST_ClusterIntersecting(geom))) FROM testdata;

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,1 1),LINESTRING(5 5,4 4),LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1),POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(6 6,7 7))
WITH testdata AS (
  SELECT id, geom::geometry FROM (
  VALUES  (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'),
          (2, 'LINESTRING (5 5, 4 4)'),
          (3, 'LINESTRING (6 6, 7 7)'),
          (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0, -1 -1)'),
          (5, 'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))')) AS t(id, geom)
)
SELECT id,
  ST_AsText(geom),
  ST_ClusterIntersectingWin(geom) OVER () AS cluster
FROM testdata;
id |           st_astext            | cluster
----+--------------------------------+---------
  1 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)            |       0
  2 | LINESTRING(5 5,4 4)            |       0
  3 | LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)            |       1
  4 | LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1)          |       0
  5 | POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)) |       0
CREATE TABLE clusterrelate (
  id serial,
  geom geometry);

INSERT INTO clusterrelate (geom)
  VALUES
  ('LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'),
  ('LINESTRING(2 2,1 1)'),
  ('LINESTRING(0 1,1 0)'),
  ('LINESTRING(0 1,0 4)'),
  ('LINESTRING(2 2,2 4)'),
  ('LINESTRING(1.5 2.5,2.5 3.5)');

SELECT id,
  ST_AsText(geom),
  ST_ClusterRelateWin(geom, '****0****') OVER () AS cluster
FROM clusterrelate;
id |          st_astext          | cluster
----+-----------------------------+---------
  1 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)         |       0
  2 | LINESTRING(2 2,1 1)         |       0
  3 | LINESTRING(0 1,1 0)         |       1
  4 | LINESTRING(0 1,0 4)         |       1
  5 | LINESTRING(2 2,2 4)         |       0
  6 | LINESTRING(1.5 2.5,2.5 3.5) |       2
SELECT id, ST_AsText(geom), ST_MinimumSpanningTree(geom) OVER () AS msp
  FROM (VALUES
    (1, 'LINESTRING(0 0,1 0)'::geometry),
    (2, 'LINESTRING(0 0,0 1)'::geometry),
    (3, 'LINESTRING(1 1,0 1)'::geometry),
    (4, 'LINESTRING(1 1,1 0)'::geometry),
    (5, 'LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)'::geometry),
    (6, 'LINESTRING(1 0,0 1)'::geometry)
) AS t(id, geom);
id |      st_astext      | msp
----+---------------------+-----
  1 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 0) |   1
  2 | LINESTRING(0 0,0 1) |   1
  3 | LINESTRING(1 1,0 1) |   1
  4 | LINESTRING(1 1,1 0) |   0
  5 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 1) |   0
  6 | LINESTRING(1 0,0 1) |   0
CREATE TABLE parcels AS
SELECT lpad((row_number() over())::text,3,'0') As parcel_id, geom,
('{residential, commercial}'::text[])[1 + mod(row_number()OVER(),2)] As type
FROM
    ST_Subdivide(
        ST_Buffer(
            'SRID=3857;LINESTRING(40 100, 98 100, 100 150, 60 90)'::geometry,
            40, 'endcap=square'),
        12) As geom;

SELECT ST_ClusterKMeans(geom, 3) OVER() AS cid, parcel_id, geom
    FROM parcels;
cid | parcel_id |   geom
-----+-----------+---------------
   0 | 001       | 0103000000...
   0 | 002       | 0103000000...
   1 | 003       | 0103000000...
   0 | 004       | 0103000000...
   1 | 005       | 0103000000...
   2 | 006       | 0103000000...
   2 | 007       | 0103000000...

SELECT ST_ClusterKMeans(geom, 3) over (PARTITION BY type) AS cid, parcel_id, type
    FROM parcels;
cid | parcel_id |    type
-----+-----------+-------------
   1 | 005       | commercial
   1 | 003       | commercial
   2 | 007       | commercial
   0 | 001       | commercial
   1 | 004       | residential
   0 | 002       | residential
   2 | 006       | residential

create table kontur_population_3000km_clusters as
select
    geom,
    ST_ClusterKMeans(
        ST_Force4D(
            ST_Transform(ST_Force3D(geom), 4978), -- cluster in 3D XYZ CRS
            mvalue => population -- set clustering to be weighed by population
        ),
        20,                      -- aim to generate at least 20 clusters
        max_radius => 3000000    -- but generate more to make each under 3000 km radius
    ) over () as cid
from
    kontur_population;

WITH testdata AS
  (SELECT unnest(ARRAY['LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'::geometry,
                       'LINESTRING (5 5, 4 4)'::geometry,
                       'LINESTRING (6 6, 7 7)'::geometry,
                       'LINESTRING (0 0, -1 -1)'::geometry,
                       'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))'::geometry]) AS geom)

SELECT ST_AsText(unnest(ST_ClusterWithin(geom, 1.4))) FROM testdata;

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(0 0,1 1),LINESTRING(5 5,4 4),LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1),POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(6 6,7 7))
WITH testdata AS (
  SELECT id, geom::geometry FROM (
  VALUES  (1, 'LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'),
          (2, 'LINESTRING (5 5, 4 4)'),
          (3, 'LINESTRING (6 6, 7 7)'),
          (4, 'LINESTRING (0 0, -1 -1)'),
          (5, 'POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))')) AS t(id, geom)
)
SELECT id,
  ST_AsText(geom),
  ST_ClusterWithinWin(geom, 1.4) OVER () AS cluster
FROM testdata;
id |           st_astext            | cluster
----+--------------------------------+---------
  1 | LINESTRING(0 0,1 1)            |       0
  2 | LINESTRING(5 5,4 4)            |       0
  3 | LINESTRING(6 6,7 7)            |       1
  4 | LINESTRING(0 0,-1 -1)          |       0
  5 | POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0)) |       0
SELECT Box2D(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4, 5 6)'));
BOX(1 2,5 6)
SELECT Box2D(ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)'));
BOX(220186.99512189245 150406,220288.24878054656 150506.12682932706)
SELECT Box3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 2 3, 3 4 5, 5 6 5)'));
BOX3D(1 2 3,5 6 5)
SELECT Box3D(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 1,220227 150406 1)'));
BOX3D(220186.99512189245 150406 1,220288.24878054656 150506.12682932706 1)
SELECT ST_EstimatedExtent('ny', 'edges', 'geom');
BOX(-8877653 4912316,-8010225.5 5589284)

SELECT ST_EstimatedExtent('feature_poly', 'geom');
BOX(-124.659652709961 24.6830825805664,-67.7798080444336 49.0012092590332)

--10 meter expanded box around bbox of a linestring
SELECT CAST(ST_Expand(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(2312980 110676,2312923 110701,2312892 110714)', 2163),10) As box2d);
BOX(2312882 110666,2312990 110724)
SELECT ST_Expand(CAST('BOX3D(778783 2951741 1,794875 2970042.61545891 10)' AS box3d),10)
BOX3D(778773 2951731 -9,794885 2970052.61545891 20)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Expand(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=2163;POINT(2312980 110676)'),10));
SRID=2163;POLYGON((2312970 110666,2312970 110686,2312990 110686,2312990 110666,2312970 110666))
SELECT ST_Extent(geom) AS bextent FROM sometable;
BOX(739651.875 2908247.25,794875.8125 2970042.75)
--Return extent of each category of geometries
SELECT ST_Extent(geom) as bextent
FROM sometable
GROUP BY category ORDER BY category;
bextent                       |         name
----------------------------------------------------+----------------
 BOX(778783.5625 2951741.25,794875.8125 2970042.75) | A
 BOX(751315.8125 2919164.75,765202.6875 2935417.25) | B
 BOX(739651.875 2917394.75,756688.375 2935866)      | C
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Extent(geom),2249) AS bextent FROM sometable;
SRID=2249;POLYGON((739651.875 2908247.25,739651.875 2970042.75,794875.8125 2970042.75,
 794875.8125 2908247.25,739651.875 2908247.25))

SELECT ST_3DExtent(foo.geom) As b3extent
FROM (SELECT ST_MakePoint(x,y,z) As geom
    FROM generate_series(1,3) As x
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,2) As y
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(0,2) As Z) As foo;
BOX3D(1 1 0,3 2 2)
SELECT ST_3DExtent(foo.geom) As b3extent
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_Force3DZ(ST_LineToCurve(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(x,y),1))),0,0,z) As geom
    FROM generate_series(1,3) As x
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,2) As y
        CROSS JOIN generate_series(0,2) As Z) As foo;
BOX3D(0 0 0,4 3 2)

--Return all features that fall reside or partly reside in a US national atlas coordinate bounding box
--It is assumed here that the geometries are stored with SRID = 2163 (US National atlas equal area)
SELECT feature_id, feature_name, geom
FROM features
WHERE geom && ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-989502.1875, 528439.5625),
    ST_Point(-987121.375 ,529933.1875)),2163)

SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(-989502.1875, 528439.5625, 10),
    ST_MakePoint(-987121.375 ,529933.1875, 10))
BOX3D(-989502.1875 528439.5625 10,-987121.375 529933.1875 10)
SELECT ST_XMax('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
4
SELECT ST_XMax(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
5
SELECT ST_XMax(CAST('BOX(-3 2, 3 4)' AS box2d));
3
SELECT ST_XMax('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_XMax(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
220288.248780547
SELECT ST_XMin('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
1
SELECT ST_XMin(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
1
SELECT ST_XMin(CAST('BOX(-3 2, 3 4)' AS box2d));
-3
SELECT ST_XMin('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_XMin(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
220186.995121892
SELECT ST_YMax('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
5
SELECT ST_YMax(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
6
SELECT ST_YMax(CAST('BOX(-3 2, 3 4)' AS box2d));
4
SELECT ST_YMax('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_YMax(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
150506.126829327
SELECT ST_YMin('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
2
SELECT ST_YMin(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
3
SELECT ST_YMin(CAST('BOX(-3 2, 3 4)' AS box2d));
2
SELECT ST_YMin('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_YMin(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
150406
SELECT ST_ZMax('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
6
SELECT ST_ZMax(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
7
SELECT ST_ZMax('BOX3D(-3 2 1, 3 4 1)');
1
SELECT ST_ZMax('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_ZMax(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
3
SELECT ST_ZMin('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
3
SELECT ST_ZMin(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
4
SELECT ST_ZMin('BOX3D(-3 2 1, 3 4 1)');
1
SELECT ST_ZMin('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)');
ERROR: BOX3D parser - doesn't start with BOX3D(
SELECT ST_ZMin(ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)'));
1
SELECT ST_XSize('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
3
SELECT ST_XSize(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)'));
4
SELECT ST_YSize('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
3
SELECT ST_YSize(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 3, 5 6)'));
3
SELECT ST_ZSize('BOX3D(1 2 3, 4 5 6)');
3
SELECT ST_ZSize(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 3 4, 5 6 7)'));
3
SELECT ST_MMin('POINT M (1 2 3)');
3
SELECT ST_MMax('POINT M (1 2 3)');
3
SELECT ST_MSize('LINESTRING M (1 2 3, 4 6 8)');
5
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
    'LINESTRING(25 50, 100 125, 150 190)',
    0.2));
POINT(51.5974135047432 76.5974135047432)
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
    'LINESTRING(1 2 3, 4 5 6, 6 7 8)',
    0.5));
POINT(3.5 4.5 5.5)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
    line.geom,
    ST_LineLocatePoint(line.geom, 'POINT(4 3)')))
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 4 5, 6 7)') As geom) AS line;
POINT(3 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_3DLineInterpolatePoint(
    'LINESTRING(25 50 70, 100 125 90, 150 190 200)',
    0.20));
POINT Z (59.06758929108215 84.06758929108216 79.0846904776219)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineInterpolatePoints(
    'LINESTRING(25 50, 100 125, 150 190)',
    0.20));
MULTIPOINT((51.5974135047432 76.5974135047432),(78.1948270094864 103.194827009486),(104.132163186446 130.37181214238),(127.066081593223 160.18590607119),(150 190))
SELECT ST_AsText(house_loc) As as_text_house_loc,
        startstreet_num +
                CAST( (endstreet_num - startstreet_num)
                        * ST_LineLocatePoint(street_line, house_loc) As integer) As street_num
FROM
(SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)') As street_line,
        ST_Point(x*1.01,y*1.03) As house_loc, 10 As startstreet_num,
                20 As endstreet_num
FROM generate_series(1,3) x CROSS JOIN generate_series(2,4) As y)
As foo
WHERE ST_DWithin(street_line, house_loc, 0.2);
as_text_house_loc | street_num
-------------------+------------
 POINT(1.01 2.06)  |         10
 POINT(2.02 3.09)  |         15
 POINT(3.03 4.12)  |         20
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineInterpolatePoint(
    foo.the_line,
    ST_LineLocatePoint(foo.the_line, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(4 3)'))))
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 4 5, 6 7)') As the_line) As foo;
POINT(3 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring(
    'LINESTRING (20 180, 50 20, 90 80, 120 40, 180 150)',
    0.333,
    0.666));
LINESTRING (45.17311810399485 45.74337011202746, 50 20, 90 80, 112.97593050157862 49.36542599789519)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring(
    'LINESTRING(25 50, 100 125, 150 190)',
    0.333,
    0.333));
POINT(69.28469348539744 94.28469348539744)
WITH data(id, geom) AS (VALUES
        ( 'A', 'LINESTRING( 0 0, 200 0)'::geometry ),
        ( 'B', 'LINESTRING( 0 100, 350 100)'::geometry ),
        ( 'C', 'LINESTRING( 0 200, 50 200)'::geometry )
    )
SELECT id, i,
       ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring(geom, startfrac, LEAST( endfrac, 1 )) ) AS geom
FROM (
    SELECT id, geom, ST_Length(geom) len, 100 sublen FROM data
    ) AS d
CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT i, (sublen * i) / len AS startfrac,
              (sublen * (i+1)) / len AS endfrac
    FROM generate_series(0, floor( len / sublen )::integer ) AS t(i)
    -- skip last i if line length is exact multiple of sublen
    WHERE (sublen * i) / len <
> 1.0
    ) AS d2;
id | i |            geom
----+---+-----------------------------
 A  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 0,100 0)
 A  | 1 | LINESTRING(100 0,200 0)
 B  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 100,100 100)
 B  | 1 | LINESTRING(100 100,200 100)
 B  | 2 | LINESTRING(200 100,300 100)
 B  | 3 | LINESTRING(300 100,350 100)
 C  | 0 | LINESTRING(0 200,50 200)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring(
    'LINESTRING(-118.2436 34.0522, -71.0570 42.3611)'::geography,
    0.333,
    0.666),
    6) AS geog_sub,
    ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring(
        'LINESTRING(-118.2436 34.0522, -71.0570 42.3611)'::geometry,
        0.333,
        0.666),
        6) AS geom_sub;
geog_sub                         |                         geom_sub
---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(-103.911641 38.931128,-87.941787 41.831072) | LINESTRING(-102.530462 36.819064,-86.817324 39.585927)
WITH data AS (
          SELECT 'LINESTRING Z (0 0 0, 0 2 5, 0 10 10)'::geometry AS geom
        )
        SELECT ST_Length(geom) AS length_2d,
               ST_3DLength(geom) AS length_3d,
               ST_AsText(ST_LineSubstring(geom, 0, 0.5)) AS substring
        FROM data;
length_2d |    length_3d     |              substring
        -----------+------------------+-------------------------------------
                10 | 14.819145939191106 | LINESTRING Z (0 0 0,0 2 5,0 5 6.875)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LocateAlong(
    'MULTILINESTRINGM((1 2 3, 3 4 2, 9 4 3),(1 2 3, 5 4 5))'::geometry,
    3));
MULTIPOINT M ((1 2 3),(9 4 3),(1 2 3))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LocateBetween(
    'MULTILINESTRING M ((1 2 3, 3 4 2, 9 4 3),(1 2 3, 5 4 5))'::geometry,
    1.5,
    3));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION M (LINESTRING M (1 2 3,3 4 2,9 4 3),POINT M (1 2 3))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LocateBetween(
    ST_AddMeasure(
        'LINESTRING (20 180, 50 20, 100 120, 180 20)',
        0,
        10),
    2,
    8,
    20));
MULTILINESTRING((54.49835019899045 104.53426957938231,58.70056060327303 82.12248075654186,82.11145618000168 128.94427190999915,84.24893681714357 132.32493442618113,87.01636951231555 135.21267035596549,90.30307285299679 137.49198684843182,93.97759758337769 139.07172433557758,97.89298381958797 139.8887023914453,101.89263860095893 139.9102465862721,105.81659870902816 139.13549527600819,109.50792827749828 137.5954340631298,112.81899532549731 135.351656550512,115.6173761888606 132.49390095108848,145.31017306064817 95.37790486135405))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LocateBetweenElevations(
    'LINESTRING(1 2 3, 4 5 6)'::geometry,
    2,
    4));
MULTILINESTRING Z ((1 2 3,2 3 4))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_LocateBetweenElevations(
    'LINESTRING(1 2 6, 4 5 -1, 7 8 9)',
    6,
    9)) As ewelev;
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Z (POINT Z (1 2 6),LINESTRING Z (6.1 7.1 6,7 8 9))
SELECT ST_InterpolatePoint(
    'LINESTRING M (0 0 0, 10 0 20)',
    'POINT(5 5)');
10
SELECT ST_3DInterpolatePoint(
    'LINESTRING ZM (0 0 0 0, 10 0 10 20)',
    'POINT Z (5 0 5)');
10
SELECT ST_3DInterpolatePoint(
    'LINESTRING ZM (0 0 0 0, 0 0 10 100)',
    'POINT Z (5 5 5)');
50
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AddMeasure(
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 0, 2 0, 4 0)'),
    1,
    4)) As ewelev;
LINESTRING M (1 0 1,2 0 2,4 0 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AddMeasure(
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4)'),
    10,
    40)) As ewelev;
LINESTRING ZM (1 0 4 10,2 0 4 20,4 0 4 40)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AddMeasure(
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRINGM(1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4)'),
    10,
    40)) As ewelev;
LINESTRING M (1 0 10,2 0 20,4 0 40)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_AddMeasure(
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTILINESTRINGM((1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4),(1 0 4, 2 0 4, 4 0 4))'),
    10,
    70)) As ewelev;
MULTILINESTRING M ((1 0 10,2 0 20,4 0 40),(1 0 40,2 0 50,4 0 70))
SELECT ST_IsValidTrajectory(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePointM(0, 0, 1),
    ST_MakePointM(0, 1, 2)));
t
SELECT ST_IsValidTrajectory(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePointM(0, 0, 1), ST_MakePointM(0, 1, 0)));
NOTICE:  Measure of vertex 1 (0) not bigger than measure of vertex 0 (1)
f
-- Return the time in which two objects moving between 10:00 and 11:00
-- are closest to each other and their distance at that point
WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0, 10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10, 12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) b
), cpa AS (
  SELECT ST_ClosestPointOfApproach(a,b) m FROM inp
), points AS (
  SELECT ST_GeometryN(ST_LocateAlong(a,m),1) pa,
         ST_GeometryN(ST_LocateAlong(b,m),1) pb
  FROM inp, cpa
)
SELECT to_timestamp(m) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' t,
       ST_3DDistance(pa,pb) distance,
       ST_AsText(pa, 2) AS pa, ST_AsText(pb, 2) AS pb
FROM points, cpa;
t              |      distance      |                  pa                  |                   pb
----------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------------------------
 2015-05-26 10:45:31.034483 | 1.9652147377620688 | POINT ZM (7.59 0 3.79 1432637131.03) | POINT ZM (9.1 1.24 3.93 1432637131.03)
-- Return the minimum distance of two objects moving between 10:00 and 11:00
WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0, 10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10, 12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) b
)
SELECT ST_DistanceCPA(a,b) distance FROM inp;
1.9652147377620688
WITH inp AS ( SELECT
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 0 0, 10 0 5)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) a,
  ST_AddMeasure('LINESTRING Z (0 2 10, 12 1 2)'::geometry,
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 10:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'),
    extract(epoch from timestamp '2015-05-26 11:00' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
  ) b
)
SELECT ST_CPAWithin(a,b,2), ST_DistanceCPA(a,b) distance FROM inp;
st_cpawithin |     distance
--------------+------------------
 t            | 1.9652147377620688
SELECT PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade();
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis_raster
NOTICE:  Packaging extension postgis_sfcgal
NOTICE:  Extension postgis_topology is not available or not packagable for some reason
SELECT PostGIS_Full_Version();
POSTGIS="3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7" [EXTENSION] PGSQL="160" GEOS="3.12.0dev-CAPI-1.18.0" SFCGAL="1.3.8" PROJ="7.2.1 NETWORK_ENABLED=OFF URL_ENDPOINT=https://cdn.proj.org USER_WRITABLE_DIRECTORY=/tmp/proj DATABASE_PATH=/usr/share/proj/proj.db" GDAL="GDAL 3.2.2, released 2021/03/05" LIBXML="2.9.10" LIBJSON="0.15" LIBPROTOBUF="1.3.3" WAGYU="0.5.0 (Internal)" TOPOLOGY RASTER
SELECT PostGIS_GEOS_Version();
3.12.0dev-CAPI-1.18.0
SELECT PostGIS_GEOS_Compiled_Version();
3.12.0
SELECT PostGIS_Liblwgeom_Version();
3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
SELECT PostGIS_LibXML_Version();
2.9.10
SELECT PostGIS_LibJSON_Version();
0.17
SELECT PostGIS_Lib_Build_Date();
2023-06-22 03:56:11
SELECT PostGIS_Lib_Version();
3.4.0dev
SELECT PostGIS_PROJ_Version();
7.2.1 NETWORK_ENABLED=OFF URL_ENDPOINT=https://cdn.proj.org USER_WRITABLE_DIRECTORY=/tmp/proj DATABASE_PATH=/usr/share/proj/proj.db
SELECT PostGIS_PROJ_Compiled_Version();
9.1.1
SELECT PostGIS_Wagyu_Version();
0.5.0 (Internal)
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Build_Date();
2023-06-22 03:56:11
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Installed();
3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
SELECT PostGIS_Scripts_Released();
3.4.0dev 3.3.0rc2-993-g61bdf43a7
SELECT PostGIS_Version();
3.4 USE_GEOS=1 USE_PROJ=1 USE_STATS=1
SET postgis.gdal_datapath TO '/usr/local/share/gdal.hidden';
SET postgis.gdal_datapath TO default;

ALTER DATABASE gisdb
SET postgis.gdal_datapath = 'C:/Program Files/PostgreSQL/9.3/gdal-data';
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = default;

ALTER DATABASE mygisdb SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'GTiff PNG JPEG';
ALTER SYSTEM SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters TO True;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = default;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = True;
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = False;

ALTER DATABASE gisdb SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
ALTER SYSTEM SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
SET postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy';
SET LOCAL postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy';
UPDATE sometable
 SET geom =  PostGIS_AddBBox(geom)
 WHERE PostGIS_HasBBox(geom) = false;
--This example drops bounding boxes where the cached box is not correct
                        --The force to ST_AsBinary before applying Box2D forces a recalculation of the box, and Box2D applied to the table geometry always
                        -- returns the cached bounding box.
                        UPDATE sometable
 SET geom =  PostGIS_DropBBox(geom)
 WHERE Not (Box2D(ST_AsBinary(geom)) = Box2D(geom));

        UPDATE sometable
 SET geom =  PostGIS_AddBBox(geom)
 WHERE Not PostGIS_HasBBOX(geom);

SELECT geom
FROM sometable WHERE PostGIS_HasBBox(geom) = false;
SELECT CG_Area('Polygon ((0 0, 0 5, 5 5, 5 0, 0 0), (1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 2, 1 1), (3 3, 4 3, 4 4, 3 4, 3 3))');
23
SELECT CG_3DArea(geom) As cube_surface_area,
            CG_3DArea(CG_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_area
            FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
            ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
            ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
            ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
            ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
            ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);
cube_surface_area | solid_surface_area
            -------------------+--------------------
            6 |                  0    
SELECT CG_Volume(geom) As cube_surface_vol,
    CG_Volume(CG_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_vol
    FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
    ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
    ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
    ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);
cube_surface_vol | solid_surface_vol
    ------------------+-------------------
    1 |                 1
SELECT ST_3DArea(geom) As cube_surface_area,
        ST_3DArea(ST_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_area
        FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
        ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
        ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
        ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
        ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);
cube_surface_area | solid_surface_area
        -------------------+--------------------
        6 |                  0    
SELECT ST_Volume(geom) As cube_surface_vol,
    ST_Volume(ST_MakeSolid(geom)) As solid_surface_vol
    FROM (SELECT 'POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
    ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
    ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
    ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
    ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'::geometry) As f(geom);
cube_surface_vol | solid_surface_vol
    ------------------+-------------------
    1 |                 1
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Intersection('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5)', 'LINESTRING(5 0, 0 5)'));
POINT(2.5 2.5)
SELECT CG_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
f
SELECT CG_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
t
SELECT CG_3DIntersects('POINT(1.2 0.1 0)','POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0.5 0.5 0,1 0 0,1 1 0,0 1 0,0 0 0)),((1 0 0,2 0 0,2 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0),(1.2 0.2 0,1.2 0.8 0,1.8 0.8 0,1.8 0.2 0,1.2 0.2 0)))');
t
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Difference('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))'::geometry, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)'::geometry));
POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 0))
SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 'quad_segs=2'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom1,
                                CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'), 50, 'quad_segs=1'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom2;

SELECT CG_3DDifference(geom1,geom2)
                            FROM ( SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 'quad_segs=2'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom1,
                            CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'), 50, 'quad_segs=1'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom2 ) As t;
SELECT CG_Distance('LINESTRING(0.0 0.0,-1.0 -1.0)', 'LINESTRING(3.0 4.0,4.0 5.0)');
5
SELECT CG_3DDistance('LINESTRING(-1.0 0.0 2.0,1.0 0.0 3.0)', 'TRIANGLE((-4.0 0.0 1.0,4.0 0.0 1.0,0.0 4.0 1.0,-4.0 0.0 1.0))');
1
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DConvexHull('LINESTRING Z(0 0 5, 1 5 3, 5 7 6, 9 5 3 , 5 7 5, 6 3 5)'::geometry));
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((1 5 3,9 5 3,0 0 5,1 5 3)),((1 5 3,0 0 5,5 7 6,1 5 3)),((5 7 6,5 7 5,1 5 3,5 7 6)),((0 0 5,6 3 5,5 7 6,0 0 5)),((6 3 5,9 5 3,5 7 6,6 3 5)),((0 0 5,9 5 3,6 3 5,0 0 5)),((9 5 3,5 7 5,5 7 6,9 5 3)),((1 5 3,5 7 5,9 5 3,1 5 3)))
WITH f AS (SELECT i, CG_Extrude(geom, 0,0, i ) AS geom
        FROM ST_Subdivide(ST_Letters('CH'),5) WITH ORDINALITY AS sd(geom,i)
        )
        SELECT CG_3DConvexHull(ST_Collect(f.geom) )
        FROM f;
SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 'quad_segs=2'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom1,
                                    CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'), 50, 'quad_segs=1'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom2;

SELECT CG_3DIntersection(geom1,geom2)
                                FROM ( SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 'quad_segs=2'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom1,
                                CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'), 50, 'quad_segs=1'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom2 ) As t;
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DIntersection(linestring, polygon)) As wkt
    FROM  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING Z (2 2 6,1.5 1.5 7,1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8,0 0 10)') AS linestring
    CROSS JOIN ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0 8, 0 1 8, 1 1 8, 1 0 8, 0 0 8))') AS polygon;
LINESTRING Z (1 1 8,0.5 0.5 8)
SELECT ST_AsText(
CG_3DIntersection(
ST_GeomFromText('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'),
'POLYGON Z ((0 0 0, 0 0 0.5, 0 0.5 0.5, 0 0.5 0, 0 0 0))'::geometry))
TIN Z (((0 0 0,0 0 0.5,0 0.5 0.5,0 0 0)),((0 0.5 0,0 0 0,0 0.5 0.5,0 0.5 0)))
SELECT ST_AsText(
            CG_3DIntersection(
              CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer('POINT(10 20)'::geometry,10,1), 0, 0, 30),
              CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer('POINT(10 20)'::geometry,10,1), 2, 0, 10)));
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,20 20 0,20 20 10,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10)),
        ((20 20 10,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,20 20 10)),
        ((20 20 0,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,20 20 10,20 20 0)),
        ((13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,10 10 0,20 20 0,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10)),
        ((16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,12 28 10,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10)),
        ((20 20 0,9.99999999999995 30 0,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,20 20 0)),
        ((10 10 0,9.99999999999995 30 0,20 20 0,10 10 0)),((13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,12 12 10,10 10 0,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10)),
        ((12 28 10,12 12 10,13.3333333333333 13.3333333333333 10,12 28 10)),
        ((16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10,9.99999999999995 30 0,12 28 10,16.6666666666667 23.3333333333333 10)),
        ((10 10 0,0 20 0,9.99999999999995 30 0,10 10 0)),
        ((12 12 10,11 11 10,10 10 0,12 12 10)),((12 28 10,11 11 10,12 12 10,12 28 10)),
        ((9.99999999999995 30 0,11 29 10,12 28 10,9.99999999999995 30 0)),((0 20 0,2 20 10,9.99999999999995 30 0,0 20 0)),
        ((10 10 0,2 20 10,0 20 0,10 10 0)),((11 11 10,2 20 10,10 10 0,11 11 10)),((12 28 10,11 29 10,11 11 10,12 28 10)),
        ((9.99999999999995 30 0,2 20 10,11 29 10,9.99999999999995 30 0)),((11 11 10,11 29 10,2 20 10,11 11 10)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Union('POINT(.5 0)', 'LINESTRING(-1 0,1 0)'));
LINESTRING(-1 0,0.5 0,1 0)
SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 'quad_segs=2'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom1,
                                    CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'), 50, 'quad_segs=1'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom2;

SELECT CG_3DUnion(geom1,geom2)
                                FROM ( SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 'quad_segs=2'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom1,
                                CG_Extrude(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(80 80)'), 50, 'quad_segs=1'), 0, 0, 30) AS geom2 ) As t;
SELECT ST_AsText(
        CG_AlphaShape(
        'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),
        (88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),
        (81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
        (78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
        (75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
        (80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
        (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry,
        80.2));
MULTIPOLYGON(((89 53,88 58,85 71,83 72,75 84,76 88,72 95,64 97,57 97,52 98,49 95,45 90,39 88,34 86,26 85,24 82,27 77,24 67,23 60,27 54,26 44,23 36,28 33,30 22,37 23,43 19,53 18,65 16,73 16,78 16,84 19,88 29,90 30,87 42,91 50,89 53)))
SELECT ST_AsText(
    CG_AlphaShape(
    'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
    (78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
    (75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
    (80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
    (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry,
    100.1,
    true))
MULTIPOLYGON(((89 53,88 58,85 71,83 72,75 84,76 88,72 95,64 97,57 97,52 98,49 95,45 90,39 88,34 86,26 85,24 82,27 77,24 67,23 60,27 54,26 44,23 36,28 33,30 22,43 19,53 18,65 16,73 16,78 16,84 19,90 30,87 42,91 50,89 53),(36 68,40 75,43 80,60 81,68 73,77 67,81 60,82 54,81 47,78 43,76 27,62 22,54 32,44 42,38 46,36 61,36 68)))
SELECT ST_AsText(
                CG_AlphaShape(
                'MULTIPOINT ((132 64), (114 64), (99 64), (81 64), (63 64), (57 49), (52 36), (46 20), (37 20), (26 20), (32 36), (39 55), (43 69), (50 84), (57 100), (63 118), (68 133), (74 149), (81 164), (88 180), (101 180), (112 180), (119 164), (126 149), (132 131), (139 113), (143 100), (150 84), (157 69), (163 51), (168 36), (174 20), (163 20), (150 20), (143 36), (139 49), (132 64), (99 151), (92 138), (88 124), (81 109), (74 93), (70 82), (83 82), (99 82), (112 82), (126 82), (121 96), (114 109), (110 122), (103 138), (99 151), (34 27), (43 31), (48 44), (46 58), (52 73), (63 73), (61 84), (72 71), (90 69), (101 76), (123 71), (141 62), (166 27), (150 33), (159 36), (146 44), (154 53), (152 62), (146 73), (134 76), (143 82), (141 91), (130 98), (126 104), (132 113), (128 127), (117 122), (112 133), (119 144), (108 147), (119 153), (110 171), (103 164), (92 171), (86 160), (88 142), (79 140), (72 124), (83 131), (79 118), (68 113), (63 102), (68 93), (35 45))'::geometry,
                102.2,
                true));
MULTIPOLYGON(((168 36,163 51,157 69,150 84,143 100,139 113,132 131,126 149,119 164,112 180,101 180,88 180,81 164,74 149,68 133,63 118,57 100,50 84,43 69,39 55,35 45,32 36,26 20,37 20,46 20,52 36,57 49,63 64,81 64,90 69,99 64,114 64,132 64,139 49,143 36,150 20,163 20,174 20,168 36),(81 109,88 124,92 138,103 138,110 122,114 109,121 96,112 82,99 82,83 82,74 93,81 109)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_ApproxConvexPartition('POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)),POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)),POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,107 61)),POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)),POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)),POLYGON((107 61,41 86,67 24,109 31,107 61)),POLYGON((148 120,107 61,109 31,170 60,148 120)),POLYGON((156 150,148 120,170 60,180 110,156 150)))
SELECT CG_ApproximateMedialAxis(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON (( 190 190, 10 190, 10 10, 190 10, 190 20, 160 30, 60 30, 60 130, 190 140, 190 190 ))'));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_ApproximateMedialAxis('POLYGON((0 0,2 0,2 1,0 1,0 0))', true));
MULTILINESTRING((0 0.5,0.5 0.5,1.5 0.5,2 0.5))
SELECT ST_AsText(
  CG_GenerateFlatRoof(
    'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))',
    2.0));
-- POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (...)
SELECT ST_AsText(
  CG_GenerateHippedRoof(
    'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))',
    2.0));
-- POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (...)
SELECT ST_CoordDim(
  CG_GenerateGableRoof(
    'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))',
    2.0, 30.0));
-- 3
SELECT ST_NumPatches(
  CG_GenerateSkillionRoof(
    'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))',
    2.0));
-- 6

-- height 4.0 -> 5 patches (one face filtered)
SELECT ST_NumPatches(
  CG_GenerateSkillionRoof(
    'POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 4,0 4,0 0))',
    4.0));
-- 5
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_GenerateRoof('POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))', 'HIPPED', 2.0, 30.0, 0));
-- POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 4 0,4 4 0,4 0 0,0 0 0,0 4 0)), ...)

SELECT ST_AsText(CG_GenerateRoof('POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))', 'FLAT', 2.0));
-- POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 4 0,4 0 0,0 0 0)), ...)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_PolygonRepair('POLYGON((0 0,2 2,2 0,0 2,0 0))'));
-- MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,1 1,0 2,0 0)),((1 1,2 0,2 2,1 1)))

-- Keep all winding area with UNION rule (requires CGAL 6.1 or later)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_PolygonRepair('POLYGON((0 0,2 2,2 0,0 2,0 0))', 'UNION'));
-- MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,1 1,0 2,0 0)))
select CG_ConstrainedDelaunayTriangles(
                                        ST_Union(
                                        'POLYGON((175 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'::geometry,
                                        ST_Buffer('POINT(110 170)'::geometry, 20)
                                        )
                                        );

select ST_DelaunayTriangles(
                                        ST_Union(
                                        'POLYGON((175 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 175 150))'::geometry,
                                        ST_Buffer('POINT(110 170)'::geometry, 20)
                                        )
                                        );

SELECT ST_Buffer(
                                    ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
                                    50, 'quad_segs=2'),0,0,30);
CG_Extrude(
                                ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50, 'quad_segs=2'),
                                0, 0, 30);
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50, 100 90, 95 150)')
SELECT CG_Extrude(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50, 100 90, 95 150)'),0,0,10));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_ExtrudeStraightSkeleton('POLYGON (( 0 0, 5 0, 5 5, 4 5, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0 ), (1 1, 1 2,2 2, 2 1, 1 1))', 3.0, 2.0));
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 0,0 4 0,4 4 0,4 5 0,5 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2 0,1 1 0)),((0 0 0,0 0 2,0 4 2,0 4 0,0 0 0)),((0 4 0,0 4 2,4 4 2,4 4 0,0 4 0)),((4 4 0,4 4 2,4 5 2,4 5 0,4 4 0)),((4 5 0,4 5 2,5 5 2,5 5 0,4 5 0)),((5 5 0,5 5 2,5 0 2,5 0 0,5 5 0)),((5 0 0,5 0 2,0 0 2,0 0 0,5 0 0)),((1 1 0,1 1 2,2 1 2,2 1 0,1 1 0)),((2 1 0,2 1 2,2 2 2,2 2 0,2 1 0)),((2 2 0,2 2 2,1 2 2,1 2 0,2 2 0)),((1 2 0,1 2 2,1 1 2,1 1 0,1 2 0)),((0 4 2,0 0 2,0.5 0.5 2.5,0.5 2.5 2.5,1 3 3,0 4 2)),((0 0 2,5 0 2,3.5 1.5 3.5,2.5 0.5 2.5,0.5 0.5 2.5,0 0 2)),((5 0 2,5 5 2,4.5 4.5 2.5,4.5 3.5 2.5,3.5 2.5 3.5,3.5 1.5 3.5,5 0 2)),((5 5 2,4 5 2,4.5 4.5 2.5,5 5 2)),((4 5 2,4 4 2,4.5 3.5 2.5,4.5 4.5 2.5,4 5 2)),((4 4 2,0 4 2,1 3 3,3 3 3,3.5 2.5 3.5,4.5 3.5 2.5,4 4 2)),((2 1 2,1 1 2,0.5 0.5 2.5,2.5 0.5 2.5,2 1 2)),((1 1 2,1 2 2,0.5 2.5 2.5,0.5 0.5 2.5,1 1 2)),((1 2 2,2 2 2,3 3 3,1 3 3,0.5 2.5 2.5,1 2 2)),((2 2 2,2 1 2,2.5 0.5 2.5,3.5 1.5 3.5,3.5 2.5 3.5,3 3 3,2 2 2)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_GreeneApproxConvexPartition('POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)),POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)),POLYGON((67 24,109 31,170 60,107 61,67 24)),POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)),POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,67 24,107 61)),POLYGON((148 120,107 61,170 60,148 120)),POLYGON((148 120,170 60,180 110,156 150,148 120)),POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)))
SELECT CG_MinkowskiSum(line, circle))
            FROM (SELECT
            ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(10, 10),ST_Point(100, 100)) As line,
            ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(50 50)'), 30) As circle) As foo;

            -- wkt --
            MULTIPOLYGON(((30 59.9999999999999,30.5764415879031 54.1472903395161,32.2836140246614 48.5194970290472,35.0559116309237 43.3328930094119,38.7867965644036 38.7867965644035,43.332893009412 35.0559116309236,48.5194970290474 32.2836140246614,54.1472903395162 30.5764415879031,60.0000000000001 30,65.8527096604839 30.5764415879031,71.4805029709527 32.2836140246614,76.6671069905881 35.0559116309237,81.2132034355964 38.7867965644036,171.213203435596 128.786796564404,174.944088369076 133.332893009412,177.716385975339 138.519497029047,179.423558412097 144.147290339516,180 150,179.423558412097 155.852709660484,177.716385975339 161.480502970953,174.944088369076 166.667106990588,171.213203435596 171.213203435596,166.667106990588 174.944088369076,
            161.480502970953 177.716385975339,155.852709660484 179.423558412097,150 180,144.147290339516 179.423558412097,138.519497029047 177.716385975339,133.332893009412 174.944088369076,128.786796564403 171.213203435596,38.7867965644035 81.2132034355963,35.0559116309236 76.667106990588,32.2836140246614 71.4805029709526,30.5764415879031 65.8527096604838,30 59.9999999999999)))

SELECT CG_MinkowskiSum(mp, poly)
        FROM (SELECT 'MULTIPOINT(25 50,70 25)'::geometry As mp,
        'POLYGON((130 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 130 150))'::geometry As poly
        ) As foo

        -- wkt --
        MULTIPOLYGON(
        ((70 115,100 135,175 175,225 225,70 115)),
        ((120 65,150 85,225 125,275 175,120 65))
        )

SELECT ST_AsText(
            CG_OptimalAlphaShape(
            'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),
            (88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),
            (81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
            (78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
            (75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
            (80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
            (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry));
MULTIPOLYGON(((89 53,88 58,83 64,85 71,83 72,75 77,75 84,76 88,72 95,64 97,57 97,52 98,49 95,45 90,39 88,34 86,26 85,24 82,27 77,24 67,23 60,27 54,26 44,23 36,28 33,30 22,37 23,43 19,53 18,65 16,73 16,78 16,84 19,88 29,90 30,87 42,91 50,89 53)))
SELECT ST_AsText(
    CG_OptimalAlphaShape(
    'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),(88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),(81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),
    (78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),(35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),
    (75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),(41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),
    (80 72),(54 32),(55 26),(62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
    (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),(34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry,
    allow_holes => true));
MULTIPOLYGON(((89 53,88 58,83 64,85 71,83 72,75 77,75 84,76 88,72 95,64 97,57 97,52 98,49 95,45 90,39 88,34 86,26 85,24 82,27 77,24 67,23 60,27 54,26 44,23 36,28 33,30 22,37 23,43 19,53 18,65 16,73 16,78 16,84 19,88 29,90 30,87 42,91 50,89 53),(36 68,40 75,43 80,50 86,60 81,68 73,77 67,81 60,82 54,81 47,78 43,81 29,76 27,70 20,62 22,55 26,54 32,48 34,44 42,38 46,36 61,36 68)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_OptimalConvexPartition('POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,156 150)),POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)),POLYGON((45 1,177 2,67 24,45 1)),POLYGON((41 86,45 1,67 24,41 86)),POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,67 24,109 31,107 61)),POLYGON((148 120,107 61,109 31,170 60,180 110,148 120)),POLYGON((156 150,148 120,180 110,156 150)))
SELECT CG_StraightSkeleton(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON (( 190 190, 10 190, 10 10, 190 10, 190 20, 160 30, 60 30, 60 130, 190 140, 190 190 ))'));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_StraightSkeleton('POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 0))', true));
MULTILINESTRING M ((0 0 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(1 0 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(1 1 0,0.5 0.5 0.5),(0 1 0,0.5 0.5 0.5))
SELECT CG_StraightSkeleton('POLYGON((0 0, 3 0, 3 3, 0 3, 0 0), (0 0, 1 2, 2 1, 0 0))'));
NOTICE:  During straight_skeleton(A) :
NOTICE:    with A: POLYGON((0/1 0/1,3/1 0/1,3/1 3/1,0/1 3/1,0/1 0/1),(0/1 0/1,1/1 2/1,2/1 1/1,0/1 0/1))
ERROR:  straight skeleton of Polygon with point touching rings is not implemented.
SELECT ST_StraightSkeleton(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON (( 190 190, 10 190, 10 10, 190 10, 190 20, 160 30, 60 30, 60 130, 190 140, 190 190 ))'));
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                                    ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                                    ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                                    ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )');
SELECT CG_Tesselate(ST_GeomFromText('POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                                ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                                ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                                ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)), ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )'));
TIN Z (((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 0 0)),((0 1 0,0 0 0,0 1 1,0 1 0)),
                        ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,0 0 0)),
                        ((1 0 0,0 0 0,1 1 0,1 0 0)),((0 0 1,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1)),
                        ((0 0 1,0 0 0,1 0 0,0 0 1)),
                        ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 1 0)),((1 0 0,1 1 0,1 0 1,1 0 0)),
                        ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,0 1 0)),((1 1 0,0 1 0,1 1 1,1 1 0)),
                        ((0 1 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1)),((0 1 1,0 0 1,1 0 1,0 1 1)))
SELECT 'POLYGON (( 10 190, 10 70, 80 70, 80 130, 50 160, 120 160, 120 190, 10 190 ))'::geometry;
SELECT
                        CG_Tesselate('POLYGON (( 10 190, 10 70, 80 70, 80 130, 50 160, 120 160, 120 190, 10 190 ))'::geometry);
TIN(((80 130,50 160,80 70,80 130)),((50 160,10 190,10 70,50 160)),
                ((80 70,50 160,10 70,80 70)),((120 160,120 190,50 160,120 160)),
                ((120 190,10 190,50 160,120 190)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Triangulate('POLYGON((0.0 0.0,1.0 0.0,1.0 1.0,0.0 1.0,0.0 0.0),(0.2 0.2,0.2 0.8,0.8 0.8,0.8 0.2,0.2 0.2))'));
st_astext
                ----------
                TIN(((0.8 0.2,0.2 0.2,1 0,0.8 0.2)),((0.2 0.2,0 0,1 0,0.2 0.2)),((1 1,0.8 0.8,0.8 0.2,1 1)),((0 1,0 0,0.2 0.2,0 1)),((0 1,0.2 0.8,1 1,0 1)),((0 1,0.2 0.2,0.2 0.8,0 1)),((0.2 0.8,0.8 0.8,1 1,0.2 0.8)),((0.2 0.8,0.2 0.2,0.8 0.2,0.2 0.8)),((1 1,0.8 0.2,1 0,1 1)),((0.8 0.8,0.2 0.8,0.8 0.2,0.8 0.8)))

                (1 row)
SELECT CG_Visibility('POLYGON((23.5 23.5,23.5 173.5,173.5 173.5,173.5 23.5,23.5 23.5),(108 98,108 36,156 37,155 99,108 98),(107 157.5,107 106.5,135 107.5,133 127.5,143.5 127.5,143.5 108.5,153.5 109.5,151.5 166,107 157.5),(41 95.5,41 35,100.5 36,98.5 68,78.5 68,77.5 96.5,41 95.5),(39 150,40 104,97.5 106.5,95.5 152,39 150))'::geometry, 'POINT(91 87)'::geometry);
SELECT CG_Visibility('POLYGON((23.5 23.5,23.5 173.5,173.5 173.5,173.5 23.5,23.5 23.5),(108 98,108 36,156 37,155 99,108 98),(107 157.5,107 106.5,135 107.5,133 127.5,143.5 127.5,143.5 108.5,153.5 109.5,151.5 166,107 157.5),(41 95.5,41 35,100.5 36,98.5 68,78.5 68,77.5 96.5,41 95.5),(39 150,40 104,97.5 106.5,95.5 152,39 150))'::geometry,'POINT(78.5 68)'::geometry, 'POINT(98.5 68)'::geometry);
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_YMonotonePartition('POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,32 159,0 45,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,180 110,156 150))'::geometry));
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((32 159,0 45,41 86,32 159)),POLYGON((107 61,32 159,41 86,45 1,177 2,67 24,109 31,170 60,107 61)),POLYGON((156 150,83 181,89 131,148 120,107 61,170 60,180 110,156 150)))
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_StraightSkeletonPartition('POLYGON((0 0, 4 0, 2 2, 0 0))', true));
POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0,2 0.82842712474619,2 2)),((4 0,2 0.82842712474619,0 0)),((2 2,2 0.82842712474619,4 0)))
SELECT CG_StraightSkeletonPartition(
            ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON (( 190 190, 10 190, 10 10, 190 10, 190 20,
            160 30, 60 30, 60 130, 190 140, 190 190 ))'),
            true );
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DBuffer('POINT(0 0 0)', 1, 8, 0));
POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z (((0 0 1, 0.5 -0.5 0.71, 0 -0.71 0.71, 0 0 1)), ... )
SELECT string_agg('<Shape
>' || ST_AsX3D(cgbuffer3d_output)  || '<Appearance>
          <Material diffuseColor="0 0.8 0.2" specularColor="0 1 0"/>
        </Appearance>
    </Shape
>', '');
SELECT CG_3DBuffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'), 50,32,0);
SELECT CG_3DBuffer(
 ST_GeomFromText('POINT(100 90)'),
 50,5,0);

SELECT CG_3DBuffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
    ),
 10,32,0);

SELECT CG_3DBuffer(
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'
    ),
 10,32,2);

SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Rotate('LINESTRING(1 0, 0 1)', pi()/2));
LINESTRING(6.123233995736766e-17 1,-1 6.123233995736766e-17)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_2DRotate('POINT(1 0)', pi()/2, 1, 1));
POINT(2 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DRotate('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2, 0, 0, 1));
POINT Z (6.123233995736766e-17 1 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_RotateX('POINT(0 1 0)', pi()/2));
POINT Z (0 6.123233995736766e-17 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_RotateY('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2));
POINT Z (6.123233995736766e-17 0 -1)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_RotateZ('POINT(1 0 0)', pi()/2));
POINT Z (6.123233995736766e-17 1 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Scale('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)', 2));
LINESTRING(2 2,4 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DScale('POINT(1 1 1)', 2, 3, 4));
POINT Z (2 3 4)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DScaleAroundCenter('POINT(2 2 2)', 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1, 1, 1));
POINT Z (1.5 1.5 1.5)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Translate('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)', 1, -1));
LINESTRING(2 0,3 1)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_3DTranslate('POINT(1 1 1)', 1, -1, 2));
POINT Z (2 0 3)
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 0.1 1, 0.2 1, 0.3 1, 0.4 1, 0.5 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))'), 0.5));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING Z(0 0 0, 0 1 1, 0.1 1 1, 0.2 1 1, 0.3 1 1, 1 1 2)'), 0.2, true));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING ZM(0 0 0 1, 0 1 1 2, 0.1 1 1 3, 0.2 1 1 4, 0.3 1 1 5, 1 1 2 6)'), 0.2));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ZM(LINESTRING ZM(-1 -1 3 4, 0 0 10 100, 1 1 20 200, 0 2 15 150, 0 5 30 300, 2 19 25 250, -4 20 15 150), POLYGON ZM((0 0 10 100, 1 1 20 200, 0 2 15 150, 0 5 30 300, 2 19 25 250, -4 20 15 150, 0 0 10 100)))', 2, false));
SELECT ST_AsText(CG_Simplify('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION ZM(LINESTRING ZM(-1 -1 3 4, 0 0 10 100, 1 1 20 200, 0 2 15 150, 0 5 30 300, 2 19 25 250, -4 20 15 150), POLYGON ZM((0 0 10 100, 1 1 20 200, 0 2 15 150, 0 5 30 300, 2 19 25 250, -4 20 15 150, 0 0 10 100)))', 2, true));
WITH depts_pds as (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
POLYGON((88.46 158.85,90.77 171.54,147.31 173.85,146.15 145,173.85 119.62,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,91.92 93.08,65.38 101.15,34.23 121.92,41.15 142.69,49.23 143.85,88.46 158.85)),
POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,190 60.77,185.38 43.46,126.54 26.15,83.85 28.46,67.69 64.23,43.46 58.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,65.38 101.15,91.92 93.08,112.69 118.46)))
') as geom)
SELECT geom FROM depts_pds;

WITH depts_pds as (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
POLYGON((88.46 158.85,90.77 171.54,147.31 173.85,146.15 145,173.85 119.62,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,91.92 93.08,65.38 101.15,34.23 121.92,41.15 142.69,49.23 143.85,88.46 158.85)),
POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,190 60.77,185.38 43.46,126.54 26.15,83.85 28.46,67.69 64.23,43.46 58.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,65.38 101.15,91.92 93.08,112.69 118.46)))
') as geom)
SELECT (ST_Dump(CG_Simplify(geom, 0.5, true))).geom FROM depts_pds;

WITH depts_pds as (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(
POLYGON((88.46 158.85,90.77 171.54,147.31 173.85,146.15 145,173.85 119.62,146.15 103.46,112.69 118.46,91.92 93.08,65.38 101.15,34.23 121.92,41.15 142.69,49.23 143.85,88.46 158.85)),
POLYGON((112.69 118.46,146.15 103.46,190 60.77,185.38 43.46,126.54 26.15,83.85 28.46,67.69 64.23,43.46 58.46,10 83.85,34.23 121.92,65.38 101.15,91.92 93.08,112.69 118.46)))
') as geom)
SELECT (ST_Dump(CG_Simplify(geom, 0.5, false))).geom FROM depts_pds;

SELECT CG_3DAlphaWrapping(
           'MULTIPOINT((63 84),(76 88),(68 73),(53 18),(91 50),(81 70),
           (88 29),(24 82),(32 51),(37 23),(27 54),(84 19),(75 87),(44 42),(77 67),(90 30),(36 61),(32 65),
           (81 47),(88 58),(68 73),(49 95),(81 60),(87 50),(78 16),(79 21),(30 22),(78 43),(26 85),(48 34),
           (35 35),(36 40),(31 79),(83 29),(27 84),(52 98),(72 95),(85 71),(75 84),(75 77),(81 29),(77 73),
           (41 42),(83 72),(23 36),(89 53),(27 57),(57 97),(27 77),(39 88),(60 81),(80 72),(54 32),(55 26),
           (62 22),(70 20),(76 27),(84 35),(87 42),(82 54),(83 64),(69 86),(60 90),(50 86),(43 80),(36 73),
           (36 68),(40 75),(24 67),(23 60),(26 44),(28 33),(40 32),(43 19),(65 16),(73 16),(38 46),(31 59),
           (34 86),(45 90),(64 97))'::geometry,
           10);
SELECT CG_3DAlphaWrapping(
           'MULTIPOINT((132 64),(114 64),(99 64),(81 64),(63 64),(57 49),
           (52 36),(46 20),(37 20),(26 20),(32 36),(39 55),(43 69),(50 84),(57 100),(63 118),(68 133),(74 149),
           (81 164),(88 180),(101 180),(112 180),(119 164),(126 149),(132 131),(139 113),(143 100),(150 84),(157 69),(163 51),
           (168 36),(174 20),(163 20),(150 20),(143 36),(139 49),(132 64),(99 151),(92 138),(88 124),(81 109),(74 93),(70 82),
           (83 82),(99 82),(112 82),(126 82),(121 96),(114 109),(110 122),(103 138),(99 151),(34 27),(43 31),(48 44),(46 58),
           (52 73),(63 73),(61 84),(72 71),(90 69),(101 76),(123 71),(141 62),(166 27),(150 33),(159 36),(146 44),(154 53),
           (152 62),(146 73),(134 76),(143 82),(141 91),(130 98),(126 104),(132 113),(128 127),(117 122),(112 133),(119 144),
           (108 147),(119 153),(110 171),(103 164),(92 171),(86 160),(88 142),(79 140),(72 124),(83 131),(79 118),(68 113),
           (63 102),(68 93),(35 45))'::geometry,
           14);
SELECT CG_NurbsCurveInterpolate(
    'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 2, 3 3, 5 1, 6 0)'::geometry,
    3
);

-- 3D interpolation
SELECT CG_NurbsCurveInterpolate(
    'LINESTRING Z(0 0 0, 1 2 1, 3 3 0, 5 1 -1, 6 0 0)'::geometry,
    2
);

SELECT CG_NurbsCurveApproximate(
    'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 2.1, 2 1.9, 3 3.2, 4 2.8, 5 1)'::geometry,
    2,
    0.5
);

-- Control maximum complexity
SELECT CG_NurbsCurveApproximate(
    'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 2, 2 2, 3 3, 4 3, 5 1, 6 0, 7 -1, 8 0)'::geometry,
    3,
    0.2,
    20  -- max 20 control points
);

WITH nurbs AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 10, 10 0)'::geometry) AS geom
)
SELECT CG_NurbsCurveDerivative(geom, 0.5, 1) FROM nurbs;

-- Get curvature at start of curve
WITH nurbs AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(3, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 2 5, 5 5, 8 2, 10 0)'::geometry) AS geom
)
SELECT CG_NurbsCurveDerivative(geom, 0.0, 2) FROM nurbs;

-- Analyze tangent at multiple points
WITH nurbs AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeNurbsCurve(2, 'LINESTRING(0 0, 5 10, 10 0)'::geometry) AS geom
)
SELECT
    t.param,
    CG_NurbsCurveDerivative(n.geom, t.param, 1) AS tangent
FROM nurbs n
CROSS JOIN (VALUES (0.0), (0.25), (0.5), (0.75), (1.0)) AS t(param);

SELECT te[1] AS id, te[2] AS type FROM
( SELECT ARRAY[1,2]::topology.topoelement AS te ) f;
id | type
----+------
  1 |    2

SELECT ARRAY[1,2]::topology.topoelement;
te
-------
 {1,2}

SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3]::topology.topoelement;
ERROR:  value for domain topology.topoelement violates check constraint "dimensions"
SELECT '{{1,2},{4,3}}'::topology.topoelementarray AS tea;
{{1,2},{4,3}}
SELECT ARRAY[ARRAY[1, 2], ARRAY[4, 3]]::topology.topoelementarray AS tea;
{{1,2},{4,3}}
SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[e, t] ORDER BY e, t) As tea
FROM generate_series(1, 4) As e CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) As t;

{{1,1},{1,2},{1,3},{2,1},{2,2},{2,3},{3,1},{3,2},{3,3},{4,1},{4,2},{4,3}}
SELECT '{{1,2,4},{3,4,5}}'::topology.topoelementarray AS tea;
ERROR:  value for domain topology.topoelementarray violates check constraint "dimensions"
CREATE SCHEMA ma;
CREATE TABLE ma.parcels(gid serial, parcel_id varchar(20) PRIMARY KEY, address text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ma_topo', 'ma', 'parcels', 'topo', 'POLYGON');
CREATE SCHEMA ri;
CREATE TABLE ri.roads(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, road_name text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ri_topo', 'ri', 'roads', 'topo', 'LINE');

SELECT topology.RenameTopoGeometryColumn('public.parcels', 'topogeom', 'tgeom');
SELECT topology.DropTopology('ma_topo');
SELECT topology.RenameTopology('topo_stage', 'topo_prod');
SELECT topology.DropTopoGeometryColumn('ma_topo', 'parcel_topo', 'topo');
SELECT topology.FixCorruptTopoGeometryColumn(schema_name, table_name, feature_column)
    FROM topology.layer;

SELECT CreateTopology('strk_topo');
CREATE SCHEMA strk;
CREATE TABLE strk.parcels(gid serial, parcel_id varchar(20) PRIMARY KEY, address text);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('strk_topo', 'strk', 'parcels', 'topo', 'POLYGON');
SELECT *
FROM topology.Populate_Topology_Layer();
TRUNCATE TABLE topology.layer;

SELECT *
FROM topology.Populate_Topology_Layer();

SELECT topology_id,layer_id, schema_name As sn, table_name As tn, feature_column As fc
FROM topology.layer;

schema_name | table_name | feature_column
-------------+------------+----------------
 strk        | parcels    | topo
(1 row)

 topology_id | layer_id |  sn  |   tn    |  fc
-------------+----------+------+---------+------
           2 |        2 | strk | parcels | topo
(1 row)
SELECT topology.TopologySummary('city_data');
Topology city_data (329), SRID 4326, precision: 0
 22 nodes, 24 edges, 10 faces, 29 topogeoms in 5 layers
 Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 9 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.land_parcels.feature
 Layer 2, type Puntal (1), 8 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.traffic_signs.feature
 Layer 3, type Lineal (2), 8 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.city_streets.feature
 Layer 4, type Polygonal (3), 3 topogeoms
  Hierarchy level 1, child layer 1
  Deploy: features.big_parcels.feature
 Layer 5, type Puntal (1), 1 topogeoms
  Hierarchy level 1, child layer 2
  Deploy: features.big_signs.feature
SELECT * FROM topology.ValidateTopology('ma_topo');
error        | id1 | id2
-------------------+-----+-----
face without edges |   1 |

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(g)
FROM topology.ValidateTopologyPrecision(
    'city_data',
    gridSize =
> 2,
    bbox =
> ST_MakeEnvelope(0, 0, 20, 20)
) g;
MULTIPOINT(9 6,9 14)
SELECT topology.MakeTopologyPrecise(
    'city_data',
    gridSize =
> 2
);
SELECT name(FindTopology('features.land_parcels', 'feature'));
city_data
SELECT layer_id(FindLayer('features.land_parcels', 'feature'));
1
SELECT topology.TopologySummary('city_data');
Topology city_data (329), SRID 4326, precision: 0
 22 nodes, 24 edges, 10 faces, 29 topogeoms in 5 layers
 Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 9 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.land_parcels.feature
 Layer 2, type Puntal (1), 8 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.traffic_signs.feature
 Layer 3, type Lineal (2), 8 topogeoms
  Deploy: features.city_streets.feature
 Layer 4, type Polygonal (3), 3 topogeoms
  Hierarchy level 1, child layer 1
  Deploy: features.big_parcels.feature
 Layer 5, type Puntal (1), 1 topogeoms
  Hierarchy level 1, child layer 2
  Deploy: features.big_signs.feature
SELECT topology.UpgradeTopology('city_data');
SELECT topology.CreateTopology('ma_topo', 26986, 0.5);
SELECT topology.CreateTopology('ri_topo', 3438) AS topoid;
2
SELECT topology.CopyTopology('ma_topo', 'ma_topo_backup');
SELECT topology.ST_InitTopoGeo('topo_schema_to_create') AS topocreation;
Topology-Geometry 'topo_schema_to_create' (id:7) created.
SELECT topology.ST_CreateTopoGeo(
 'ri_topo',
 ST_GeomFromText(
  'MULTILINESTRING((384744 236928,384750 236923,384769 236911,384799 236895,384811 236890,384833 236884,
  384844 236882,384866 236881,384879 236883,384954 236898,385087 236932,385117 236938,
  385167 236938,385203 236941,385224 236946,385233 236950,385241 236956,385254 236971,
  385260 236979,385268 236999,385273 237018,385273 237037,385271 237047,385267 237057,
  385225 237125,385210 237144,385192 237161,385167 237192,385162 237202,385159 237214,
  385159 237227,385162 237241,385166 237256,385196 237324,385209 237345,385234 237375,
  385237 237383,385238 237399,385236 237407,385227 237419,385213 237430,385193 237439,
  385174 237451,385170 237455,385169 237460,385171 237475,385181 237503,385190 237521,
  385200 237533,385206 237538,385213 237541,385221 237542,385235 237540,385242 237541,
  385249 237544,385260 237555,385270 237570,385289 237584,385292 237589,385291 237596,385284 237630))',
  3438)
  );
Topology ri_topo populated
CREATE TABLE ri.roads(gid serial PRIMARY KEY, road_name text);

SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('ri_topo', 'ri', 'roads', 'topo', 'LINE');
SELECT topology.ST_ChangeEdgeGeom(
    'ma_topo',
    1,
            ST_GeomFromText(
                'LINESTRING(227591.9 893900.4,227622.6 893844.3,227641.6 893816.6, 227704.5 893778.5)',
                26986)
);
Edge 1 changed
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227592 893910, 227600 893910)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
3
SELECT topology.ST_ModEdgeSplit('ma_topo', 3, ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(227594, 893910), 26986)) AS node_id;
7
SELECT topology.ST_AddIsoNode('ma_topo', NULL, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227579 893916)', 26986)) AS nodeid;
7
SELECT topology.ST_MoveIsoNode('ma_topo', 7, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227579.5 893916.5)', 26986)) AS descrip;
Isolated Node 7 moved to location 227579.5,893916.5
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227575 893917, 227592 893900)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
2
SELECT topology.ST_NewEdgesSplit('ma_topo', 2, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227578.5 893913.5)', 26986)) AS newnodeid;
6
SELECT topology.ST_RemoveIsoNode('ma_topo', 7) AS result;
Isolated node 7 removed
SELECT topology.ST_RemoveIsoEdge('ma_topo', 7) AS result;
Isolated edge 7 removed
SELECT topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1) As with1mtol, topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 0) As withnotol
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227622.6 893843)') As geom;
with1mtol | withnotol
-----------+-----------
         2 |         0
SELECT topology.GetEdgeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1) As nearnode
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
ERROR:  Two or more edges found
SELECT topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 10) As with1mtol, topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 0) As withnotol
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(234604.6 899382.0)') As geom;
with1mtol | withnotol
-----------+-----------
         1 |         0
SELECT topology.GetFaceByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1) As nearnode
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
ERROR:  Two or more faces found
SELECT topology.GetNodeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1) As nearnode
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
2
SELECT topology.GetNodeByPoint('ma_topo', geom, 1000) As too_much_tolerance
FROM ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=26986;POINT(227591.9 893900.4)') As geom;
ERROR:  Two or more nodes found
SELECT topology.GetTopologyID('ma_topo') AS topo_id;
1
SELECT topology.GetTopologySRID('ma_topo') AS srid;
4326
SELECT topology.GetTopologyName(1) AS topo_name;
ma_topo
SELECT (topology.ST_GetFaceEdges('tt', 1)).*;
sequence | edge
----------+------
        1 |   -4
        2 |    5
        3 |    7
        4 |   -6
        5 |    1
        6 |    2
        7 |    3
SELECT t.seq, t.edge, geom
FROM topology.ST_GetFaceEdges('tt', 1) As t(seq, edge)
        INNER JOIN tt.edge AS e ON abs(t.edge) = e.edge_id;

SELECT ST_AsText(topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('ma_topo', 1)) AS facegeomwkt;
POLYGON((234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,
234872.5 899328.7,234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145,234890.6 899069,
234755.2 899255.4,234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7))
SELECT topology.AddNode('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('POINT(227641.6 893816.5)', 26986)) AS nodeid;
4
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227575.8 893917.2, 227591.9 893900.4)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
1
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227591.9 893900.4, 227622.6 893844.2, 227641.6 893816.5, 227704.5 893778.5)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
2
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(227591.2 893900, 227591.9 893900.4, 227704.5 893778.5)', 26986)) AS edgeid;
ERROR:  Edge intersects (not on endpoints) with existing edge 1
SELECT topology.AddEdge('ma_topo', ST_MakeLine(ST_PointN(geom,i), ST_PointN(geom, i + 1) )) As edgeid
    FROM (SELECT  ST_NPoints(geom) AS npt, geom
            FROM
                (SELECT ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,234872.5 899328.7,
                234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145, 234890.6 899069,234755.2 899255.4,
                234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7))', 26986) )  As geom
            )  As geoms) As facen CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,10000) As i
         WHERE i < npt;
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
SELECT topology.AddFace(
    'ma_topo',
    ST_GeomFromText(
    'POLYGON((234896.5 899456.7,234914 899436.4,234946.6 899356.9,234872.5 899328.7,
    234891 899285.4,234992.5 899145, 234890.6 899069,234755.2 899255.4,
    234612.7 899379.4,234776.9 899563.7,234896.5 899456.7))',
    26986) ) As faceid;

1
INSERT INTO ri.ri_roads(road_name, topo) VALUES('Unknown', topology.CreateTopoGeom('ri_topo',2,2,'{{1,2}}'::topology.topoelementarray);
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn(
                'topo_boston',
                'boston', 'blockgroups', 'topo', 'POLYGON');

1
UPDATE boston.blockgroups AS bg
        SET topo = topology.CreateTopoGeom(
        'topo_boston',
        3, 1,
        foo.bfaces)
FROM (SELECT b.gid,  topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[f.face_id,3]) As bfaces
        FROM boston.blockgroups As b
            INNER JOIN topo_boston.face As f ON b.geom && f.mbr
        WHERE ST_Covers(b.geom, topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id))
            GROUP BY b.gid) As foo
WHERE foo.gid = bg.gid;

UPDATE boston.blockgroups AS bg
        SET topo = topology.CreateTopoGeom(
        'topo_boston',
        3, 1,
        foo.bfaces)
FROM (SELECT b.gid,  topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[f.face_id,3]) As bfaces
        FROM boston.blockgroups As b
            INNER JOIN topo_boston.face As f ON b.geom && f.mbr
        WHERE ST_Covers(b.geom, topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id))
        OR
 (  ST_Intersects(b.geom, topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id))
            AND ST_Area(ST_Intersection(b.geom, topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id) ) ) >
                ST_Area(topology.ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston', f.face_id))*0.5
                )
            GROUP BY b.gid) As foo
WHERE foo.gid = bg.gid;

UPDATE boston.blockgroups SET new_geom = topo::geometry;
SELECT topology.CreateTopology('topo_boston_test', 2249);
CREATE TABLE nei_topo(gid serial primary key, nei varchar(30));
SELECT topology.AddTopoGeometryColumn('topo_boston_test', 'public', 'nei_topo', 'topo', 'MULTIPOLYGON') AS new_layer_id;
1
INSERT INTO nei_topo(nei, topo)
SELECT nei,  topology.toTopoGeom(geom, 'topo_boston_test', 1)
FROM neighborhoods
WHERE gid BETWEEN 1 and 15;
SELECT * FROM
    topology.TopologySummary('topo_boston_test');
Topology topo_boston_test (5), SRID 2249, precision 0
61 nodes, 87 edges, 35 faces, 15 topogeoms in 1 layers
Layer 1, type Polygonal (3), 15 topogeoms
 Deploy: public.nei_topo.topo
UPDATE nei_topo SET topo = toTopoGeom(ST_Buffer(topo, -10), clearTopoGeom(topo), 0);

SELECT ST_GetFaceGeometry('topo_boston_test', f.face_id)
  FROM topo_boston_test.face f
  WHERE f.face_id 
> 0
  AND NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT * FROM topo_boston_test.relation
    WHERE layer_id = 1 AND element_id = f.face_id
  );

SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(ARRAY[e, t] ORDER BY e, t) As tea
          FROM generate_series(1,3) As e CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,4) As t;
{{1,1},{1,2},{1,3},{1,4},{2,1},{2,2},{2,3},{2,4},{3,1},{3,2},{3,3},{3,4}}
SELECT TopoElement(topo)
FROM neighborhoods;
SELECT topology.TopoElementArray_Agg(topo::topoelement)
FROM neighborhoods
GROUP BY city;
UPDATE nei_topo SET topo = toTopoGeom(ST_Buffer(topo, -10), clearTopoGeom(topo), 0);
UPDATE mylayer SET tg = TopoGeom_addElement(tg, '{5,2}');
UPDATE mylayer SET tg = TopoGeom_remElement(tg, '{43,3}');
UPDATE mylayer SET tg_overall = TopoGeom_addTopoGeom(
    TopoGeom_addTopoGeom(
        clearTopoGeom(tg_overall),
        tg_specific1
    ),
    tg_specific2
);

SELECT ST_SRID(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.1043 42.315)',4326));
                4326

CREATE TABLE visited (
  element_type integer, element_id integer,
  unique(element_type, element_id)
);

SELECT topology.AsGML(topo) As rdgml
  FROM ri.roads
  WHERE road_name = 'Unknown';

<gml:TopoCurve>
    <gml:directedEdge>
        <gml:Edge gml:id="E1">
            <gml:directedNode orientation="-">
                <gml:Node gml:id="N1"/>
            </gml:directedNode>
            <gml:directedNode
></gml:directedNode>
            <gml:curveProperty>
                <gml:Curve srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::3438">
                    <gml:segments>
                        <gml:LineStringSegment>
                            <gml:posList srsDimension="2"
>384744 236928 384750 236923 384769 236911 384799 236895 384811 236890
                            384833 236884 384844 236882 384866 236881 384879 236883 384954 236898 385087 236932 385117 236938
                            385167 236938 385203 236941 385224 236946 385233 236950 385241 236956 385254 236971
                            385260 236979 385268 236999 385273 237018 385273 237037 385271 237047 385267 237057 385225 237125
                            385210 237144 385192 237161 385167 237192 385162 237202 385159 237214 385159 237227 385162 237241
                            385166 237256 385196 237324 385209 237345 385234 237375 385237 237383 385238 237399 385236 237407
                            385227 237419 385213 237430 385193 237439 385174 237451 385170 237455 385169 237460 385171 237475
                            385181 237503 385190 237521 385200 237533 385206 237538 385213 237541 385221 237542 385235 237540 385242 237541
                            385249 237544 385260 237555 385270 237570 385289 237584 385292 237589 385291 237596 385284 237630</gml:posList>
                        </gml:LineStringSegment>
                    </gml:segments>
                </gml:Curve>
            </gml:curveProperty>
        </gml:Edge>
    </gml:directedEdge>
</gml:TopoCurve>

SELECT topology.AsGML(topo,'') As rdgml
  FROM ri.roads
  WHERE road_name = 'Unknown';

<TopoCurve>
    <directedEdge>
        <Edge id="E1">
            <directedNode orientation="-">
                <Node id="N1"/>
            </directedNode>
            <directedNode
></directedNode>
            <curveProperty>
                <Curve srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::3438">
                    <segments>
                        <LineStringSegment>
                            <posList srsDimension="2"
>384744 236928 384750 236923 384769 236911 384799 236895 384811 236890
                            384833 236884 384844 236882 384866 236881 384879 236883 384954 236898 385087 236932 385117 236938
                            385167 236938 385203 236941 385224 236946 385233 236950 385241 236956 385254 236971
                            385260 236979 385268 236999 385273 237018 385273 237037 385271 237047 385267 237057 385225 237125
                            385210 237144 385192 237161 385167 237192 385162 237202 385159 237214 385159 237227 385162 237241
                            385166 237256 385196 237324 385209 237345 385234 237375 385237 237383 385238 237399 385236 237407
                            385227 237419 385213 237430 385193 237439 385174 237451 385170 237455 385169 237460 385171 237475
                            385181 237503 385190 237521 385200 237533 385206 237538 385213 237541 385221 237542 385235 237540 385242 237541
                            385249 237544 385260 237555 385270 237570 385289 237584 385292 237589 385291 237596 385284 237630</posList>
                         </LineStringSegment>
                    </segments>
                </Curve>
            </curveProperty>
        </Edge>
    </directedEdge>
</TopoCurve>

CREATE TEMP TABLE edgemap(arc_id serial, edge_id int unique);
SELECT '{ "type": "Topology", "transform": { "scale": [1,1], "translate": [0,0] }, "objects": {'

UNION ALL SELECT '"' || feature_name || '": ' || AsTopoJSON(feature, 'edgemap')
FROM features.big_parcels WHERE feature_name = 'P3P4';

WITH edges AS (
  SELECT m.arc_id, e.geom FROM edgemap m, city_data.edge e
  WHERE e.edge_id = m.edge_id
), points AS (
  SELECT arc_id, (ST_DumpPoints(geom)).* FROM edges
), compare AS (
  SELECT p2.arc_id,
         CASE WHEN p1.path IS NULL THEN p2.geom
              ELSE ST_Translate(p2.geom, -ST_X(p1.geom), -ST_Y(p1.geom))
         END AS geom
  FROM points p2 LEFT OUTER JOIN points p1
  ON ( p1.arc_id = p2.arc_id AND p2.path[1] = p1.path[1]+1 )
  ORDER BY arc_id, p2.path
), arcsdump AS (
  SELECT arc_id, (regexp_matches(ST_AsGeoJSON(geom), '\[.*\]'))[1] as t
  FROM compare
), arcs AS (
  SELECT arc_id, '[' || array_to_string(array_agg(t), ',') || ']' as a FROM arcsdump
  GROUP BY arc_id
  ORDER BY arc_id
)
SELECT '}, "arcs": [' UNION ALL
SELECT array_to_string(array_agg(a), E',\n') from arcs

UNION ALL SELECT ']}'::text as t;

{ "type": "Topology", "transform": { "scale": [1,1], "translate": [0,0] }, "objects": {
"P3P4": { "type": "MultiPolygon", "arcs": [[[-1]],[[6,5,-5,-4,-3,1]]]}
}, "arcs": [
 [[25,30],[6,0],[0,10],[-14,0],[0,-10],[8,0]],
 [[35,6],[0,8]],
 [[35,6],[12,0]],
 [[47,6],[0,8]],
 [[47,14],[0,8]],
 [[35,22],[12,0]],
 [[35,14],[0,8]]
 ]}

SELECT topology.Equals(a.topo, b.topo)
FROM nei_topo AS a
JOIN nei_topo AS b ON b.gid = a.gid
WHERE a.gid = 1;
t
SELECT topology.Intersects(a.topo, b.topo)
FROM nei_topo AS a
JOIN nei_topo AS b ON b.gid = a.gid
WHERE a.gid = 1;
t
pgtopo_export dev_db topo1 | pgtopo_import topo1 | psql staging_db
# -s use srid 4326
# -I create spatial index
# -C use standard raster constraints
# -M vacuum analyze after load
# *.tif load all these files
# -F include a filename column in the raster table
# -t tile the output 100x100
# public.demelevation load into this table
raster2pgsql -s 4326 -I -C -M -F -t 100x100 *.tif public.demelevation 
> elev.sql

# -d connect to this database
# -f read this file after connecting
psql -d gisdb -f elev.sql

raster2pgsql -s 4326 -I -C -M *.tif -F -t 100x100 public.demelevation | psql -d gisdb
raster2pgsql -I -C -e -Y -F -s 26986 -t 128x128  -l 2,4 bostonaerials2008/*.jpg aerials.boston | psql -U postgres -d gisdb -h localhost -p 5432
# Get a list of raster types supported:
raster2pgsql -G
Available GDAL raster formats:
  Virtual Raster
  GeoTIFF
  National Imagery Transmission Format
  Raster Product Format TOC format
  ECRG TOC format
  Erdas Imagine Images (.img)
  CEOS SAR Image
  CEOS Image
  ...
  Arc/Info Export E00 GRID
  ZMap Plus Grid
  NOAA NGS Geoid Height Grids
CREATE TABLE myrasters(rid serial primary key, rast raster);
CREATE INDEX myrasters_rast_st_convexhull_idx ON myrasters USING gist(ST_ConvexHull(rast));
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \
raster2pgsql \
  -s 990000 \
  -t 256x256 \
  -I \
  -R \
  /vsis3/your.bucket.com/your_file.tif \
  your_table \
  | psql your_db
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';

ALTER DATABASE your_db SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = true;
ALTER DATABASE your_db SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers TO 'ENABLE_ALL';

SET postgis.gdal_vsi_options = 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx';
http://mywebserver/test_raster.php?srid=2249

<?php
/** contents of test_raster.php **/
$conn_str ='dbname=mydb host=localhost port=5432 user=myuser password=mypwd';
$dbconn = pg_connect($conn_str);
header('Content-Type: image/png');
/**If a particular projection was requested use it otherwise use mass state plane meters **/
if (!empty( $_REQUEST['srid'] ) &amp;&amp; is_numeric( $_REQUEST['srid']) ){
                $input_srid = intval($_REQUEST['srid']);
}
else { $input_srid = 26986; }
/** The set bytea_output ensures bytea values are returned using escape format. **/
$sql = "set bytea_output='escape';
SELECT ST_AsPNG(
        ST_Transform(
                ST_AddBand(
                        ST_Union(rast, 1),
                        ARRAY[ST_Union(rast, 2), ST_Union(rast, 3)]
                ),
                $input_srid
        )
) As new_rast
 FROM aerials.boston
        WHERE
         ST_Intersects(rast, ST_Transform(ST_MakeEnvelope(-71.1217, 42.227, -71.1210, 42.218,4326),26986) )";
$result = pg_query($sql);
$row = pg_fetch_row($result);
pg_free_result($result);
if ($row === false) return;
echo pg_unescape_bytea($row[0]);
?>

http://mywebserver/TestRaster.ashx?srid=2249
 -- web.config connection string section --
<connectionStrings>
    <add name="DSN"
        connectionString="server=localhost;database=mydb;Port=5432;User Id=myuser;password=mypwd"/>
</connectionStrings>

// Code for TestRaster.ashx
<%@ WebHandler Language="C#" Class="TestRaster" %>
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Web;
using Npgsql;

public class TestRaster : IHttpHandler
{
        public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context)
        {

                context.Response.ContentType = "image/png";
                context.Response.BinaryWrite(GetResults(context));

        }

        public bool IsReusable {
                get { return false; }
        }

        public byte[] GetResults(HttpContext context)
        {
                byte[] result = null;
                NpgsqlCommand command;
                string sql = null;
                int input_srid = 26986;
        try {
                    using (NpgsqlConnection conn = new NpgsqlConnection(System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["DSN"].ConnectionString)) {
                            conn.Open();

                if (context.Request["srid"] != null)
                {
                    input_srid = Convert.ToInt32(context.Request["srid"]);
                }
                sql = @"SELECT ST_AsPNG(
                            ST_Transform(
                                ST_AddBand(
                                    ST_Union(rast, 1),
                                    ARRAY[ST_Union(rast, 2), ST_Union(rast, 3)]
                                ),
                                :input_srid
                            )
                        ) As new_rast
                        FROM aerials.boston
                                WHERE
                                    ST_Intersects(
                                    rast,
                                    ST_Transform(
                                        ST_MakeEnvelope(-71.1217, 42.227, -71.1210, 42.218,4326),
                                        26986) )";
                            command = new NpgsqlCommand(sql, conn);
                command.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter("input_srid", input_srid));

                            result = (byte[]) command.ExecuteScalar();
                conn.Close();
                        }

                }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            result = null;
            context.Response.Write(ex.Message.Trim());
        }
                return result;
        }
}

set env CLASSPATH .:..\postgresql-9.0-801.jdbc4.jar
javac SaveQueryImage.java
jar cfm SaveQueryImage.jar Manifest.txt *.class
java -jar SaveQueryImage.jar "SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),10, 'quad_segs=2'),150, 150, '8BUI',100));" "test.png"
-- Manifest.txt --
Class-Path: postgresql-9.0-801.jdbc4.jar
Main-Class: SaveQueryImage
// Code for SaveQueryImage.java
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.io.*;

public class SaveQueryImage {
  public static void main(String[] argv) {
      System.out.println("Checking if Driver is registered with DriverManager.");

      try {
        //java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver (new org.postgresql.Driver());
        Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
      }
      catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
        System.out.println("Couldn't find the driver!");
        cnfe.printStackTrace();
        System.exit(1);
      }

      Connection conn = null;

      try {
        conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb","myuser", "mypwd");
        conn.setAutoCommit(false);

        PreparedStatement sGetImg = conn.prepareStatement(argv[0]);

        ResultSet rs = sGetImg.executeQuery();

                FileOutputStream fout;
                try
                {
                        rs.next();
                        /** Output to file name requested by user **/
                        fout = new FileOutputStream(new File(argv[1]) );
                        fout.write(rs.getBytes(1));
                        fout.close();
                }
                catch(Exception e)
                {
                        System.out.println("Can't create file");
                        e.printStackTrace();
                }

        rs.close();
                sGetImg.close();
        conn.close();
      }
      catch (SQLException se) {
        System.out.println("Couldn't connect: print out a stack trace and exit.");
        se.printStackTrace();
        System.exit(1);
      }
  }
}
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION write_file (param_bytes bytea, param_filepath text)
RETURNS text
AS $$
f = open(param_filepath, 'wb+')
f.write(param_bytes)
return param_filepath
$$ LANGUAGE plpythonu;
--write out 5 images to the PostgreSQL server in varying sizes
-- note the postgresql daemon account needs to have write access to folder
-- this echos back the file names created;
 SELECT write_file(
        ST_AsPNG(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),j*5, 'quad_segs=2'),150*j, 150*j, '8BUI',100)),
         'C:/temp/slices'|| j || '.png')
         FROM generate_series(1,5) As j;

     write_file
---------------------
 C:/temp/slices1.png
 C:/temp/slices2.png
 C:/temp/slices3.png
 C:/temp/slices4.png
 C:/temp/slices5.png

SELECT oid, lowrite(lo_open(oid, 131072), png) As num_bytes
 FROM
 ( VALUES (lo_create(0),
   ST_AsPNG((SELECT rast FROM aerials.boston WHERE rid=1) )
  ) ) As v(oid,png);
-- you'll get an output something like --
   oid   | num_bytes
---------+-----------
 2630819 |     74860

-- next note the oid and do this replacing the c:/test.png to file path location
-- on your local computer
 \lo_export 2630819 'C:/temp/aerial_samp.png'

-- this deletes the file from large object storage on db
SELECT lo_unlink(2630819);

CREATE TABLE dummy_rast(rid integer, rast raster);
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid, rast)
VALUES (1,
('01' -- little endian (uint8 ndr)
||
'0000' -- version (uint16 0)
||
'0000' -- nBands (uint16 0)
||
'0000000000000040' -- scaleX (float64 2)
||
'0000000000000840' -- scaleY (float64 3)
||
'000000000000E03F' -- ipX (float64 0.5)
||
'000000000000E03F' -- ipY (float64 0.5)
||
'0000000000000000' -- skewX (float64 0)
||
'0000000000000000' -- skewY (float64 0)
||
'00000000' -- SRID (int32 0)
||
'0A00' -- width (uint16 10)
||
'1400' -- height (uint16 20)
)::raster
),
-- Raster: 5 x 5 pixels, 3 bands, PT_8BUI pixel type, NODATA = 0
(2,  ('01000003009A9999999999A93F9A9999999999A9BF000000E02B274A' ||
'41000000007719564100000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF050005000400FDFEFDFEFEFDFEFEFDF9FAFEF' ||
'EFCF9FBFDFEFEFDFCFAFEFEFE04004E627AADD16076B4F9FE6370A9F5FE59637AB0E54F58617087040046566487A1506CA2E3FA5A6CAFFBFE4D566DA4CB3E454C5665')::raster);
1. [a-b] = a <= x <= b

2. (a-b] = a < x <= b

3. [a-b) = a <= x < b

4. (a-b) = a < x < b

SELECT ROW(2, '0-100:1-10, 101-500:11-150,501 - 10000: 151-254', '8BUI', 255)::reclassarg;
SELECT ROW(1, '0-100]:0, (100-255:1', '1BB', NULL)::reclassarg;
CREATE TABLE myrasters(rid SERIAL primary key, rast raster);
INSERT INTO myrasters(rast)
SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0.3, -0.3, 2, 2, 0, 0,4326), 1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL);

SELECT AddRasterConstraints('myrasters'::name, 'rast'::name);

-- verify if registered correctly in the raster_columns view --
SELECT srid, scale_x, scale_y, blocksize_x, blocksize_y, num_bands, pixel_types, nodata_values
    FROM raster_columns
    WHERE r_table_name = 'myrasters';
srid | scale_x | scale_y | blocksize_x | blocksize_y | num_bands | pixel_types| nodata_values
------+---------+---------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------
 4326 |       2 |       2 |        1000 |        1000 |         1 | {8BSI}      | {0}
CREATE TABLE public.myrasters2(rid SERIAL primary key, rast raster);
INSERT INTO myrasters2(rast)
SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0.3, -0.3, 2, 2, 0, 0,4326), 1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL);

SELECT AddRasterConstraints('public'::name, 'myrasters2'::name, 'rast'::name,'regular_blocking', 'blocksize');
NOTICE:  Adding regular blocking constraint
NOTICE:  Adding blocksize-X constraint
NOTICE:  Adding blocksize-Y constraint
DROP TABLE mytable
ALTER TABLE mytable DROP COLUMN rast
SELECT DropRasterConstraints ('myrasters','rast');
----RESULT output ---
t

-- verify change in raster_columns --
SELECT srid, scale_x, scale_y, blocksize_x, blocksize_y, num_bands, pixel_types, nodata_values
    FROM raster_columns
    WHERE r_table_name = 'myrasters';
srid | scale_x | scale_y | blocksize_x | blocksize_y | num_bands | pixel_types| nodata_values
------+---------+---------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------
    0 |         |         |             |             |           |             |
CREATE TABLE res1 AS SELECT
ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 2),
  1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL
) r1;

CREATE TABLE res2 AS SELECT
ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(500, 500, 0, 0, 4),
  1, '8BSI'::text, -129, NULL
) r2;

SELECT AddOverviewConstraints('res2', 'r2', 'res1', 'r1', 2);

-- verify if registered correctly in the raster_overviews view --
SELECT o_table_name ot, o_raster_column oc,
       r_table_name rt, r_raster_column rc,
       overview_factor f
FROM raster_overviews WHERE o_table_name = 'res2';
ot  | oc |  rt  | rc | f
------+----+------+----+---
 res2 | r2 | res1 | r1 | 2
(1 row)
SELECT PostGIS_GDAL_Version();
GDAL 1.11dev, released 2013/04/13
SELECT PostGIS_Raster_Lib_Build_Date();
2010-04-28 21:15:10
SELECT PostGIS_Raster_Lib_Version();
2.0.0
SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';
SELECT short_name, long_name, can_write
FROM ST_GDALDrivers()
ORDER BY short_name;
short_name    |                          long_name                          | can_write
-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
 AAIGrid         | Arc/Info ASCII Grid                                         | t
 ACE2            | ACE2                                                        | f
 ADRG            | ARC Digitized Raster Graphics                               | f
 AIG             | Arc/Info Binary Grid                                        | f
 AirSAR          | AirSAR Polarimetric Image                                   | f
 ARG             | Azavea Raster Grid format                                   | t
 BAG             | Bathymetry Attributed Grid                                  | f
 BIGGIF          | Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)                          | f
 BLX             | Magellan topo (.blx)                                        | t
 BMP             | MS Windows Device Independent Bitmap                        | f
 BSB             | Maptech BSB Nautical Charts                                 | f
 PAux            | PCI .aux Labelled                                           | f
 PCIDSK          | PCIDSK Database File                                        | f
 PCRaster        | PCRaster Raster File                                        | f
 PDF             | Geospatial PDF                                              | f
 PDS             | NASA Planetary Data System                                  | f
 PDS4            | NASA Planetary Data System 4                                | t
 PLMOSAIC        | Planet Labs Mosaics API                                     | f
 PLSCENES        | Planet Labs Scenes API                                      | f
 PNG             | Portable Network Graphics                                   | t
 PNM             | Portable Pixmap Format (netpbm)                             | f
 PRF             | Racurs PHOTOMOD PRF                                         | f
 R               | R Object Data Store                                         | t
 Rasterlite      | Rasterlite                                                  | t
 RDA             | DigitalGlobe Raster Data Access driver                      | f
 RIK             | Swedish Grid RIK (.rik)                                     | f
 RMF             | Raster Matrix Format                                        | f
 ROI_PAC         | ROI_PAC raster                                              | f
 RPFTOC          | Raster Product Format TOC format                            | f
 RRASTER         | R Raster                                                    | f
 RS2             | RadarSat 2 XML Product                                      | f
 RST             | Idrisi Raster A.1                                           | t
 SAFE            | Sentinel-1 SAR SAFE Product                                 | f
 SAGA            | SAGA GIS Binary Grid (.sdat, .sg-grd-z)                     | t
 SAR_CEOS        | CEOS SAR Image                                              | f
 SDTS            | SDTS Raster                                                 | f
 SENTINEL2       | Sentinel 2                                                  | f
 SGI             | SGI Image File Format 1.0                                   | f
 SNODAS          | Snow Data Assimilation System                               | f
 SRP             | Standard Raster Product (ASRP/USRP)                         | f
 SRTMHGT         | SRTMHGT File Format                                         | t
 Terragen        | Terragen heightfield                                        | f
 TIL             | EarthWatch .TIL                                             | f
 TSX             | TerraSAR-X Product                                          | f
 USGSDEM         | USGS Optional ASCII DEM (and CDED)                          | t
 VICAR           | MIPL VICAR file                                             | f
 VRT             | Virtual Raster                                              | t
 WCS             | OGC Web Coverage Service                                    | f
 WMS             | OGC Web Map Service                                         | t
 WMTS            | OGC Web Map Tile Service                                    | t
 XPM             | X11 PixMap Format                                           | t
 XYZ             | ASCII Gridded XYZ                                           | t
 ZMap            | ZMap Plus Grid                                              | t
SELECT (xpath('@name', g.opt))[1]::text As oname,
       (xpath('@type', g.opt))[1]::text As otype,
       (xpath('@description', g.opt))[1]::text As descrip
FROM (SELECT unnest(xpath('/CreationOptionList/Option', create_options::xml)) As opt
FROM  ST_GDALDrivers()
WHERE short_name = 'JPEG') As g;
oname        |  otype  |      descrip
--------------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------
 PROGRESSIVE        | boolean | whether to generate a progressive JPEG
 QUALITY            | int     | good=100, bad=0, default=75
 WORLDFILE          | boolean | whether to generate a worldfile
 INTERNAL_MASK      | boolean | whether to generate a validity mask
 COMMENT            | string  | Comment
 SOURCE_ICC_PROFILE | string  | ICC profile encoded in Base64
 EXIF_THUMBNAIL     | boolean | whether to generate an EXIF thumbnail(overview).
                                By default its max dimension will be 128
 THUMBNAIL_WIDTH    | int     | Forced thumbnail width
 THUMBNAIL_HEIGHT   | int     | Forced thumbnail height
(9 rows)

SELECT create_options
FROM ST_GDALDrivers()
WHERE short_name = 'GTiff';

<CreationOptionList>
    <Option name="COMPRESS" type="string-select">
        <Value
>NONE</Value>
        <Value
>LZW</Value>
        <Value
>PACKBITS</Value>
        <Value
>JPEG</Value>
        <Value
>CCITTRLE</Value>
        <Value
>CCITTFAX3</Value>
        <Value
>CCITTFAX4</Value>
        <Value
>DEFLATE</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="PREDICTOR" type="int" description="Predictor Type"/>
    <Option name="JPEG_QUALITY" type="int" description="JPEG quality 1-100" default="75"/>
    <Option name="ZLEVEL" type="int" description="DEFLATE compression level 1-9" default="6"/>
    <Option name="NBITS" type="int" description="BITS for sub-byte files (1-7), sub-uint16 (9-15), sub-uint32 (17-31)"/>
    <Option name="INTERLEAVE" type="string-select" default="PIXEL">
        <Value
>BAND</Value>
        <Value
>PIXEL</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="TILED" type="boolean" description="Switch to tiled format"/>
    <Option name="TFW" type="boolean" description="Write out world file"/>
    <Option name="RPB" type="boolean" description="Write out .RPB (RPC) file"/>
    <Option name="BLOCKXSIZE" type="int" description="Tile Width"/>
    <Option name="BLOCKYSIZE" type="int" description="Tile/Strip Height"/>
    <Option name="PHOTOMETRIC" type="string-select">
        <Value
>MINISBLACK</Value>
        <Value
>MINISWHITE</Value>
        <Value
>PALETTE</Value>
        <Value
>RGB</Value>
        <Value
>CMYK</Value>
        <Value
>YCBCR</Value>
        <Value
>CIELAB</Value>
        <Value
>ICCLAB</Value>
        <Value
>ITULAB</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="SPARSE_OK" type="boolean" description="Can newly created files have missing blocks?" default="FALSE"/>
    <Option name="ALPHA" type="boolean" description="Mark first extrasample as being alpha"/>
    <Option name="PROFILE" type="string-select" default="GDALGeoTIFF">
        <Value
>GDALGeoTIFF</Value>
        <Value
>GeoTIFF</Value>
        <Value
>BASELINE</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="PIXELTYPE" type="string-select">
        <Value
>DEFAULT</Value>
        <Value
>SIGNEDBYTE</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="BIGTIFF" type="string-select" description="Force creation of BigTIFF file">
        <Value
>YES</Value>
        <Value
>NO</Value>
        <Value
>IF_NEEDED</Value>
        <Value
>IF_SAFER</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="ENDIANNESS" type="string-select" default="NATIVE" description="Force endianness of created file. For DEBUG purpose mostly">
        <Value
>NATIVE</Value>
        <Value
>INVERTED</Value>
        <Value
>LITTLE</Value>
        <Value
>BIG</Value>
    </Option>
    <Option name="COPY_SRC_OVERVIEWS" type="boolean" default="NO" description="Force copy of overviews of source dataset (CreateCopy())"/>
</CreationOptionList>

-- Output the create options XML column for GTiff as a table  --
SELECT (xpath('@name', g.opt))[1]::text As oname,
       (xpath('@type', g.opt))[1]::text As otype,
       (xpath('@description', g.opt))[1]::text As descrip,
       array_to_string(xpath('Value/text()', g.opt),', ') As vals
FROM (SELECT unnest(xpath('/CreationOptionList/Option', create_options::xml)) As opt
FROM  ST_GDALDrivers()
WHERE short_name = 'GTiff') As g;

       oname        |     otype     |                               descrip                                |                                   vals
--------------------+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 COMPRESS           | string-select |                                                                      | NONE, LZW, PACKBITS, JPEG, CCITTRLE, CCITTFAX3, CCITTFAX4, DEFLATE
 PREDICTOR          | int           | Predictor Type                                                       |
 JPEG_QUALITY       | int           | JPEG quality 1-100                                                   |
 ZLEVEL             | int           | DEFLATE compression level 1-9                                        |
 NBITS              | int           | BITS for sub-byte files (1-7), sub-uint16 (9-15), sub-uint32 (17-31) |
 INTERLEAVE         | string-select |                                                                      | BAND, PIXEL
 TILED              | boolean       | Switch to tiled format                                               |
 TFW                | boolean       | Write out world file                                                 |
 RPB                | boolean       | Write out .RPB (RPC) file                                            |
 BLOCKXSIZE         | int           | Tile Width                                                           |
 BLOCKYSIZE         | int           | Tile/Strip Height                                                    |
 PHOTOMETRIC        | string-select |                                                                      | MINISBLACK, MINISWHITE, PALETTE, RGB, CMYK, YCBCR, CIELAB, ICCLAB, ITULAB
 SPARSE_OK          | boolean       | Can newly created files have missing blocks?                         |
 ALPHA              | boolean       | Mark first extrasample as being alpha                                |
 PROFILE            | string-select |                                                                      | GDALGeoTIFF, GeoTIFF, BASELINE
 PIXELTYPE          | string-select |                                                                      | DEFAULT, SIGNEDBYTE
 BIGTIFF            | string-select | Force creation of BigTIFF file                                       | YES, NO, IF_NEEDED, IF_SAFER
 ENDIANNESS         | string-select | Force endianness of created file. For DEBUG purpose mostly           | NATIVE, INVERTED, LITTLE, BIG
 COPY_SRC_OVERVIEWS | boolean       | Force copy of overviews of source dataset (CreateCopy())             |
(19 rows)

SELECT ST_CreateOverview('mydata.mytable'::regclass, 'rast', 2, 'Lanczos');
SELECT ST_CreateOverview('mydata.mytable'::regclass, 'rast', 2);
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_AddBand(rast,'8BUI'::text,200)
WHERE rid = 1;

INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid,rast)
    VALUES(10, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
    ARRAY[
        ROW(1, '1BB'::text, 0, NULL),
        ROW(2, '4BUI'::text, 0, NULL)
            ]::addbandarg[]
     )
    );

-- output meta data of raster bands to verify all is right --
SELECT  (bmd).*
FROM (SELECT ST_BandMetaData(rast,generate_series(1,2)) As bmd
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 10) AS foo;
pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path
-----------+----------------+-------------+---------+------
 1BB       |             | f       |
 4BUI      |             | f       |
SELECT  (rmd).width, (rmd).height, (rmd).numbands
FROM (SELECT ST_MetaData(rast) As rmd
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 10) AS foo;
upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
------------+------------+-------+--------+------------+------------+-------+-------+------+----------
          0 |          0 |   100 |    100 |      1 |     -1 |     0 |     0 |   0 |        2

SELECT
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        ARRAY[
            ROW(NULL, '8BUI', 255, 0),
            ROW(NULL, '16BUI', 1, 2),
            ROW(2, '32BUI', 100, 12),
            ROW(2, '32BF', 3.14, -1)
        ]::addbandarg[]
    ),
    ARRAY[]::integer[]
);
bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path | outdbbandnum | filesize | filetimestamp
---------+-----------+-------------+---------+------+--------------+----------+---------------
       1 | 8BUI      |           0 | f       | null |         null |     null |          null
       2 | 32BF      |          -1 | f       | null |         null |     null |          null
       3 | 32BUI     |          12 | f       | null |         null |     null |          null
       4 | 16BUI     |           2 | f       | null |         null |     null |          null
SELECT
    mouse,
    ST_AddBand(NULL, array_agg(rast ORDER BY test_type), 1) As rast
FROM mice_studies
GROUP BY mouse;

SELECT
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        '/home/raster/mytestraster.tif'::text, NULL::int[]
    ),
    ARRAY[]::integer[]
);
bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path
---------+-----------+-------------+---------+------
       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif
       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif
       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/raster/mytestraster.tif
SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),10),150, 150));
SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'), 10,'join=bevel'),
            200,200,ARRAY['8BUI', '8BUI', '8BUI'], ARRAY[118,154,118], ARRAY[0,0,0]));
WITH inp(g,v) AS (
        VALUES
                ( ST_Buffer(ST_MakePoint(10,0), 10), 1 ),
                ( ST_Buffer(ST_MakePoint(20,0), 10), 2 )
),
agg AS (
        SELECT ST_AsRasterAgg(
                g,
                v,
                ST_MakeEmptyRaster(0,0,0,0,1.0),
                '8BUI',
                99,
                'SUM',
                true
        ) r
        FROM inp
)
SELECT
        ST_Width(r) w,
        ST_Height(r) h,
        ST_Value(r,'POINT(5 0)') v5_0,
        ST_Value(r,'POINT(15 0)') v15_0,
        ST_Value(r,'POINT(25 0)') v25_0
FROM agg;
w  | h  | v5_0 | v15_0 | v25_0
----+----+------+-------+-------
 30 | 20 |    1 |     3 |     2
(1 row)
SELECT ST_NumBands(rast1) As numb1, ST_BandPixelType(rast1) As pix1,
 ST_NumBands(rast2) As numb2,  ST_BandPixelType(rast2) As pix2
FROM (
    SELECT ST_Band(rast) As rast1, ST_Reclass(ST_Band(rast,3), '100-200):1, [200-254:2', '2BUI') As rast2
        FROM dummy_rast
        WHERE rid = 2) As foo;
numb1 | pix1 | numb2 | pix2
-------+------+-------+------
     1 | 8BUI |     1 | 2BUI
SELECT ST_NumBands(ST_Band(rast, '{2,3}'::int[])) As num_bands
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

2
SELECT ST_NumBands(ST_Band(rast, ARRAY[2,3])) As num_bands
    FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid=2;

2
--Make a new raster with 2nd band of original and 1st band repeated twice,
and another with just the third band
SELECT rast, ST_Band(rast, ARRAY[2,1,1]) As dupe_band,
    ST_Band(rast, 3) As sing_band
FROM samples.than_chunked
WHERE rid=35;

SELECT (ST_MetaData(tile)).* FROM ST_MakeEmptyCoverage(1, 1, 4, 4, 22, 33, (55 - 22)/(4)::float, (33 - 77)/(4)::float, 0., 0., 4326) tile;
upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         22 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         33 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         22 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |         11 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
         22 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      30.25 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
       38.5 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
      46.75 |          0 |     1 |      1 |   8.25 |    -11 |     0 |     0 | 4326 |        0
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid,rast)
VALUES(3, ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0.0005, 0.0005, 1, 1, 0, 0, 4326) );

--use an existing raster as template for new raster
INSERT INTO dummy_rast(rid,rast)
SELECT 4, ST_MakeEmptyRaster(rast)
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 3;

-- output meta data of rasters we just added
SELECT rid, (md).*
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_MetaData(rast) As md
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid IN(3,4)) As foo;

rid | upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
-----+------------+------------+-------+--------+------------+------------+-------+-------+------+----------
   3 |     0.0005 |     0.0005 |   100 |    100 |          1 |          1 |    0  |     0 | 4326 |        0
   4 |     0.0005 |     0.0005 |   100 |    100 |          1 |          1 |    0  |     0 | 4326 |        0
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 3, 0), 2, '8BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 4, 0), 2, '8BUI', 40, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 5, 0), 2, '8BUI', 50, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 6, 0), 2, '8BUI', 60, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 7, 0), 2, '8BUI', 70, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 8, 0), 2, '8BUI', 80, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 9, 0), 2, '8BUI', 90, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT ST_Union(rast) AS rast FROM foo
), baz AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(rast, 3, 3, TRUE) AS rast FROM bar
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(rast)
FROM baz;
(1,"{{1,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,1,1}}")
 (2,"{{10,10,10},{10,10,10},{10,10,10}}")
 (1,"{{2,2,2},{2,2,2},{2,2,2}}")
 (2,"{{20,20,20},{20,20,20},{20,20,20}}")
 (1,"{{3,3,3},{3,3,3},{3,3,3}}")
 (2,"{{30,30,30},{30,30,30},{30,30,30}}")
 (1,"{{4,4,4},{4,4,4},{4,4,4}}")
 (2,"{{40,40,40},{40,40,40},{40,40,40}}")
 (1,"{{5,5,5},{5,5,5},{5,5,5}}")
 (2,"{{50,50,50},{50,50,50},{50,50,50}}")
 (1,"{{6,6,6},{6,6,6},{6,6,6}}")
 (2,"{{60,60,60},{60,60,60},{60,60,60}}")
 (1,"{{7,7,7},{7,7,7},{7,7,7}}")
 (2,"{{70,70,70},{70,70,70},{70,70,70}}")
 (1,"{{8,8,8},{8,8,8},{8,8,8}}")
 (2,"{{80,80,80},{80,80,80},{80,80,80}}")
 (1,"{{9,9,9},{9,9,9},{9,9,9}}")
 (2,"{{90,90,90},{90,90,90},{90,90,90}}")
(18 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 3, 0), 2, '8BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 4, 0), 2, '8BUI', 40, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 5, 0), 2, '8BUI', 50, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -3, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 6, 0), 2, '8BUI', 60, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 7, 0), 2, '8BUI', 70, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 3, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 8, 0), 2, '8BUI', 80, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 6, -6, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 9, 0), 2, '8BUI', 90, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT ST_Union(rast) AS rast FROM foo
), baz AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(rast, ARRAY[2], 3, 3) AS rast FROM bar
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(rast)
FROM baz;
(1,"{{10,10,10},{10,10,10},{10,10,10}}")
 (1,"{{20,20,20},{20,20,20},{20,20,20}}")
 (1,"{{30,30,30},{30,30,30},{30,30,30}}")
 (1,"{{40,40,40},{40,40,40},{40,40,40}}")
 (1,"{{50,50,50},{50,50,50},{50,50,50}}")
 (1,"{{60,60,60},{60,60,60},{60,60,60}}")
 (1,"{{70,70,70},{70,70,70},{70,70,70}}")
 (1,"{{80,80,80},{80,80,80},{80,80,80}}")
 (1,"{{90,90,90},{90,90,90},{90,90,90}}")
(9 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AsPNG(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 0.1, -0.1, 0, 0, 4326), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 2, 0), 3, '8BUI', 3, 0)) AS png
),
bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_FromGDALRaster(png) AS rast FROM foo
    UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_FromGDALRaster(png, 3310) AS rast FROM foo
)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_MetaData(rast) AS metadata,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 1) AS stats1,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 2) AS stats2,
    ST_SummaryStats(rast, 3) AS stats3
FROM bar
ORDER BY rid;
rid |         metadata          |    stats1     |    stats2     |     stats3
-----+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------------
   1 | (0,0,2,2,1,-1,0,0,0,3)    | (4,4,1,0,1,1) | (4,8,2,0,2,2) | (4,12,3,0,3,3)
   2 | (0,0,2,2,1,-1,0,0,3310,3) | (4,4,1,0,1,1) | (4,8,2,0,2,2) | (4,12,3,0,3,3)
(2 rows)
scalex
skewy
skewx
scaley
upperleftx
upperlefty
scalex
skewy
skewx
scaley
upperleftx + scalex*0.5
upperlefty + scaley*0.5
SELECT ST_GeoReference(rast, 'ESRI') As esri_ref, ST_GeoReference(rast, 'GDAL') As gdal_ref
 FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
esri_ref   |   gdal_ref
--------------+--------------
 2.0000000000 | 2.0000000000
 0.0000000000 : 0.0000000000
 0.0000000000 : 0.0000000000
 3.0000000000 : 3.0000000000
 1.5000000000 : 0.5000000000
 2.0000000000 : 0.5000000000
SELECT rid, ST_Height(rast) As rastheight
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | rastheight
-----+------------
   1 |         20
   2 |          5
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
f
SELECT ST_IsEmpty(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
t
SELECT ST_MemSize(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),10,1000),150, 150, '8BUI')) AS rast_mem;
22568
SELECT rid, (foo.md).*
 FROM (SELECT rid, ST_MetaData(rast) As md
FROM dummy_rast) As foo;
rid | upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
 ----+------------+------------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+------+-------
   1 |        0.5 |        0.5 |    10 |     20 |      2 |      3 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        0
   2 | 3427927.75 |    5793244 |     5 |      5 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        3
SELECT rid, ST_NumBands(rast) As numbands
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | numbands
----+----------
  1 |        0
  2 |        3
SELECT ST_Height(rast) As rastheight, ST_PixelHeight(rast) As pixheight,
 ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
        ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
FROM dummy_rast;
rastheight | pixheight | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
------------+-----------+--------+--------+-------+----------
         20 |         3 |      2 |      3 |     0 |        0
          5 |      0.05 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |     0 |        0
SELECT ST_Height(rast) As rastheight, ST_PixelHeight(rast) As pixheight,
 ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
        ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
FROM (SELECT ST_SetSkew(rast,0.5,0.5) As rast
        FROM dummy_rast) As skewed;
rastheight |     pixheight     | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
-----------+-------------------+--------+--------+-------+----------
        20 |  3.04138126514911 |      2 |      3 |   0.5 |      0.5
         5 | 0.502493781056044 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |   0.5 |      0.5
SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth, ST_PixelWidth(rast) As pixwidth,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
    ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
    FROM dummy_rast;
rastwidth | pixwidth | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
    -----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+----------
    10 |        2 |      2 |      3 |     0 |        0
     5 |     0.05 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |     0 |        0
SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth, ST_PixelWidth(rast) As pixwidth,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As scalex, ST_ScaleY(rast) As scaley, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx,
    ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy
    FROM (SELECT ST_SetSkew(rast,0.5,0.5) As rast
    FROM dummy_rast) As skewed;
rastwidth |     pixwidth      | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy
    -----------+-------------------+--------+--------+-------+----------
    10 |  2.06155281280883 |      2 |      3 |   0.5 |      0.5
     5 | 0.502493781056044 |   0.05 |  -0.05 |   0.5 |      0.5
SELECT rid, ST_ScaleX(rast) As rastpixwidth
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | rastpixwidth
-----+--------------
   1 |            2
   2 |         0.05
SELECT rid, ST_ScaleY(rast) As rastpixheight
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | rastpixheight
-----+---------------
   1 |             3
   2 |         -0.05
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast,1, 1)).*,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast,2, 2)).*
FROM dummy_rast
rid | longitude  | latitude | longitude |  latitude
-----+------------+----------+-----------+------------
   1 |        0.5 |      0.5 |       2.5 |        3.5
   2 | 3427927.75 |  5793244 | 3427927.8 | 5793243.95
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast, 1, 1)).*,
    (ST_RasterToWorldCoord(rast, 2, 3)).*
FROM (
    SELECT
        rid,
        ST_SetSkew(rast, 100.5, 0) As rast
    FROM dummy_rast
) As foo
rid | longitude  | latitude | longitude | latitude
-----+------------+----------+-----------+-----------
   1 |        0.5 |      0.5 |     203.5 |       6.5
   2 | 3427927.75 |  5793244 | 3428128.8 | 5793243.9
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast,1) As x1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast,2) As x2coord,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixelx
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |  x1coord   |  x2coord  | pixelx
-----+------------+-----------+--------
   1 |        0.5 |       2.5 |      2
   2 | 3427927.75 | 3427927.8 |   0.05
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast, 1, 1) As x1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordX(rast, 2, 3) As x2coord,
    ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixelx
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_SetSkew(rast, 100.5, 0) As rast FROM dummy_rast) As foo;
rid |  x1coord   |  x2coord  | pixelx
-----+------------+-----------+--------
   1 |        0.5 |     203.5 |      2
   2 | 3427927.75 | 3428128.8 |   0.05
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast,1) As y1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast,3) As y2coord,
    ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixely
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | y1coord |  y2coord  | pixely
-----+---------+-----------+--------
   1 |     0.5 |       6.5 |      3
   2 | 5793244 | 5793243.9 |  -0.05
SELECT rid, ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast,1,1) As y1coord,
    ST_RasterToWorldCoordY(rast,2,3) As y2coord,
    ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixely
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_SetSkew(rast,0,100.5) As rast FROM dummy_rast) As foo;
rid | y1coord |  y2coord  | pixely
-----+---------+-----------+--------
   1 |     0.5 |       107 |      3
   2 | 5793244 | 5793344.4 |  -0.05
SELECT rid, ST_Rotation(ST_SetScale(ST_SetSkew(rast, sqrt(2)), sqrt(2))) AS rot FROM dummy_rast;
rid |        rot
-----+-------------------
   1 | 0.785398163397448
   2 | 0.785398163397448
SELECT rid, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx, ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy,
    ST_GeoReference(rast) as georef
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | skewx | skewy |       georef
-----+-------+-------+--------------------
   1 |     0 |     0 | 2.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 3.0000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     :
   2 |     0 |     0 | 0.0500000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : -0.0500000000
                     : 3427927.7500000000
                     : 5793244.0000000000
SELECT rid, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx, ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy,
    ST_GeoReference(rast) as georef
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | skewx | skewy |       georef
-----+-------+-------+--------------------
   1 |     0 |     0 | 2.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 3.0000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     :
   2 |     0 |     0 | 0.0500000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : -0.0500000000
                     : 3427927.7500000000
                     : 5793244.0000000000
SELECT ST_SRID(rast) As srid
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
0
SELECT ST_Summary(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            2, '32BF', 0, -9999
        ),
        3, '16BSI', 0, NULL
    )
);
Raster of 10x10 pixels has 3 bands and extent of BOX(0 -10,10 0)+
     band 1 of pixtype 8BUI is in-db with NODATA value of 0      +
     band 2 of pixtype 32BF is in-db with NODATA value of -9999  +
     band 3 of pixtype 16BSI is in-db with no NODATA value
(1 row)
SELECt rid, ST_UpperLeftX(rast) As ulx
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |    ulx
-----+------------
   1 |        0.5
   2 | 3427927.75
SELECT rid, ST_UpperLeftY(rast) As uly
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |   uly
-----+---------
   1 |     0.5
   2 | 5793244
SELECT ST_Width(rast) As rastwidth
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
10
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_WorldToRasterCoord(rast,3427927.8,20.5)).*,
    (ST_WorldToRasterCoord(rast,ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)',ST_SRID(rast)))).*
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | columnx |   rowy    | columnx |   rowy
-----+---------+-----------+---------+-----------
   1 | 1713964 |         7 | 1713964 |         7
   2 |       2 | 115864471 |       2 | 115864471
SELECT rid, ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast,3427927.8) As xcoord,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast,3427927.8,20.5) As xcoord_xwyw,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordX(rast,ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)',ST_SRID(rast))) As ptxcoord
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | xcoord  |  xcoord_xwyw   | ptxcoord
-----+---------+---------+----------
   1 | 1713964 | 1713964 |  1713964
   2 |       1 |       1 |        1
SELECT rid, ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast,20.5) As ycoord,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast,3427927.8,20.5) As ycoord_xwyw,
        ST_WorldToRasterCoordY(rast,ST_GeomFromText('POINT(3427927.8 20.5)',ST_SRID(rast))) As ptycoord
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |  ycoord   | ycoord_xwyw | ptycoord
-----+-----------+-------------+-----------
   1 |         7 |           7 |         7
   2 | 115864471 |   115864471 | 115864471
SELECT
    rid,
    (foo.md).*
FROM (
    SELECT
        rid,
        ST_BandMetaData(rast, 1) AS md
    FROM dummy_rast
    WHERE rid=2
) As foo;

 rid | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb | path | outdbbandnum
-----+-----------+---- --------+---------+------+--------------
   2 | 8BUI      |           0 | f       |      |

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        ST_AddBand(NULL::raster, '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif', NULL::int[]) AS rast
)
SELECT
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData((SELECT rast FROM foo),
    ARRAY[1,3,2]::int[]
);
bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb |                                      path                                      | outdbbandnum  | filesize | filetimestamp |
---------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------+---------------+-
       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif      |            1  |    12345 |    1521807257 |
       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif      |            3  |    12345 |    1521807257 |
       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif      |            2  |    12345 |    1521807257 |
SELECT ST_BandNoDataValue(rast,1) As bnval1,
    ST_BandNoDataValue(rast,2) As bnval2, ST_BandNoDataValue(rast,3) As bnval3
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
bnval1 | bnval2 | bnval3
--------+--------+--------
      0 |      0 |      0
create table dummy_rast (rid integer, rast raster);

-- Add raster with two bands, one pixel/band. In the first band, nodatavalue = pixel value = 3.
-- In the second band, nodatavalue = 13, pixel value = 4
insert into dummy_rast values(
1,
(
'01' -- little endian (uint8 ndr)
||
'0000' -- version (uint16 0)
||
'0200' -- nBands (uint16 0)
||
'17263529ED684A3F' -- scaleX (float64 0.000805965234044584)
||
'F9253529ED684ABF' -- scaleY (float64 -0.00080596523404458)
||
'1C9F33CE69E352C0' -- ipX (float64 -75.5533328537098)
||
'718F0E9A27A44840' -- ipY (float64 49.2824585505576)
||
'ED50EB853EC32B3F' -- skewX (float64 0.000211812383858707)
||
'7550EB853EC32B3F' -- skewY (float64 0.000211812383858704)
||
'E6100000' -- SRID (int32 4326)
||
'0100' -- width (uint16 1)
||
'0100' -- height (uint16 1)
||
'6' -- hasnodatavalue and isnodata value set to true.
||
'2' -- first band type (4BUI)
||
'03' -- novalue==3
||
'03' -- pixel(0,0)==3 (same that nodata)
||
'0' -- hasnodatavalue set to false
||
'5' -- second band type (16BSI)
||
'0D00' -- novalue==13
||
'0400' -- pixel(0,0)==4
)::raster
);

select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 1) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected true
select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 2) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected false

SELECT ST_BandFileSize(rast,1) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
240574
SELECT ST_BandFileTimestamp(rast,1) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
1521807257
SELECT ST_BandPixelType(rast,1) As btype1,
    ST_BandPixelType(rast,2) As btype2, ST_BandPixelType(rast,3) As btype3
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
btype1 | btype2 | btype3
--------+--------+--------
 8BUI   | 8BUI   | 8BUI
SELECT ST_MinPossibleValue('16BSI');
-32768
SELECT ST_MinPossibleValue('8BUI');
0
SELECT rid, ST_HasNoBand(rast) As hb1, ST_HasNoBand(rast,2) as hb2,
ST_HasNoBand(rast,4) as hb4, ST_NumBands(rast) As numbands
FROM dummy_rast;
rid | hb1 | hb2 | hb4 | numbands
-----+-----+-----+-----+----------
1 | t   | t   | t   |        0
2 | f   | f   | t   |        3
SELECT i,j, ST_AsText(ST_PixelAsPolygon(foo.rast, i,j)) As b1pgeom
FROM dummy_rast As foo
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,2) As i
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1) As j
WHERE rid=2;
i | j |                                                    b1pgeom
---+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | 1 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793244,3427927.8 5793244,3427927.8 5793243.95,...
 2 | 1 | POLYGON((3427927.8 5793244,3427927.85 5793244,3427927.85 5793243.95, ..
SELECT (gv).x, (gv).y, (gv).val, ST_AsText((gv).geom) geom
FROM (SELECT ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 4269),
                                                    '8BUI'::text, 1, 0),
                                         2, 2, 10),
                             1, 1, NULL)
) gv
) foo
ORDER BY (gv).x, (gv).y;
x | y | val |                geom
---+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | 2 |   1 | POLYGON((0.001 -0.001,0.002 0,0.003 -0.001,0.002 -0.002,0.001 -0.001))
 2 | 1 |   1 | POLYGON((0.001 0.001,0.002 0.002,0.003 0.001,0.002 0,0.001 0.001))
 2 | 2 |  10 | POLYGON((0.002 0,0.003 0.001,0.004 0,0.003 -0.001,0.002 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PixelAsPoint(rast, 1, 1)) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
POINT(0.5 0.5)
SELECT x, y, val, ST_AsText(geom) FROM (SELECT (ST_PixelAsPoints(rast, 1)).* FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2) foo;
x | y | val |          st_astext
---+---+-----+------------------------------
 1 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.75 5793244)
 2 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.8 5793244)
 3 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.85 5793244)
 4 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.9 5793244)
 5 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.95 5793244)
 1 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.95)
 2 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.95)
 3 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.95)
 4 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.95)
 5 | 2 | 249 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.95)
 1 | 3 | 250 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.9)
 2 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.9)
 3 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.9)
 4 | 3 | 252 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.9)
 5 | 3 | 249 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.9)
 1 | 4 | 251 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.85)
 2 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.85)
 3 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.85)
 4 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.85)
 5 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.85)
 1 | 5 | 252 | POINT(3427927.75 5793243.8)
 2 | 5 | 250 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.8)
 3 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.8)
 4 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.9 5793243.8)
 5 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.95 5793243.8)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PixelAsCentroid(rast, 1, 1)) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
POINT(1.5 2)
SELECT x, y, val, ST_AsText(geom)
    FROM (SELECT dp.* FROM dummy_rast, LATERAL ST_PixelAsCentroids(rast, 1) AS dp WHERE rid = 2) foo;
x | y | val |           st_astext
---+---+-----+--------------------------------
 1 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.975)
 2 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.975)
 3 | 1 | 253 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.975)
 4 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.975)
 5 | 1 | 254 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.975)
 1 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.925)
 2 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.925)
 3 | 2 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.925)
 4 | 2 | 253 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.925)
 5 | 2 | 249 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.925)
 1 | 3 | 250 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.875)
 2 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.875)
 3 | 3 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.875)
 4 | 3 | 252 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.875)
 5 | 3 | 249 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.875)
 1 | 4 | 251 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.825)
 2 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.825)
 3 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.825)
 4 | 4 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.825)
 5 | 4 | 253 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.825)
 1 | 5 | 252 | POINT(3427927.775 5793243.775)
 2 | 5 | 250 | POINT(3427927.825 5793243.775)
 3 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.875 5793243.775)
 4 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.925 5793243.775)
 5 | 5 | 254 | POINT(3427927.975 5793243.775)
SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, foo.pt_geom) As b1pval, ST_Value(rast, 2, foo.pt_geom) As b2pval
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN (SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(3427927.77, 5793243.76), 0) As pt_geom) As foo
WHERE rid=2;

 rid | b1pval | b2pval
-----+--------+--------
   2 |    252 |     79

-- general fictitious example using a real table
SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, 3, sometable.geom) As b3pval
FROM sometable
WHERE ST_Intersects(rast,sometable.geom);

SELECT rid, ST_Value(rast, 1, 1, 1) As b1pval,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 1, 1) As b2pval, ST_Value(rast, 3, 1, 1) As b3pval
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid=2;
rid | b1pval | b2pval | b3pval
-----+--------+--------+--------
   2 |    253 |     78 |     70

SELECT x, y, ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) As b1val,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val, ST_Value(rast, 3, x, y) As b3val
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1, 1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2 AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast);

 x | y | b1val | b2val | b3val
---+---+-------+-------+-------
 1 | 1 |   253 |    78 |    70
 1 | 2 |   253 |    96 |    80
 1 | 3 |   250 |    99 |    90
 1 | 4 |   251 |    89 |    77
 1 | 5 |   252 |    79 |    62
 2 | 1 |   254 |    98 |    86
 2 | 2 |   254 |   118 |   108
 :
 :

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast)*x,
        ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast)*y),
        ST_SRID(rast))) As uplpt,
    ST_Value(rast, 1, x, y) As b1val,
    ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val, ST_Value(rast, 3, x, y) As b3val
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2 AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast);

            uplpt            | b1val | b2val | b3val
-----------------------------+-------+-------+-------
 POINT(3427929.25 5793245.5) |   253 |    78 |    70
 POINT(3427929.25 5793247)   |   253 |    96 |    80
 POINT(3427929.25 5793248.5) |   250 |    99 |    90
:

--- Get a polygon formed by union of all pixels
    that fall in a particular value range and intersect particular polygon --
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union(pixpolyg)) As shadow
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_MakeEnvelope(ST_UpperLeftX(rast), ST_UpperLeftY(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast), 0
            ), ST_ScaleX(rast)*x, ST_ScaleY(rast)*y
        ) As pixpolyg, ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000) As y
WHERE rid =  2
    AND x <= ST_Width(rast) AND y <= ST_Height(rast)) As foo
WHERE
    ST_Intersects(
        pixpolyg,
        ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((3427928 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.75,3427928 5793243.75,3427928 5793244))',0)
        ) AND b2val != 254;

        shadow
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPOLYGON(((3427928 5793243.9,3427928 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.9,
 3427927.95 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.95,3427928.05 5793243.95,3427928.05 5793243.9,3427928 5793243.9)),((3427927.95 5793243.9,3427927.95 579324
3.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.95,
3427927.95 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.9)),((3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.7,3427927.8 5793243.7,3427927.8 5793243.75,
3427927.8 5793243.8,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.8,3427927.85 5793243.75)),
((3427928.05 5793243.75,3427928.05 5793243.7,3427928 5793243.7,3427927.95 5793243.7,3427927.95 5793243.75,3427927.95 5793243.8,3427
927.95 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.8,3427928.05 5793243.8,
3427928.05 5793243.75)),((3427927.95 5793243.75,3427927.95 5793243.7,3427927.9 5793243.7,3427927.85 5793243.7,
3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.8,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,
3427927.95 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.8,3427927.95 5793243.75)))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union(pixpolyg)) As shadow
FROM (SELECT ST_Translate(ST_MakeEnvelope(ST_UpperLeftX(rast), ST_UpperLeftY(rast),
            ST_UpperLeftX(rast) + ST_ScaleX(rast)*2,
            ST_UpperLeftY(rast) + ST_ScaleY(rast)*2, 0
            ), ST_ScaleX(rast)*x, ST_ScaleY(rast)*y
        ) As pixpolyg, ST_Value(rast, 2, x, y) As b2val
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN
generate_series(1,1000,2) As x CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,1000,2) As y
WHERE rid =  2
    AND x <= ST_Width(rast)  AND y <= ST_Height(rast)  ) As foo
WHERE
    ST_Intersects(
        pixpolyg,
        ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((3427928 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.75,3427928 5793243.75,3427928 5793244))',0)
        ) AND b2val != 254;

        shadow
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPOLYGON(((3427927.9 5793243.85,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.8 5793243.95,
 3427927.9 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.95,3427928.1 5793243.95,3427928.1 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85)),
 ((3427927.9 5793243.65,3427927.8 5793243.65,3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,
 3427928 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.75,3427928.1 5793243.75,3427928.1 5793243.65,3427928 5793243.65,3427927.9 5793243.65)))

SELECT
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 2) AS value,
    ST_NearestValue(rast, 2, 2) AS nearestvalue
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
                            ),
                            1, 1, 0.
                        ),
                        2, 3, 0.
                    ),
                    3, 5, 0.
                ),
                4, 2, 0.
            ),
            5, 4, 0.
        ) AS rast
) AS foo
value | nearestvalue
-------+--------------
     1 |            1
SELECT
    ST_Value(rast, 2, 3) AS value,
    ST_NearestValue(rast, 2, 3) AS nearestvalue
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
                            ),
                            1, 1, 0.
                        ),
                        2, 3, 0.
                    ),
                    3, 5, 0.
                ),
                4, 2, 0.
            ),
            5, 4, 0.
        ) AS rast
) AS foo
value | nearestvalue
-------+--------------
       |            1
WITH test_raster AS (
SELECT
ST_SetValues(
ST_AddBand(
ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
      width => 2,
      height => 2,
      upperleftx => 0,
      upperlefty => 2,
      scalex => 1.0,
      scaley => -1.0,
      skewx => 0,
      skewy => 0,
      srid => 4326),
    index => 1,
    pixeltype => '16BSI',
    initialvalue => 0,
    nodataval => -999
),
  1,
  1,
  1,
  newvalueset => ARRAY[ARRAY[10.0::float8, 50.0::float8], ARRAY[40.0::float8, 20.0::float8]]) AS rast
)
SELECT
ST_AsText(ST_SetZ(
    rast,
    band => 1,
    geom => 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1.0 1.9, 1.0 0.2)'::geometry,
    resample => 'bilinear'
))
FROM test_raster
LINESTRING Z (1 1.9 38,1 0.2 27)
WITH test_raster AS (
SELECT
ST_SetValues(
ST_AddBand(
ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
      width => 2,
      height => 2,
      upperleftx => 0,
      upperlefty => 2,
      scalex => 1.0,
      scaley => -1.0,
      skewx => 0,
      skewy => 0,
      srid => 4326),
    index => 1,
    pixeltype => '16BSI',
    initialvalue => 0,
    nodataval => -999
),
  1,
  1,
  1,
  newvalueset => ARRAY[ARRAY[10.0::float8, 50.0::float8], ARRAY[40.0::float8, 20.0::float8]]) AS rast
)
SELECT
ST_AsText(ST_SetM(
    rast,
    band => 1,
    geom => 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(1.0 1.9, 1.0 0.2)'::geometry,
    resample => 'bilinear'
))
FROM test_raster
LINESTRING M (1 1.9 38,1 0.2 27)
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 2, 2, 1, 1)
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast
) AS foo
{{NULL,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,NULL,1}}
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 2, 3, 1, 1)
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast
) AS foo
{{1,1,1},{1,NULL,1},{1,1,1}}
SELECT
    ST_Neighborhood(rast, 3, 3, 1, 1, false)
FROM ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
                [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
                [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[],
            1
        ) AS rast
{{1,1,0},{0,1,1},{1,1,1}}

                SELECT (foo.geomval).val, ST_AsText(ST_Union((foo.geomval).geom))
FROM (SELECT ST_DumpAsPolygons(ST_SetValue(
            rast,
            1,
            ST_Point(3427927.75, 5793243.95),
            50)
            ) As geomval
FROM dummy_rast
where rid = 2) As foo
WHERE (foo.geomval).val < 250
GROUP BY (foo.geomval).val;

 val |                                                     st_astext
-----+-------------------------------------------------------------------
  50 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793244,3427927.75 5793243.95,3427927.8 579324 ...
 249 | POLYGON((3427927.95 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427928 57932 ...

UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetValue(rast,1, ST_Point(3427927.75, 5793243.95),100)
        WHERE rid = 2   ;

/*
The ST_SetValues() does the following...

+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 1 | 1 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |    =
>    | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
*/
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 2, 2, ARRAY[[9, 9], [9, 9]]::double precision[][]
        )
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;

 x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   9
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9

/*
The ST_SetValues() does the following...

+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 9 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |    =
>    | 9 |   | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 9 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
*/
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[[9, 9, 9], [9, NULL, 9], [9, 9, 9]]::double precision[][]
        )
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;

 x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   9
 1 | 2 |   9
 1 | 3 |   9
 2 | 1 |   9
 2 | 2 |
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   9
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9

/*
The ST_SetValues() does the following...

+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 9 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |    =>    | 1 |   | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 9 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
*/
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1,
                ARRAY[[9, 9, 9], [9, NULL, 9], [9, 9, 9]]::double precision[][],
                ARRAY[[false], [true]]::boolean[][]
        )
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   9
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   9
 2 | 1 |   9
 2 | 2 |
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   9
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
/*
The ST_SetValues() does the following...

+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
|   | 1 | 1 |          |   | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |    =>    | 1 |   | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 9 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
*/
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                    1, '8BUI', 1, 0
                ),
                1, 1, 1, NULL
            ),
            1, 1, 1,
                ARRAY[[9, 9, 9], [9, NULL, 9], [9, 9, 9]]::double precision[][],
                ARRAY[[false], [true]]::boolean[][],
                TRUE
        )
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   9
 2 | 1 |   9
 2 | 2 |
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   9
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
/*
The ST_SetValues() does the following...

+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 1 | 1 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |    =>    | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
*/
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[[-1, -1, -1], [-1, 9, 9], [-1, 9, 9]]::double precision[][], -1
        )
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   9
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
/*
This example is like the previous one.  Instead of nosetvalue = -1, nosetvalue = NULL

The ST_SetValues() does the following...

+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 1 | 1 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |    =>    | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
*/
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[[NULL, NULL, NULL], [NULL, 9, 9], [NULL, 9, 9]]::double precision[][], NULL::double precision
        )
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   9
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
/*
The ST_SetValues() does the following...

+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 1 | 1 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |    =>    | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
*/
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '8BUI', 1, 0
            ),
            1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 9
        )
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |   9
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
/*
The ST_SetValues() does the following...

+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 1 | 1 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 |   | 1 |    =>    | 1 |   | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
| 1 | 1 | 1 |          | 1 | 9 | 9 |
+ - + - + - +          + - + - + - +
*/
SELECT
    (poly).x,
    (poly).y,
    (poly).val
FROM (
SELECT
    ST_PixelAsPolygons(ST_SetValues(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                    1, '8BUI', 1, 0
                ),
                1, 2, 2, NULL
            ),
            1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 9, TRUE
        )
    ) AS poly
) foo
ORDER BY 1, 2;
x | y | val
---+---+-----
 1 | 1 |   1
 1 | 2 |   1
 1 | 3 |   1
 2 | 1 |   1
 2 | 2 |
 2 | 3 |   9
 3 | 1 |   1
 3 | 2 |   9
 3 | 3 |   9
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 0, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POINT(2.5 -2.5)'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((1 -1, 4 -1, 4 -4, 1 -4, 1 -1))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 3 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((0 0, 5 0, 5 -1, 1 -1, 1 -4, 0 -4, 0 0))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 4 AS gid, 'SRID=0;MULTIPOINT(0 0, 4 4, 4 -4)'::geometry
)
SELECT
    rid, gid, ST_DumpValues(ST_SetValue(rast, 1, geom, gid))
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN bar t2
ORDER BY rid, gid;
rid | gid |                                                                st_dumpvalues
-----+-----+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 |   1 | (1,"{{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,1,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}}")
   1 |   2 | (1,"{{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,2,2,2,NULL},{NULL,2,2,2,NULL},{NULL,2,2,2,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}}")
   1 |   3 | (1,"{{3,3,3,3,3},{3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}}")
   1 |   4 | (1,"{{4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,4}}")
(4 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 0, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POINT(2.5 -2.5)'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((1 -1, 4 -1, 4 -4, 1 -4, 1 -1))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 3 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((0 0, 5 0, 5 -1, 1 -1, 1 -4, 0 -4, 0 0))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 4 AS gid, 'SRID=0;MULTIPOINT(0 0, 4 4, 4 -4)'::geometry
)
SELECT
    t1.rid, t2.gid, t3.gid, ST_DumpValues(ST_SetValues(rast, 1, ARRAY[ROW(t2.geom, t2.gid), ROW(t3.geom, t3.gid)]::geomval[]))
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN bar t2
CROSS JOIN bar t3
WHERE t2.gid = 1
    AND t3.gid = 2
ORDER BY t1.rid, t2.gid, t3.gid;
rid | gid | gid |                                                    st_dumpvalues
-----+-----+-----+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 |   1 |   2 | (1,"{{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,2,2,2,NULL},{NULL,2,2,2,NULL},{NULL,2,2,2,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}}")
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 0, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT 1 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POINT(2.5 -2.5)'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((1 -1, 4 -1, 4 -4, 1 -4, 1 -1))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 3 AS gid, 'SRID=0;POLYGON((0 0, 5 0, 5 -1, 1 -1, 1 -4, 0 -4, 0 0))'::geometry geom UNION ALL
    SELECT 4 AS gid, 'SRID=0;MULTIPOINT(0 0, 4 4, 4 -4)'::geometry
)
SELECT
    t1.rid, t2.gid, t3.gid, ST_DumpValues(ST_SetValues(rast, 1, ARRAY[ROW(t2.geom, t2.gid), ROW(t3.geom, t3.gid)]::geomval[]))
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN bar t2
CROSS JOIN bar t3
WHERE t2.gid = 2
    AND t3.gid = 1
ORDER BY t1.rid, t2.gid, t3.gid;
rid | gid | gid |                                                    st_dumpvalues
-----+-----+-----+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 |   2 |   1 | (1,"{{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,2,2,2,NULL},{NULL,2,1,2,NULL},{NULL,2,2,2,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}}")
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 2, '32BF'::text, 3, -9999), 3, '16BSI', 0, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    (ST_DumpValues(rast)).*
FROM foo;
nband |                       valarray
-------+------------------------------------------------------
     1 | {{1,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,1,1}}
     2 | {{3,3,3},{3,3,3},{3,3,3}}
     3 | {{NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL}}
(3 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 2, '32BF'::text, 3, -9999), 3, '16BSI', 0, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    (ST_DumpValues(rast, ARRAY[3, 1])).*
FROM foo;
nband |                       valarray
-------+------------------------------------------------------
     3 | {{NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL}}
     1 | {{1,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,1,1}}
(2 rows)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 1, 0), 1, 2, 5) AS rast
)
SELECT
    (ST_DumpValues(rast, 1))[2][1]
FROM foo;
5
SELECT
    (pixels).*
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_PixelOfValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, -2, 2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                                    '8BUI'::text, 1, 0
                                ),
                                1, 1, 0
                            ),
                            2, 3, 0
                        ),
                        3, 5, 0
                    ),
                    4, 2, 0
                ),
                5, 4, 255
            ),
        1, ARRAY[1, 255]) AS pixels
) AS foo
val | x | y
-----+---+---
   1 | 1 | 2
   1 | 1 | 3
   1 | 1 | 4
   1 | 1 | 5
   1 | 2 | 1
   1 | 2 | 2
   1 | 2 | 4
   1 | 2 | 5
   1 | 3 | 1
   1 | 3 | 2
   1 | 3 | 3
   1 | 3 | 4
   1 | 4 | 1
   1 | 4 | 3
   1 | 4 | 4
   1 | 4 | 5
   1 | 5 | 1
   1 | 5 | 2
   1 | 5 | 3
 255 | 5 | 4
   1 | 5 | 5
scalex skewy skewx scaley upperleftx upperlefty
scalex skewy skewx scaley upperleftx + scalex*0.5 upperlefty + scaley*0.5
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    0 AS rid, (ST_MetaData(rast)).*
FROM foo
UNION ALL
SELECT
    1, (ST_MetaData(ST_SetGeoReference(rast, '10 0 0 -10 0.1 0.1', 'GDAL'))).*
FROM foo
UNION ALL
SELECT
    2, (ST_MetaData(ST_SetGeoReference(rast, '10 0 0 -10 5.1 -4.9', 'ESRI'))).*
FROM foo
UNION ALL
SELECT
    3, (ST_MetaData(ST_SetGeoReference(rast, 1, 1, 10, -10, 0.001, 0.001))).*
FROM foo
rid |     upperleftx     |     upperlefty     | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
-----+--------------------+--------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------+----------
   0 |                  0 |                  0 |     5 |      5 |      1 |     -1 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        0
   1 |                0.1 |                0.1 |     5 |      5 |     10 |    -10 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        0
   2 | 0.0999999999999996 | 0.0999999999999996 |     5 |      5 |     10 |    -10 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        0
   3 |                  1 |                  1 |     5 |      5 |     10 |    -10 | 0.001 | 0.001 |    0 |        0
SELECT
  ST_ScaleX(rast1), ST_ScaleY(rast1), ST_SkewX(rast1), ST_SkewY(rast1),
  ST_ScaleX(rast2), ST_ScaleY(rast2), ST_SkewX(rast2), ST_SkewY(rast2)
FROM (
  SELECT ST_SetRotation(rast, 15) AS rast1, rast as rast2 FROM dummy_rast
) AS foo;
st_scalex      |      st_scaley      |      st_skewx      |      st_skewy      | st_scalex | st_scaley | st_skewx | st_skewy
---------------------+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+----------+----------
   -1.51937582571764 |   -2.27906373857646 |   1.95086352047135 |   1.30057568031423 |         2 |         3 |        0 |        0
 -0.0379843956429411 | -0.0379843956429411 | 0.0325143920078558 | 0.0325143920078558 |      0.05 |     -0.05 |        0 |        0
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_SetScale(rast, 1.5)
WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixx, ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixy, Box3D(rast) As newbox
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
pixx | pixy |                    newbox
------+------+----------------------------------------------
  1.5 |  1.5 | BOX(3427927.75 5793244 0, 3427935.25 5793251.5 0)
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_SetScale(rast, 1.5, 0.55)
WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT ST_ScaleX(rast) As pixx, ST_ScaleY(rast) As pixy, Box3D(rast) As newbox
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
pixx | pixy |                   newbox
------+------+--------------------------------------------
  1.5 | 0.55 | BOX(3427927.75 5793244 0,3427935.25 5793247 0)
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetSkew(rast,1,2) WHERE rid = 1;
SELECT rid, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx, ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy,
    ST_GeoReference(rast) as georef
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
rid | skewx | skewy |    georef
----+-------+-------+--------------
  1 |     1 |     2 | 2.0000000000
                    : 2.0000000000
                    : 1.0000000000
                    : 3.0000000000
                    : 0.5000000000
                    : 0.5000000000
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetSkew(rast,0) WHERE rid = 1;
SELECT rid, ST_SkewX(rast) As skewx, ST_SkewY(rast) As skewy,
    ST_GeoReference(rast) as georef
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 1;
rid | skewx | skewy |    georef
-----+-------+-------+--------------
   1 |     0 |     0 | 2.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 0.0000000000
                     : 3.0000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
                     : 0.5000000000
SELECT ST_SetUpperLeft(rast,-71.01,42.37)
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT
    ST_Width(orig) AS orig_width,
    ST_Width(reduce_100) AS new_width
FROM (
    SELECT
        rast AS orig,
        ST_Resample(rast,100,100) AS reduce_100
    FROM aerials.boston
    WHERE ST_Intersects(
        rast,
        ST_Transform(ST_MakeEnvelope(-71.128, 42.2392,-71.1277, 42.2397, 4326),
            26986)
    )
    LIMIT 1
) AS foo;
orig_width | new_width
------------+-------------
        200 |         100
SELECT ST_PixelWidth(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0)) width
0.001
SELECT ST_PixelWidth(ST_Rescale(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 0.0015)) width
0.0015
SELECT ST_Rotation(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0));

0

-- the reskewed raster raster rotation
SELECT ST_Rotation(ST_Reskew(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 0.0015));

-0.982793723247329
SELECT ST_UpperLeftX(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0));
0

-- the upper left of raster after snapping
SELECT ST_UpperLeftX(ST_SnapToGrid(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 0.001, -0.001, 0, 0, 4269), '8BUI'::text, 1, 0), 0.0002, 0.0002));

-0.0008
WITH foo AS(
SELECT
    1 AS rid,
    ST_Resize(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 255, 0
        ),
    '50%', '500') AS rast
UNION ALL
SELECT
    2 AS rid,
    ST_Resize(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 255, 0
        ),
    500, 100) AS rast
UNION ALL
SELECT
    3 AS rid,
    ST_Resize(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1000, 1000, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
            1, '8BUI', 255, 0
        ),
    0.25, 0.9) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT rid, ST_MetaData(rast) AS meta, rast FROM foo
)
SELECT rid, (meta).* FROM bar
rid | upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
-----+------------+------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------+----------
   1 |          0 |          0 |   500 |    500 |      2 |     -2 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        1
   2 |          0 |          0 |   500 |    100 |      2 |    -10 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        1
   3 |          0 |          0 |   250 |    900 |      4 | -1.1111111111111112 |     0 |     0 |    0 |        1
(3 rows)
SELECT ST_Width(mass_stm) As w_before, ST_Width(wgs_84) As w_after,
  ST_Height(mass_stm) As h_before, ST_Height(wgs_84) As h_after
    FROM
    ( SELECT rast As mass_stm, ST_Transform(rast,4326) As wgs_84,
  ST_Transform(rast,4326, 'Bilinear') AS wgs_84_bilin
        FROM aerials.o_2_boston
            WHERE ST_Intersects(
                rast,
                ST_Transform(ST_MakeEnvelope(-71.128, 42.2392,-71.1277, 42.2397, 4326),
                    26986) )
        LIMIT 1) As foo;
w_before | w_after | h_before | h_after
----------+---------+----------+---------
      200 |     228 |      200 |     170
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 0 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -500000, 600000, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 1, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499800, 600000, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499600, 600000, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 3, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 3, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -500000, 599800, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 4, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499800, 599800, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 5, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499600, 599800, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 6, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -500000, 599600, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 7, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499800, 599600, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 200, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 8, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, -499600, 599600, 100, -100, 0, 0, 2163), 1, '16BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
), bar AS (
    SELECT
        ST_Transform(rast, 4269) AS alignto
    FROM foo
    LIMIT 1
), baz AS (
    SELECT
        rid,
        rast,
        ST_Transform(rast, 4269) AS not_aligned,
        ST_Transform(rast, alignto) AS aligned
    FROM foo
    CROSS JOIN bar
)
SELECT
    ST_SameAlignment(rast) AS rast,
    ST_SameAlignment(not_aligned) AS not_aligned,
    ST_SameAlignment(aligned) AS aligned
FROM baz
rast | not_aligned | aligned
------+-------------+---------
 t    | f           | t
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,1, 254)
WHERE rid = 2;

-- change no data band value of bands 1,2,3
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast =
        ST_SetBandNoDataValue(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,1, 254),
                2,99),
                3,108)
        WHERE rid = 2;

-- wipe out the nodata value this will ensure all pixels are considered for all processing functions
UPDATE dummy_rast
    SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,1, NULL)
WHERE rid = 2;

create table dummy_rast (rid integer, rast raster);

-- Add raster with two bands, one pixel/band. In the first band, nodatavalue = pixel value = 3.
-- In the second band, nodatavalue = 13, pixel value = 4
insert into dummy_rast values(
1,
(
'01' -- little endian (uint8 ndr)
||
'0000' -- version (uint16 0)
||
'0200' -- nBands (uint16 0)
||
'17263529ED684A3F' -- scaleX (float64 0.000805965234044584)
||
'F9253529ED684ABF' -- scaleY (float64 -0.00080596523404458)
||
'1C9F33CE69E352C0' -- ipX (float64 -75.5533328537098)
||
'718F0E9A27A44840' -- ipY (float64 49.2824585505576)
||
'ED50EB853EC32B3F' -- skewX (float64 0.000211812383858707)
||
'7550EB853EC32B3F' -- skewY (float64 0.000211812383858704)
||
'E6100000' -- SRID (int32 4326)
||
'0100' -- width (uint16 1)
||
'0100' -- height (uint16 1)
||
'4' -- hasnodatavalue set to true, isnodata value set to false (when it should be true)
||
'2' -- first band type (4BUI)
||
'03' -- novalue==3
||
'03' -- pixel(0,0)==3 (same that nodata)
||
'0' -- hasnodatavalue set to false
||
'5' -- second band type (16BSI)
||
'0D00' -- novalue==13
||
'0400' -- pixel(0,0)==4
)::raster
);

select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 1) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected false
select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 1, TRUE) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected true

-- The isnodata flag is dirty. We are going to set it to true
update dummy_rast set rast = ST_SetBandIsNoData(rast, 1) where rid = 1;

select ST_BandIsNoData(rast, 1) from dummy_rast where rid = 1; -- Expected true

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        ST_AddBand(NULL::raster, '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif', NULL::int[]) AS rast
)
SELECT
    1 AS query,
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData((SELECT rast FROM foo),
    ARRAY[1,3,2]::int[]
)
UNION ALL
SELECT
    2,
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData((
        SELECT
            ST_SetBandPath(rast,
                2,
                '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected2.tif',
                1
            ) AS rast
        FROM foo
    ),
    ARRAY[1,3,2]::int[]
)
ORDER BY 1, 2;
query | bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb |                                      path                                       | outdbbandnum
-------+---------+-----------+-------------+---------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------
     1 |       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            1
     1 |       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            2
     1 |       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            3
     2 |       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            1
     2 |       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected2.tif      |            1
     2 |       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            3
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        ST_AddBand(NULL::raster, '/home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif', NULL::int[]) AS rast
)
SELECT
    1 AS query,
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData((SELECT rast FROM foo),
    ARRAY[1,3,2]::int[]
)
UNION ALL
SELECT
    2,
    *
FROM ST_BandMetaData((
        SELECT
            ST_SetBandIndex(rast,
                2,
                1
            ) AS rast
        FROM foo
    ),
    ARRAY[1,3,2]::int[]
)
ORDER BY 1, 2;
query | bandnum | pixeltype | nodatavalue | isoutdb |                                      path                                       | outdbbandnum
-------+---------+-----------+-------------+---------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------
     1 |       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            1
     1 |       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            2
     1 |       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            3
     2 |       1 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            1
     2 |       2 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            1
     2 |       3 | 8BUI      |             | t       | /home/pele/devel/geo/postgis-git/raster/test/regress/loader/Projected.tif       |            3
SELECT rid, ST_Count(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,249)) As exclude_nodata,
        ST_Count(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,249),false) As include_nodata
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;
rid | exclude_nodata | include_nodata
-----+----------------+----------------
   2 |             23 |             25
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        rast.rast
    FROM (
        SELECT ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 10, 10, 2, 2, 0, 0,0),
                        1, '64BF', 0, 0
                    ),
                    1, 1, 1, -10
                ),
                1, 5, 4, 0
            ),
            1, 5, 5, 3.14159
        ) AS rast
    ) AS rast
    FULL JOIN (
        SELECT generate_series(1, 10) AS id
    ) AS id
        ON 1 = 1
)
SELECT
    ST_CountAgg(rast, 1, TRUE)
FROM foo;
20
SELECT band, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT rid, band, ST_Histogram(rast, band) As stats
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,3) As band
     WHERE rid=2) As foo;
band |  min  |  max  | count | percent
------+-------+-------+-------+---------
    1 |   249 |   250 |     2 |    0.08
    1 |   250 |   251 |     2 |    0.08
    1 |   251 |   252 |     1 |    0.04
    1 |   252 |   253 |     2 |    0.08
    1 |   253 |   254 |    18 |    0.72
    2 |    78 | 113.2 |    11 |    0.44
    2 | 113.2 | 148.4 |     4 |    0.16
    2 | 148.4 | 183.6 |     4 |    0.16
    2 | 183.6 | 218.8 |     1 |    0.04
    2 | 218.8 |   254 |     5 |     0.2
    3 |    62 | 100.4 |    11 |    0.44
    3 | 100.4 | 138.8 |     5 |     0.2
    3 | 138.8 | 177.2 |     4 |    0.16
    3 | 177.2 | 215.6 |     1 |    0.04
    3 | 215.6 |   254 |     4 |    0.16
SELECT (stats).*
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_Histogram(rast, 2,6) As stats
    FROM dummy_rast
     WHERE rid=2) As foo;
min     |    max     | count | percent
------------+------------+-------+---------
         78 | 107.333333 |     9 |    0.36
 107.333333 | 136.666667 |     6 |    0.24
 136.666667 |        166 |     0 |       0
        166 | 195.333333 |     4 |    0.16
 195.333333 | 224.666667 |     1 |    0.04
 224.666667 |        254 |     5 |     0.2
(6 rows)
SELECT (stats).*
FROM (SELECT rid, ST_Histogram(rast, 2,6,ARRAY[0.5,1,4,100,5]) As stats
    FROM dummy_rast
     WHERE rid=2) As foo;
min  |  max  | count | percent
-------+-------+-------+----------
    78 |  78.5 |     1 |     0.08
  78.5 |  79.5 |     1 |     0.04
  79.5 |  83.5 |     0 |        0
  83.5 | 183.5 |    17 |   0.0068
 183.5 | 188.5 |     0 |        0
 188.5 |   254 |     6 | 0.003664
(6 rows)
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,249) WHERE rid=2;
--Example will consider only pixels of band 1 that are not 249 and in named quantiles --

SELECT (pvq).*
FROM (SELECT ST_Quantile(rast, ARRAY[0.25,0.75]) As pvq
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2) As foo
    ORDER BY (pvq).quantile;
quantile | value
----------+-------
     0.25 |   253
     0.75 |   254
SELECT ST_Quantile(rast, 0.75) As value
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;
254
SELECT rid, (ST_Quantile(rast,2)).* As pvc
    FROM o_4_boston
        WHERE ST_Intersects(
            rast,
            ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((224486 892151,224486 892200,224706 892200,224706 892151,224486 892151))',26986)
            )
ORDER BY value, quantile,rid
;
rid | quantile | value
-----+----------+-------
   1 |        0 |     0
   2 |        0 |     0
  14 |        0 |     1
  15 |        0 |     2
  14 |     0.25 |    37
   1 |     0.25 |    42
  15 |     0.25 |    47
   2 |     0.25 |    50
  14 |      0.5 |    56
   1 |      0.5 |    64
  15 |      0.5 |    66
   2 |      0.5 |    77
  14 |     0.75 |    81
  15 |     0.75 |    87
   1 |     0.75 |    94
   2 |     0.75 |   106
  14 |        1 |   199
   1 |        1 |   244
   2 |        1 |   255
  15 |        1 |   255
SELECT rid, band, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT rid, band, ST_SummaryStats(rast, band) As stats
    FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,3) As band
     WHERE rid=2) As foo;
rid | band | count | sum  |    mean    |  stddev   | min | max
-----+------+-------+------+------------+-----------+-----+-----
   2 |    1 |    23 | 5821 | 253.086957 |  1.248061 | 250 | 254
   2 |    2 |    25 | 3682 |     147.28 | 59.862188 |  78 | 254
   2 |    3 |    25 | 3290 |      131.6 | 61.647384 |  62 | 254
WITH
-- our features of interest
   feat AS (SELECT gid As building_id, geom_26986 As geom FROM buildings AS b
    WHERE gid IN(100, 103,150)
   ),
-- clip band 2 of raster tiles to boundaries of builds
-- then get stats for these clipped regions
   b_stats AS
    (SELECT  building_id, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT building_id, ST_SummaryStats(ST_Clip(rast,2,geom)) As stats
    FROM aerials.boston
        INNER JOIN feat
    ON ST_Intersects(feat.geom,rast)
 ) As foo
 )
-- finally summarize stats
SELECT building_id, SUM(count) As num_pixels,
  MIN(min) As min_pval,
  MAX(max) As max_pval,
  SUM(mean*count)/SUM(count) As avg_pval
    FROM b_stats
 WHERE count 
> 0
    GROUP BY building_id
    ORDER BY building_id;

building_id | num_pixels | min_pval | max_pval |     avg_pval
-------------+------------+----------+----------+------------------
        100 |       1090 |        1 |      255 | 61.0697247706422
        103 |        655 |        7 |      182 | 70.5038167938931
        150 |        895 |        2 |      252 | 185.642458100559

SELECT band, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT band, ST_SummaryStats('o_4_boston','rast', band) As stats
    FROM generate_series(1,3) As band) As foo;
band |  count  |  sum   |       mean       |      stddev      | min | max
------+---------+--------+------------------+------------------+-----+-----
    1 | 8450000 | 725799 | 82.7064349112426 | 45.6800222638537 |   0 | 255
    2 | 8450000 | 700487 | 81.4197705325444 | 44.2161184161765 |   0 | 255
    3 | 8450000 | 575943 |  74.682739408284 | 44.2143885481407 |   0 | 255
SELECT band, (stats).*
FROM (SELECT band, ST_SummaryStats('o_4_boston','rast', band,true,0.25) As stats
    FROM generate_series(1,3) As band) As foo;
band |  count  |  sum   |       mean       |      stddev      | min | max
------+---------+--------+------------------+------------------+-----+-----
    1 | 2112500 | 180686 | 82.6890480473373 | 45.6961043857248 |   0 | 255
    2 | 2112500 | 174571 |  81.448503668639 | 44.2252623171821 |   0 | 255
    3 | 2112500 | 144364 | 74.6765884023669 | 44.2014869384578 |   0 | 255

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        rast.rast
    FROM (
        SELECT ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 10, 10, 2, 2, 0, 0,0),
                        1, '64BF', 0, 0
                    ),
                    1, 1, 1, -10
                ),
                1, 5, 4, 0
            ),
            1, 5, 5, 3.14159
        ) AS rast
    ) AS rast
    FULL JOIN (
        SELECT generate_series(1, 10) AS id
    ) AS id
        ON 1 = 1
)
SELECT
    (stats).count,
    round((stats).sum::numeric, 3),
    round((stats).mean::numeric, 3),
    round((stats).stddev::numeric, 3),
    round((stats).min::numeric, 3),
    round((stats).max::numeric, 3)
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_SummaryStatsAgg(rast, 1, TRUE, 1) AS stats
    FROM foo
) bar;
count |  round  | round  | round |  round  | round
-------+---------+--------+-------+---------+-------
    20 | -68.584 | -3.429 | 6.571 | -10.000 | 3.142
(1 row)
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,249) WHERE rid=2;
--Example will count only pixels of band 1 that are not 249. --

SELECT (pvc).*
FROM (SELECT ST_ValueCount(rast) As pvc
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2) As foo
    ORDER BY (pvc).value;
value | count
-------+-------
   250 |     2
   251 |     1
   252 |     2
   253 |     6
   254 |    12
SELECT (pvc).*
FROM (SELECT ST_ValueCount(rast,1,false) As pvc
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2) As foo
    ORDER BY (pvc).value;
value | count
-------+-------
   249 |     2
   250 |     2
   251 |     1
   252 |     2
   253 |     6
   254 |    12
SELECT (pvc).*
FROM (SELECT ST_ValueCount(rast,2) As pvc
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2) As foo
    ORDER BY (pvc).value;
value | count
-------+-------
    78 |     1
    79 |     1
    88 |     1
    89 |     1
    96 |     1
    97 |     1
    98 |     1
    99 |     2
   112 |     2
:

SELECT (pvc).value, SUM((pvc).count) As total
FROM (SELECT ST_ValueCount(rast,2) As pvc
    FROM o_4_boston
        WHERE ST_Intersects(
            rast,
            ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((224486 892151,224486 892200,224706 892200,224706 892151,224486 892151))',26986)
             )
        ) As foo
    GROUP BY (pvc).value
    HAVING SUM((pvc).count) > 500
    ORDER BY (pvc).value;
value | total
-------+-----
    51 | 502
    54 | 521
SELECT rid, ST_ValueCount(rast,2,100) As count
    FROM o_4_boston
        WHERE ST_Intersects(
            rast,
            ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((224486 892151,224486 892200,224706 892200,224706 892151,224486 892151))',26986)
             ) ;
rid | count
-----+-------
   1 |    56
   2 |    95
  14 |    37
  15 |    64
SELECT (ST_MetaData(ST_RastFromWKB('\001\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000@\000\000\000\000\000\000\010@\000\000\000\000\000\000\340?\000\000\000\000\000\000\340?\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\012\000\000\000\012\000\024\000'::bytea
    )
)).* AS metadata;
upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
------------+------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------+----------
        0.5 |        0.5 |    10 |     20 |      2 |      3 |     0 |     0 |   10 |        0
SELECT (ST_MetaData(ST_RastFromHexWKB('010000000000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000000000000000000000000A0000000A001400'
    )
)).* AS metadata;
upperleftx | upperlefty | width | height | scalex | scaley | skewx | skewy | srid | numbands
------------+------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------+----------
        0.5 |        0.5 |    10 |     20 |      2 |      3 |     0 |     0 |   10 |        0
SELECT ST_AsBinary(rast) AS rastbin FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
\001\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000@\000\000\000\000\000\000\010@\000\000\000\000\000\000\340?\000\000\000\000\000\000\340?\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\012\000\000\000\012\000\024\000
SELECT ST_AsHexWKB(rast) AS rastbin FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
010000000000000000000000400000000000000840000000000000E03F000000000000E03F000000000000000000000000000000000A0000000A001400
SELECT ST_AsGDALRaster(ST_Union(rast), 'JPEG', ARRAY['QUALITY=50']) As rastjpg
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rast && ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 10, 11, 11);

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmp_out ;

CREATE TABLE tmp_out AS
SELECT lo_from_bytea(
       0,
       ST_AsGDALRaster(ST_Union(rast), 'JPEG', ARRAY['QUALITY=50'])
        ) AS loid
  FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rast && ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 10, 11, 11);

SELECT lo_export(loid, '/tmp/dummy.jpg')
   FROM tmp_out;

SELECT lo_unlink(loid)
  FROM tmp_out;

SELECT ST_AsGDALRaster(rast, 'GTiff') As rastjpg
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

-- Out GeoTiff with jpeg compression, 90% quality
SELECT ST_AsGDALRaster(
  rast,
  'GTiff',
  ARRAY['COMPRESS=JPEG', 'JPEG_QUALITY=90'],
  4269) As rasttiff
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

SELECT ST_AsJPEG(rast) As rastjpg
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

SELECT ST_AsJPEG(rast,1,90) As rastjpg
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

SELECT ST_AsJPEG(rast,ARRAY[2,1,3],ARRAY['QUALITY=90','PROGRESSIVE=ON']) As rastjpg
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;
SELECT ST_AsPNG(rast) As rastpng
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

-- export the first 3 bands and map band 3 to Red, band 1 to Green, band 2 to blue
SELECT ST_AsPNG(rast, ARRAY[3,1,2]) As rastpng
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

SELECT ST_AsTIFF(rast, 'JPEG90') As rasttiff
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=2;

SELECT ST_Count(rast) AS count_pixels_in_orig, ST_Count(rast_touched) AS all_touched_pixels, ST_Count(rast_not_touched) AS default_clip
FROM ST_AsRaster(ST_Letters('R'), scalex =
> 1.0, scaley =
> -1.0) AS r(rast)
    INNER JOIN ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 1, 5 6, 10 10)') AS g(geom)
 ON ST_Intersects(r.rast,g.geom)
 CROSS JOIN ST_Clip(r.rast, g.geom, touched =
> true) AS rast_touched
 CROSS JOIN ST_Clip(r.rast, g.geom, touched =
> false) AS rast_not_touched;
count_pixels_in_orig | all_touched_pixels | default_clip
----------------------+--------------------+--------------
                 2605 |                 16 |           10
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Clip(
        rast,
        1,
        ST_Buffer(ST_Centroid(ST_Envelope(rast)),20)
    ) from aerials.boston
WHERE rid = 4;

SELECT ST_XMax(ST_Envelope(ST_Clip(rast, 1, clipper, true))) As xmax_w_trim,
    ST_XMax(clipper) As xmax_clipper,
    ST_XMax(ST_Envelope(ST_Clip(rast, 1, clipper, false))) As xmax_wo_trim,
    ST_XMax(ST_Envelope(rast)) As xmax_rast_orig
FROM (SELECT rast, ST_Buffer(ST_Centroid(ST_Envelope(rast)),6) As clipper
    FROM aerials.boston
WHERE rid = 6) As foo;
xmax_w_trim    |   xmax_clipper   |   xmax_wo_trim   |  xmax_rast_orig
------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
 230657.436173996 | 230657.436173996 | 230666.436173996 | 230666.436173996
SELECT ST_AddBand(
    ST_Clip(
        rast,
        1,
        ST_Buffer(ST_Centroid(ST_Envelope(rast)),20),
        false
    ),
    ARRAY[ST_Band(rast,2),ST_Band(rast,3)]
) from aerials.boston
WHERE rid = 6;

SELECT ST_Clip(
      rast,
      ST_Buffer(ST_Centroid(ST_Envelope(rast)), 20),
      false
    ) from aerials.boston
WHERE rid = 4;

5 0 0 0 255
4 100:50 55 255
1 150,100 150 255
0% 255 255 255 255
nv 0 0 0 0

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS funky_shapes;
CREATE TABLE funky_shapes(rast raster);

INSERT INTO funky_shapes(rast)
WITH ref AS (
    SELECT ST_MakeEmptyRaster(200, 200, 0, 200, 1, -1, 0, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_Union(rast)
FROM (
    SELECT
        ST_AsRaster(ST_Rotate(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 2,50 50,150 150,125 50)'),
                    i*2
                ),
                pi() * i * 0.125, ST_Point(50,50)
            ),
            ref.rast, '8BUI'::text, i * 5
        ) AS rast
    FROM ref
    CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 10, 3) AS i
) AS shapes;

SELECT
    ST_NumBands(rast) As n_orig,
    ST_NumBands(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, 'greyscale')) As ngrey,
    ST_NumBands(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, 'pseudocolor')) As npseudo,
    ST_NumBands(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, 'fire')) As nfire,
    ST_NumBands(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, 'bluered')) As nbluered,
    ST_NumBands(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, '
100% 255   0   0
 80% 160   0   0
 50% 130   0   0
 30%  30   0   0
 20%  60   0   0
  0%   0   0   0
  nv 255 255 255
    ')) As nred
FROM funky_shapes;

n_orig | ngrey | npseudo | nfire | nbluered | nred
--------+-------+---------+-------+----------+------
      1 |     1 |       4 |     4 |        4 |    3

SELECT
    ST_AsPNG(rast) As orig_png,
    ST_AsPNG(ST_ColorMap(rast,1,'greyscale')) As grey_png,
    ST_AsPNG(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, 'pseudocolor')) As pseudo_png,
    ST_AsPNG(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, 'nfire')) As fire_png,
    ST_AsPNG(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, 'bluered')) As bluered_png,
    ST_AsPNG(ST_ColorMap(rast,1, '
100% 255   0   0
 80% 160   0   0
 50% 130   0   0
 30%  30   0   0
 20%  60   0   0
  0%   0   0   0
  nv 255 255 255
    ')) As red_png
FROM funky_shapes;

SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = True;

WITH apple AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(350, 246, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        '/tmp/apple.png'::text,
        NULL::int[]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_AsPNG(rast) AS original_png,
    ST_AsPNG(ST_Grayscale(rast)) AS grayscale_png
FROM apple;

SET postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers = 'ENABLE_ALL';
SET postgis.enable_outdb_rasters = True;

WITH apple AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(350, 246, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        '/tmp/apple.png'::text,
        NULL::int[]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_AsPNG(rast) AS original_png,
    ST_AsPNG(ST_Grayscale(ARRAY[
            ROW(rast, 1)::rastbandarg, -- red
            ROW(rast, 2)::rastbandarg, -- green
            ROW(rast, 3)::rastbandarg, -- blue
        ]::rastbandarg[]
    )) AS grayscale_png
FROM apple;

SELECT
    foo.rid,
    foo.gid,
    ST_AsText((foo.geomval).geom) As geomwkt,
    (foo.geomval).val
FROM (
    SELECT
        A.rid,
        g.gid,
        ST_Intersection(A.rast, g.geom) As geomval
    FROM dummy_rast AS A
    CROSS JOIN (
        VALUES
            (1, ST_Point(3427928, 5793243.85) ),
            (2, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.8)')),
            (3, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'))
    ) As g(gid,geom)
    WHERE A.rid = 2
) As foo;
rid | gid |      geomwkt                                               | val
-----+-----+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   2 |   1 | POINT(3427928 5793243.85)                                  | 249
   2 |   1 | POINT(3427928 5793243.85)                                  | 253
   2 |   2 | POINT(3427927.85 5793243.75)                               | 254
   2 |   2 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.8)                                 | 251
   2 |   2 | POINT(3427927.8 5793243.8)                                 | 253
   2 |   2 | LINESTRING(3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.8)   | 252
   2 |   2 | MULTILINESTRING((3427927.8 5793243.8,3427927.8 5793243.75),...) | 250
   2 |   3 | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sample_callbackfunc(value double precision[][][], position integer[][], VARIADIC userargs text[])
    RETURNS double precision
    AS $$
    BEGIN
        RETURN 0;
    END;
    $$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE;

'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], integer[], text[])'::regprocedure
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(rast, 1)]::rastbandarg[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(rast, 3), ROW(rast, 1), ROW(rast, 3), ROW(rast, 2)]::rastbandarg[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0), 3, '32BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(t1.rast, 3), ROW(t2.rast, 1), ROW(t2.rast, 3), ROW(t1.rast, 2)]::rastbandarg[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE t1.rid = 1
    AND t2.rid = 2

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 0 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 1, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 3, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 3, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 4, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 5, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 6, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 7, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 200, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 8, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    t1.rid,
    ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(ST_Union(t2.rast), 1)]::rastbandarg[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure,
        '32BUI',
        'CUSTOM', t1.rast,
        1, 1
    ) AS rast
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE t1.rid = 4
    AND t2.rid BETWEEN 0 AND 8
    AND ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
GROUP BY t1.rid, t1.rast

WITH src AS (
    SELECT 0 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 1, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 3, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 3, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 10, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 4, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 20, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 5, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 30, 0) AS rast UNION ALL

    SELECT 6, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 7, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 2, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 200, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 8, ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 4, -4, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        t1.rid,
        ST_Union(t2.rast) AS rast
    FROM src t1
    JOIN src t2
        ON ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
        AND t2.rid BETWEEN 0 AND 8
    WHERE t1.rid = 4
    GROUP BY t1.rid
), bar AS (
    SELECT
        t1.rid,
        ST_MapAlgebra(ARRAY[ROW(t2.rast, 1)]::rastbandarg[],
            'raster_nmapalgebra_test(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure,
            '32BUI',
            'CUSTOM', t1.rast,
            1, 1
        ) AS rast
    FROM src t1
    JOIN foo t2
        ON t1.rid = t2.rid
)
SELECT
    rid,
    (ST_MetaData(rast)),
    (ST_BandMetaData(rast, 1)),
    ST_Value(rast, 1, 1, 1)
FROM bar;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast,
        ARRAY[3, 1, 3, 2]::integer[],
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast,
        2,
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI', 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0), 3, '32BUI', 300, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        t1.rast,
        2,
        t2.rast,
        1,
        'sample_callbackfunc(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure
    ) AS rast
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE t1.rid = 1
    AND t2.rid = 2

WITH foo AS (SELECT
   ST_SetBandNoDataValue(ST_SetValue(ST_SetValue(ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,100 90,100 50)'), 5,'join=bevel'),
            200,200,ARRAY['8BUI'], ARRAY[100], ARRAY[0]), ST_Buffer('POINT(70 70)'::geometry,10,'quad_segs=1') ,50),
  'LINESTRING(20 20, 100 100, 150 98)'::geometry,1),0)  AS rast )
SELECT 'original' AS title, rast
FROM foo
UNION ALL
SELECT 'no mask mean value' AS title, ST_MapAlgebra(rast,1,'ST_Mean4ma(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure) AS rast
FROM foo
UNION ALL
SELECT 'mask only consider neighbors, exclude center' AS title, ST_MapAlgebra(rast,1,'ST_Mean4ma(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure,
    '{{1,1,1}, {1,0,1}, {1,1,1}}'::double precision[], false) As rast
FROM foo

UNION ALL
SELECT 'mask weighted only consider neighbors, exclude center multi other pixel values by 2' AS title, ST_MapAlgebra(rast,1,'ST_Mean4ma(double precision[], int[], text[])'::regprocedure,
    '{{2,2,2}, {2,0,2}, {2,2,2}}'::double precision[], true) As rast
FROM foo;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(10, 10, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), '32BF'::text, 1, -1) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(rast, 1, NULL, 'ceil([rast]*[rast.x]/[rast.y]+[rast.val])')
FROM foo;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT 1 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 1, 0), 2, '8BUI', 10, 0), 3, '32BUI'::text, 100, 0) AS rast UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 AS rid, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2, 2, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '16BUI', 2, 0), 2, '8BUI', 20, 0), 3, '32BUI'::text, 300, 0) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        t1.rast,
        2,
        t2.rast,
        1,
        '([rast2] + [rast1.val]) / 2'
    ) AS rast
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE t1.rid = 1
    AND t2.rid = 2;

ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN map_rast raster;
UPDATE dummy_rast SET map_rast = ST_MapAlgebraExpr(rast,NULL,'mod([rast]::numeric,2)') WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT
    ST_Value(rast,1,i,j) As origval,
    ST_Value(map_rast, 1, i, j) As mapval
FROM dummy_rast
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS i
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,3) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
origval | mapval
---------+--------
     253 |      1
     254 |      0
     253 |      1
     253 |      1
     254 |      0
     254 |      0
     250 |      0
     254 |      0
     254 |      0
ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN map_rast2 raster;
UPDATE dummy_rast SET
    map_rast2 = ST_MapAlgebraExpr(rast,'2BUI'::text,'CASE WHEN [rast] BETWEEN 100 and 250 THEN 1 WHEN [rast] = 252 THEN 2 WHEN [rast] BETWEEN 253 and 254 THEN 3 ELSE 0 END'::text, '0')
WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT DISTINCT
    ST_Value(rast,1,i,j) As origval,
    ST_Value(map_rast2, 1, i, j) As mapval
FROM dummy_rast
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS i
CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,5) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
origval | mapval
---------+--------
     249 |      1
     250 |      1
     251 |
     252 |      2
     253 |      3
     254 |      3
SELECT
    ST_BandPixelType(map_rast2) As b1pixtyp
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
2BUI
SELECT
    ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(rast_view),
                ST_MapAlgebraExpr(rast_view,1,NULL,'tan([rast])*[rast]')
            ),
            ST_Band(rast_view,2)
        ),
        ST_Band(rast_view, 3)
    )  As rast_view_ma
FROM wind
WHERE rid=167;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS fun_shapes;
CREATE TABLE fun_shapes(rid serial PRIMARY KEY, fun_name text, rast raster);

-- Insert some cool shapes around Boston in Massachusetts state plane meters --
INSERT INTO fun_shapes(fun_name, rast)
VALUES ('ref', ST_AsRaster(ST_MakeEnvelope(235229, 899970, 237229, 901930,26986),200,200,'8BUI',0,0));

INSERT INTO fun_shapes(fun_name,rast)
WITH ref(rast) AS (SELECT rast FROM fun_shapes WHERE fun_name = 'ref' )
SELECT 'area' AS fun_name, ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(236229, 900930),26986), 1000),
            ref.rast,'8BUI', 10, 0) As rast
FROM ref
UNION ALL
SELECT 'rand bubbles',
            ST_AsRaster((SELECT ST_Collect(geom)
    FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(236229 + i*random()*100, 900930 + j*random()*100),26986), random()*20) As geom
            FROM generate_series(1,10) As i, generate_series(1,10) As j
            ) As foo ), ref.rast,'8BUI', 200, 0)
FROM ref;

--map them -
SELECT  ST_MapAlgebraExpr(area.rast, bub.rast, '[rast2.val]', '8BUI', 'INTERSECTION', '[rast2.val]', '[rast1.val]') As interrast,
        ST_MapAlgebraExpr(area.rast, bub.rast, '[rast2.val]', '8BUI', 'UNION', '[rast2.val]', '[rast1.val]') As unionrast
FROM
  (SELECT rast FROM fun_shapes WHERE
 fun_name = 'area') As area
CROSS JOIN  (SELECT rast
FROM fun_shapes WHERE
 fun_name = 'rand bubbles') As bub

WITH mygeoms
    AS ( SELECT 2 As bnum, ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,5),10) As geom
            UNION ALL
            SELECT 3 AS bnum,
                ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'), 10,'join=bevel') As geom
            UNION ALL
            SELECT 1 As bnum,
                ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(60 50,150 150,150 50)'), 5,'join=bevel') As geom
            ),
   -- define our canvas to be 1 to 1 pixel to geometry
   canvas
    AS (SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
            200,
            200,
            ST_XMin(e)::integer,
            ST_YMax(e)::integer,
            1, -1, 0, 0),
        '8BUI'::text,
        0) As rast
        FROM (SELECT ST_Extent(geom) As e,
                    Max(ST_SRID(geom)) As srid
                    from mygeoms
                    ) As foo
            ),
   rbands AS (SELECT ARRAY(SELECT ST_MapAlgebraExpr(
                canvas.rast,
                ST_AsRaster(m.geom, canvas.rast, '8BUI', 100),
                 '[rast2.val]', '8BUI', 'FIRST', '[rast2.val]', '[rast1.val]') As rast
                FROM mygeoms AS m CROSS JOIN canvas
                ORDER BY m.bnum) As rasts
                )
          SELECT rasts[1] As rast1 , rasts[2] As rast2, rasts[3] As rast3, ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(rasts[1],rasts[2]), rasts[3]) As final_rast
            FROM rbands;

WITH pr AS
-- Note the order of operation: we clip all the rasters to dimensions of our region
(SELECT ST_Clip(rast,ST_Expand(geom,50) ) As rast, g.geom
    FROM aerials.o_2_boston AS r INNER JOIN
-- union our parcels of interest so they form a single geometry we can later intersect with
        (SELECT ST_Union(ST_Transform(geom,26986)) AS geom
          FROM landparcels WHERE pid IN('0303890000', '0303900000')) As g
        ON ST_Intersects(rast::geometry, ST_Expand(g.geom,50))
),
-- we then union the raster shards together
-- ST_Union on raster is kinda of slow but much faster the smaller you can get the rasters
-- therefore we want to clip first and then union
prunion AS
(SELECT ST_AddBand(NULL, ARRAY[ST_Union(rast,1),ST_Union(rast,2),ST_Union(rast,3)] ) As clipped,geom
FROM pr
GROUP BY geom)
-- return our final raster which is the unioned shard with
-- with the overlay of our parcel boundaries
-- add first 2 bands, then mapalgebra of 3rd band + geometry
SELECT ST_AddBand(
    ST_Band(clipped,ARRAY[1,2]),
    ST_MapAlgebraExpr(
     ST_Band(clipped,3),
     ST_AsRaster(ST_Buffer(ST_Boundary(geom),2),clipped, '8BUI',250),
     '[rast2.val]',
     '8BUI',
     'FIRST',
     '[rast2.val]',
     '[rast1.val]') ) As rast
FROM prunion;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION simple_function(pixel FLOAT, pos INTEGER[], VARIADIC args TEXT[])
    RETURNS FLOAT
    AS $$ BEGIN
        RETURN 0.0;
    END; $$
    LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE;
'simple_function(float,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure
ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN map_rast raster;
CREATE FUNCTION mod_fct(pixel float, pos integer[], variadic args text[])
RETURNS float
AS $$
BEGIN
    RETURN pixel::integer % 2;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE;

UPDATE dummy_rast SET map_rast = ST_MapAlgebraFct(rast,NULL,'mod_fct(float,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure) WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT ST_Value(rast,1,i,j) As origval, ST_Value(map_rast, 1, i, j) As mapval
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS i CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,3) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
origval | mapval
---------+--------
     253 |      1
     254 |      0
     253 |      1
     253 |      1
     254 |      0
     254 |      0
     250 |      0
     254 |      0
     254 |      0
ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN map_rast2 raster;
CREATE FUNCTION classify_fct(pixel float, pos integer[], variadic args text[])
RETURNS float
AS
$$
DECLARE
    nodata float := 0;
BEGIN
    IF NOT args[1] IS NULL THEN
        nodata := args[1];
    END IF;
    IF pixel < 251 THEN
        RETURN 1;
    ELSIF pixel = 252 THEN
        RETURN 2;
    ELSIF pixel 
> 252 THEN
        RETURN 3;
    ELSE
        RETURN nodata;
    END IF;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
UPDATE dummy_rast SET map_rast2 = ST_MapAlgebraFct(rast,'2BUI','classify_fct(float,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure, '0') WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT DISTINCT ST_Value(rast,1,i,j) As origval, ST_Value(map_rast2, 1, i, j) As mapval
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 5) AS i CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,5) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;

 origval | mapval
---------+--------
     249 |      1
     250 |      1
     251 |
     252 |      2
     253 |      3
     254 |      3

SELECT ST_BandPixelType(map_rast2) As b1pixtyp
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2;

 b1pixtyp
----------
 2BUI

CREATE FUNCTION rast_plus_tan(pixel float, pos integer[], variadic args text[])
RETURNS float
AS
$$
BEGIN
    RETURN tan(pixel) * pixel;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(rast_view),
            ST_MapAlgebraFct(rast_view,1,NULL,'rast_plus_tan(float,integer[],text[])'::regprocedure)
        ),
        ST_Band(rast_view,2)
    ),
    ST_Band(rast_view, 3) As rast_view_ma
)
FROM wind
WHERE rid=167;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION simple_function_for_two_rasters(pixel1 FLOAT, pixel2 FLOAT, pos INTEGER[], VARIADIC args TEXT[])
    RETURNS FLOAT
    AS $$ BEGIN
        RETURN 0.0;
    END; $$
    LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE;
'simple_function(double precision, double precision, integer[], text[])'::regprocedure

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION raster_mapalgebra_union(
    rast1 double precision,
    rast2 double precision,
    pos integer[],
    VARIADIC userargs text[]
)
    RETURNS double precision
    AS $$
    DECLARE
    BEGIN
        CASE
            WHEN rast1 IS NOT NULL AND rast2 IS NOT NULL THEN
                RETURN ((rast1 + rast2)/2.);
            WHEN rast1 IS NULL AND rast2 IS NULL THEN
                RETURN NULL;
            WHEN rast1 IS NULL THEN
                RETURN rast2;
            ELSE
                RETURN rast1;
        END CASE;

        RETURN NULL;
    END;
    $$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE COST 1000;

-- prep our test table of rasters
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS map_shapes;
CREATE TABLE map_shapes(rid serial PRIMARY KEY, rast raster, bnum integer, descrip text);
INSERT INTO map_shapes(rast,bnum, descrip)
WITH mygeoms
    AS ( SELECT 2 As bnum, ST_Buffer(ST_Point(90,90),30) As geom, 'circle' As descrip
            UNION ALL
            SELECT 3 AS bnum,
                ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(50 50,150 150,150 50)'), 15) As geom, 'big road' As descrip
            UNION ALL
            SELECT 1 As bnum,
                ST_Translate(ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(60 50,150 150,150 50)'), 8,'join=bevel'), 10,-6) As geom, 'small road' As descrip
            ),
   -- define our canvas to be 1 to 1 pixel to geometry
   canvas
    AS ( SELECT ST_AddBand(
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(
            250,
            250,
            ST_XMin(e)::integer,
            ST_YMax(e)::integer,
            1, -1, 0, 0),
        '8BUI'::text,
        0) As rast
        FROM (SELECT ST_Extent(geom) As e,
                    Max(ST_SRID(geom)) As srid
                    from mygeoms
                    ) As foo
            )
-- return our rasters aligned with our canvas
SELECT ST_AsRaster(m.geom, canvas.rast, '8BUI', 240) As rast, bnum, descrip
                FROM mygeoms AS m CROSS JOIN canvas
UNION ALL
SELECT canvas.rast, 4, 'canvas'
FROM canvas;

-- Map algebra on single band rasters and then collect with ST_AddBand
INSERT INTO map_shapes(rast,bnum,descrip)
SELECT ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(rasts[1], rasts[2]),rasts[3]), 4, 'map bands overlay fct union (canvas)'
    FROM (SELECT ARRAY(SELECT ST_MapAlgebraFct(
            m1.rast,
            m2.rast,
            'raster_mapalgebra_union(double precision, double precision, integer[], text[])'::regprocedure,
            '8BUI',
            'FIRST')
                FROM map_shapes As m1 CROSS JOIN map_shapes As m2
    WHERE m1.descrip = 'canvas' AND m2.descrip <
> 'canvas' ORDER BY m2.bnum) As rasts) As foo;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION raster_mapalgebra_userargs(
    rast1 double precision,
    rast2 double precision,
    pos integer[],
    VARIADIC userargs text[]
)
    RETURNS double precision
    AS $$
    DECLARE
    BEGIN
        CASE
            WHEN rast1 IS NOT NULL AND rast2 IS NOT NULL THEN
                RETURN least(userargs[1]::integer,(rast1 + rast2)/2.);
            WHEN rast1 IS NULL AND rast2 IS NULL THEN
                RETURN userargs[2]::integer;
            WHEN rast1 IS NULL THEN
                RETURN greatest(rast2,random()*userargs[3]::integer)::integer;
            ELSE
                RETURN greatest(rast1, random()*userargs[4]::integer)::integer;
        END CASE;

        RETURN NULL;
    END;
    $$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' VOLATILE COST 1000;

SELECT ST_MapAlgebraFct(
    m1.rast,
    1,
    m1.rast,
    3,
    'raster_mapalgebra_userargs(double precision, double precision, integer[], text[])'::regprocedure,
    '8BUI',
    'INTERSECT',
    '100','200','200','0')
                FROM map_shapes As m1
    WHERE m1.descrip = 'map bands overlay fct union (canvas)';

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION rast_avg(matrix float[][], nodatamode text, variadic args text[])
    RETURNS float AS
    $$
    DECLARE
        _matrix float[][];
        x1 integer;
        x2 integer;
        y1 integer;
        y2 integer;
        sum float;
    BEGIN
        _matrix := matrix;
        sum := 0;
        FOR x in array_lower(matrix, 1)..array_upper(matrix, 1) LOOP
            FOR y in array_lower(matrix, 2)..array_upper(matrix, 2) LOOP
                sum := sum + _matrix[x][y];
            END LOOP;
        END LOOP;
        RETURN (sum*1.0/(array_upper(matrix,1)*array_upper(matrix,2) ))::integer ;
    END;
    $$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' IMMUTABLE COST 1000;

-- now we apply to our raster averaging pixels within 2 pixels of each other in X and Y direction --
SELECT ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(
        rast,
        1,
        '8BUI',
        4,
        4,
        'rast_avg(float[][], text, text[])'::regprocedure,
        'NULL',
        NULL) As nn_with_border
    FROM katrinas_rescaled
    limit 1;

ALTER TABLE dummy_rast ADD COLUMN reclass_rast raster;
UPDATE dummy_rast SET reclass_rast = ST_Reclass(rast,2,'0-87:1-10, 88-100:11-15, 101-254:0-0', '4BUI',0) WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT i as col, j as row, ST_Value(rast,2,i,j) As origval,
    ST_Value(reclass_rast, 2, i, j) As reclassval,
    ST_Value(reclass_rast, 2, i, j, false) As reclassval_include_nodata
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS i CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,3) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
col | row | origval | reclassval | reclassval_include_nodata
-----+-----+---------+------------+---------------------------
   1 |   1 |      78 |          9 |                         9
   2 |   1 |      98 |         14 |                        14
   3 |   1 |     122 |            |                         0
   1 |   2 |      96 |         14 |                        14
   2 |   2 |     118 |            |                         0
   3 |   2 |     180 |            |                         0
   1 |   3 |      99 |         15 |                        15
   2 |   3 |     112 |            |                         0
   3 |   3 |     169 |            |                         0
UPDATE dummy_rast SET reclass_rast =
    ST_Reclass(
        rast,
        ROW(2,'0-87]:1-10, (87-100]:11-15, (101-254]:0-0', '4BUI',NULL)::reclassarg,
        ROW(1,'0-253]:1, 254:0', '1BB', NULL)::reclassarg,
        ROW(3,'0-70]:1, (70-86:2, [86-150):3, [150-255:4', '4BUI', NULL)::reclassarg
        ) WHERE rid = 2;

SELECT i as col, j as row,ST_Value(rast,1,i,j) As ov1,  ST_Value(reclass_rast, 1, i, j) As rv1,
    ST_Value(rast,2,i,j) As ov2, ST_Value(reclass_rast, 2, i, j) As rv2,
    ST_Value(rast,3,i,j) As ov3, ST_Value(reclass_rast, 3, i, j) As rv3
FROM dummy_rast CROSS JOIN generate_series(1, 3) AS i CROSS JOIN generate_series(1,3) AS j
WHERE rid = 2;
col | row | ov1 | rv1 | ov2 | rv2 | ov3 | rv3
----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
  1 |   1 | 253 |   1 |  78 |   9 |  70 |   1
  2 |   1 | 254 |   0 |  98 |  14 |  86 |   3
  3 |   1 | 253 |   1 | 122 |   0 | 100 |   3
  1 |   2 | 253 |   1 |  96 |  14 |  80 |   2
  2 |   2 | 254 |   0 | 118 |   0 | 108 |   3
  3 |   2 | 254 |   0 | 180 |   0 | 162 |   4
  1 |   3 | 250 |   1 |  99 |  15 |  90 |   3
  2 |   3 | 254 |   0 | 112 |   0 | 108 |   3
  3 |   3 | 254 |   0 | 169 |   0 | 175 |   4
ALTER TABLE wind ADD COLUMN rast_view raster;
UPDATE wind
    set rast_view = ST_AddBand(
        NULL,
        ARRAY[
    ST_Reclass(rast, 1,'0.1-10]:1-10,9-10]:11,(11-33:0'::text, '8BUI'::text,0),
    ST_Reclass(rast,1, '11-33):0-255,[0-32:0,(34-1000:0'::text, '8BUI'::text,0),
    ST_Reclass(rast,1,'0-32]:0,(32-100:100-255'::text, '8BUI'::text,0)
    ]
    );

CREATE TABLE reclassexact (
        id integer,
        rast raster
);

--
-- Create a raster with just four pixels
-- [1  2]
-- [3  4]
--
INSERT INTO reclassexact (id, rast)
SELECT 1, ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2,    -- width in pixels
        2,    -- height in pixels
        0,    -- upper-left x-coordinate
        0,    -- upper-left y-coordinate
        1,    -- pixel size in x-direction
        -1,   -- pixel size in y-direction (negative for north-up)
        0,    -- skew in x-direction
        0,    -- skew in y-direction
        4326  -- SRID (e.g., WGS 84)
      ),
      '32BUI'::text, -- pixel type (e.g., '32BF' for float, '8BUI' for unsigned 8-bit int)
      0.0,           -- initial value for the band (e.g., 0.0 or a no-data value)
      -99            -- nodatavalue
    ),
    1, -- band number (usually 1 for single-band rasters)
    1, -- x origin for setting values (usually 1)
    1, -- y origin for setting values (usually 1)
    ARRAY[
      ARRAY[1, 2],
      ARRAY[3, 4]
    ]::double precision[][] -- 2D array of values
  );

-- Reclass the values to new values
-- and dump the values of the new raster for display
WITH rc AS (
  SELECT ST_ReclassExact(rast,                -- input raster
    ARRAY[4,3,2,1],      -- input map
    ARRAY[14,13,12,11],  -- output map
    1,                   -- band number to remap
    '32BUI'              -- output raster pixtype
    ) AS rast
  FROM reclassexact
  WHERE id = 1
  )
SELECT 'rce-1', (ST_DumpValues(rc.rast)).*
FROM rc;

SELECT filename, ST_Union(rast,1) As file_rast
FROM sometable WHERE filename IN('dem01', 'dem02') GROUP BY filename;

SELECT ST_Union(rast)
FROM aerials.boston
WHERE ST_Intersects(rast,  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(230486 887771, 230500 88772)',26986) );

SELECT ST_Union(rast,ARRAY[ROW(2, 'LAST'), ROW(1, 'LAST'), ROW(3, 'LAST')]::unionarg[])
FROM aerials.boston
WHERE ST_Intersects(rast,  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(230486 887771, 230500 88772)',26986) );

SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, NULL, 1, 1, 'ST_Distinct4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |        3
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', NULL::double precision, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [10, 10, 10],
            [10, NULL, 20],
            [20, 20, 20]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast,
        1,
        'ST_InvDistWeight4ma(double precision[][][],integer[][],text[])'::regprocedure,
        '32BF',
        'FIRST',
        NULL,
        1,
        1
    ),
    2, 2
) AS interpolated_value
FROM foo;
15
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, NULL, 1, 1, 'ST_Max4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |      254
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, '32BF', 1, 1, 'ST_Mean4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid |     st_value
-----+------------------
   2 | 253.222229003906
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(
        ST_MapAlgebra(rast, 1, 'ST_Mean4ma(double precision[][][], integer[][], text[])'::regprocedure,'32BF', 'FIRST', NULL, 1, 1),
        2,
        2)
  FROM dummy_rast
   WHERE rid = 2;
rid |     st_value
-----+------------------
   2 | 253.222229003906
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, NULL, 1, 1, 'ST_Min4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |      250
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', NULL::double precision, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [10, 10, 10],
            [10, NULL, 20],
            [20, 20, 20]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(
    ST_MapAlgebra(
        rast,
        1,
        'ST_MinDist4ma(double precision[][][],integer[][],text[])'::regprocedure,
        '32BF',
        'FIRST',
        NULL,
        1,
        1
    ),
    2, 2
) AS min_distance
FROM foo;
1
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, NULL, 1, 1, 'ST_Range4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |        4
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, '32BF', 1, 1, 'ST_StdDev4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid |     st_value
-----+------------------
   2 | 1.30170822143555
(1 row)
SELECT
    rid,
    ST_Value(ST_MapAlgebraFctNgb(rast, 1, '32BF', 1, 1, 'ST_Sum4ma(float[][],text,text[])'::regprocedure, 'ignore', NULL), 2, 2
    )
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
rid | st_value
-----+----------
   2 |     2279
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 3, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(ST_Aspect(rast, 1, '32BF'))
FROM foo

                                                                                                    st_dumpvalues
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------
 (1,"{{315,341.565063476562,0,18.4349479675293,45},{288.434936523438,315,0,45,71.5650482177734},{270,270,-1,90,90},{251.565048217773,225,180,135,108.434951782227},{225,198.43495178
2227,180,161.565048217773,135}}")
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(6, 6, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '32BF', 0, -9999
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1],
                [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[]
        ),
        2, 2
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    t1.rast,
    ST_Aspect(ST_Union(t2.rast), 1, t1.rast)
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
GROUP BY t1.rast;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 3, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(ST_HillShade(rast, 1, '32BF'))
FROM foo

                                                                                                                       st_dumpvalues
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 (1,"{{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL},{NULL,251.32763671875,220.749786376953,147.224319458008,NULL},{NULL,220.749786376953,180.312225341797,67.7497863769531,NULL},{NULL,147.224319458008,
67.7497863769531,43.1210060119629,NULL},{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}}")
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(6, 6, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '32BF', 0, -9999
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1],
                [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[]
        ),
        2, 2
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    t1.rast,
    ST_HillShade(ST_Union(t2.rast), 1, t1.rast)
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
GROUP BY t1.rast;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 2, 3, 3],
            [1, 2, 4, 15, 3],
            [2, 4, 10, 7, 5],
            [3, 5, 7, 6, 4],
            [3, 3, 5, 4, 4]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(ST_Roughness(rast, 1, '32BF'), 3, 3) AS roughness
FROM foo;
13
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 3, 2, 1],
            [1, 2, 2, 2, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_DumpValues(ST_Slope(rast, 1, '32BF'))
FROM foo

                            st_dumpvalues
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
 (1,"{{10.0249881744385,21.5681285858154,26.5650520324707,21.5681285858154,10.0249881744385},{21.5681285858154,35.2643890380859,36.8698959350586,35.2643890380859,21.5681285858154},
{26.5650520324707,36.8698959350586,0,36.8698959350586,26.5650520324707},{21.5681285858154,35.2643890380859,36.8698959350586,35.2643890380859,21.5681285858154},{10.0249881744385,21.
5681285858154,26.5650520324707,21.5681285858154,10.0249881744385}}")
(1 row)
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_Tile(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(6, 6, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0),
                1, '32BF', 0, -9999
            ),
            1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1],
                [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1],
                [1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1],
                [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
            ]::double precision[]
        ),
        2, 2
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    t1.rast,
    ST_Slope(ST_Union(t2.rast), 1, t1.rast)
FROM foo t1
CROSS JOIN foo t2
WHERE ST_Intersects(t1.rast, t2.rast)
GROUP BY t1.rast;

WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 2, 3, 3],
            [1, 2, 4, 15, 3],
            [2, 4, 10, 7, 5],
            [3, 5, 7, 6, 4],
            [3, 3, 5, 4, 4]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(ST_TPI(rast, 1, '32BF'), 3, 3) AS tpi
FROM foo;
3.75
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(5, 5, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '32BF', 0, -9999),
        1, 1, 1, ARRAY[
            [1, 1, 2, 3, 3],
            [1, 2, 4, 15, 3],
            [2, 4, 10, 7, 5],
            [3, 5, 7, 6, 4],
            [3, 3, 5, 4, 4]
        ]::double precision[][]
    ) AS rast
)
SELECT ST_Value(ST_TRI(rast, 1, '32BF'), 3, 3) AS tri
FROM foo;
5
SELECT ST_InterpolateRaster('MULTIPOINT(10.5 9.5 1000, 11.5 8.5 1000, 10.5 8.5 500, 11.5 9.5 500)'::geometry,
    'invdist:smoothing:2.0',
    ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(200, 400, 10, 10, 0.01, -0.005, 0, 0), '16BSI')
)
WITH c AS (
SELECT (ST_Contour(rast, 1, fixed_levels => ARRAY[100.0, 200.0, 300.0])).*
FROM dem_grid WHERE rid = 1
)
SELECT ST_AsText(geom), id, value
FROM c;
SELECT
    rid,
    Box3D(rast) AS rastbox
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |        rastbox
----+-------------------------------------------------
1   | BOX3D(0.5 0.5 0,20.5 60.5 0)
2   | BOX3D(3427927.75 5793243.5 0,3427928 5793244 0)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ConvexHull(rast)) As convhull,
    ST_AsText(ST_Envelope(rast)) As env
FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1;
convhull                        |                env
--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0.5 0.5,20.5 0.5,20.5 60.5,0.5 60.5,0.5 0.5)) | POLYGON((0 0,20 0,20 60,0 60,0 0))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_ConvexHull(rast)) As convhull,
    ST_AsText(ST_Envelope(rast)) As env
FROM (SELECT ST_SetRotation(rast, 0.1, 0.1) As rast
    FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid=1) As foo;
convhull                        |                env
--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0.5 0.5,20.5 1.5,22.5 61.5,2.5 60.5,0.5 0.5)) | POLYGON((0 0,22 0,22 61,0 61,0 0))
SELECT val, ST_AsText(geom) As geomwkt
FROM (
SELECT dp.*
FROM dummy_rast, LATERAL ST_DumpAsPolygons(rast) AS dp
WHERE rid = 2
) As foo
WHERE val BETWEEN 249 and 251
ORDER BY val;
val |                                                       geomwkt
-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 249 | POLYGON((3427927.95 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.85,
        3427928 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.95))
 250 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793243.9,3427927.75 5793243.85,3427927.8 5793243.85,
        3427927.8 5793243.9,3427927.75 5793243.9))
 250 | POLYGON((3427927.8 5793243.8,3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.75,
        3427927.85 5793243.8, 3427927.8 5793243.8))
 251 | POLYGON((3427927.75 5793243.85,3427927.75 5793243.8,3427927.8 5793243.8,
        3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.75 5793243.85))
SELECT rid, ST_AsText(ST_Envelope(rast)) As envgeomwkt
FROM dummy_rast;
rid |                                         envgeomwkt
-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 | POLYGON((0 0,20 0,20 60,0 60,0 0))
   2 | POLYGON((3427927 5793243,3427928 5793243,
        3427928 5793244,3427927 5793244, 3427927 5793243))
WITH foo AS (
    SELECT
        ST_SetValues(ST_SetValues(ST_AddBand(ST_AddBand(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(9, 9, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0), 1, '8BUI', 0, 0), 2, '8BUI', 1, 0),
                1, 1, 1,
                ARRAY[
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
                    [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
                ]::double precision[][]
            ),
            2, 1, 1,
            ARRAY[
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
            ]::double precision[][]
        ) AS rast
)
SELECT
    ST_AsText(ST_ConvexHull(rast)) AS hull,
    ST_AsText(ST_MinConvexHull(rast)) AS mhull,
    ST_AsText(ST_MinConvexHull(rast, 1)) AS mhull_1,
    ST_AsText(ST_MinConvexHull(rast, 2)) AS mhull_2
FROM foo
hull               |                mhull                |               mhull_1               |               mhull_2
----------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------
 POLYGON((0 0,9 0,9 -9,0 -9,0 0)) | POLYGON((0 -3,9 -3,9 -9,0 -9,0 -3)) | POLYGON((3 -3,9 -3,9 -6,3 -6,3 -3)) | POLYGON((0 -3,6 -3,6 -9,0 -9,0 -3))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Polygon(rast)) As geomwkt
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
MULTIPOLYGON(((3427927.75 5793244,3427928 5793244,3427928 5793243.75,3427927.75 5793243.75,3427927.75 5793244)))
UPDATE dummy_rast SET rast = ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,1,254)
WHERE rid = 2;
SELECt rid, ST_BandNoDataValue(rast)
from dummy_rast where rid = 2;

-- ST_Polygon excludes the pixel value 254 and returns a multipolygon
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Polygon(rast)) As geomwkt
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid = 2;
MULTIPOLYGON(((3427927.9 5793243.95,3427927.85 5793243.95,3427927.85 5793244,3427927.9 5793244,3427927.9 5793243.95)),((3427928 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.8,3427927.95 5793243.8,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.85,3427927.9 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.95,3427927.95 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.85)),((3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.75 5793243.75,3427927.75 5793243.8,3427927.75 5793243.85,3427927.75 5793243.9,3427927.75 5793244,3427927.8 5793244,3427927.8 5793243.9,3427927.8 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.85,3427927.85 5793243.8,3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.75)))
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Polygon(ST_SetBandNoDataValue(rast,1,252)
        )
    ) As geomwkt
FROM dummy_rast
WHERE rid =2;
MULTIPOLYGON(((3427928 5793243.85,3427928 5793243.8,3427928 5793243.75,3427927.85 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.75,3427927.8 5793243.8,3427927.75 5793243.8,3427927.75 5793243.85,3427927.75 5793243.9,3427927.75 5793244,3427927.8 5793244,3427927.85 5793244,3427927.9 5793244,3427928 5793244,3427928 5793243.95,3427928 5793243.85),(3427927.9 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.85,3427927.95 5793243.9,3427927.9 5793243.9)))
CREATE TABLE raster_proportions_rast (
    name text,
    rast raster
);

INSERT INTO raster_proportions_rast (name, rast) VALUES (
  '2x2 raster covering 0,0 to 10,10',
  ST_MakeEmptyRaster(2,  2,   -- raster width/height in pixels
    0, 10,   -- upper-left corner x/y coordinates
    5, -5,   -- pixel width/height in ground units
    0,  0,   -- skew x/y
    0        -- SRID
  ));

--
-- This rotated square polygon covers half of each cell in the
-- raster.
--
SELECT name, ST_DumpValues(
    ST_IntersectionFractions(
        rast,
        'POLYGON((5 0, 0 5, 5 10, 10 5, 5 0))'::geometry),
    1)
FROM raster_proportions_rast;
2x2 raster covering 0,0 to 10,10
---------------------------------
 {{0.5,0.5},{0.5,0.5}}
SELECT A.rid As a_rid, B.rid As b_rid, A.rast && B.rast As intersect
 FROM dummy_rast AS A CROSS JOIN dummy_rast AS B LIMIT 3;
a_rid | b_rid | intersect
-------+-------+---------
     2 |     2 | t
     2 |     3 | f
     2 |     1 | f
SELECT A.rid As a_rid, B.rid As b_rid, A.rast &< B.rast As overleft
 FROM dummy_rast AS A CROSS JOIN dummy_rast AS B;

a_rid | b_rid | overleft
------+-------+----------
    2 |     2 | t
    2 |     3 | f
    2 |     1 | f
    3 |     2 | t
    3 |     3 | t
    3 |     1 | f
    1 |     2 | t
    1 |     3 | t
    1 |     1 | t

SELECT A.rid As a_rid, B.rid As b_rid, A.rast &
> B.rast As overright
 FROM dummy_rast AS A CROSS JOIN dummy_rast AS B;

 a_rid | b_rid | overright
-------+-------+----------
     2 |     2 | t
     2 |     3 | t
     2 |     1 | t
     3 |     2 | f
     3 |     3 | t
     3 |     1 | f
     1 |     2 | f
     1 |     3 | t
     1 |     1 | t

SELECT ST_AddBand(prec.rast, alt.rast) As new_rast
    FROM prec INNER JOIN alt ON (prec.rast ~= alt.rast);

SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Contains(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 1;
NOTICE:  The first raster provided has no bands
 rid | rid | st_contains
-----+-----+-------------
   1 |   1 |
   1 |   2 | f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Contains(r1.rast, r2.rast) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 1;
rid | rid | st_contains
-----+-----+-------------
   1 |   1 | t
   1 |   2 | f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_ContainsProperly(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_containsproperly
-----+-----+---------------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Covers(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_covers
-----+-----+-----------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_CoveredBy(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_coveredby
-----+-----+--------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Disjoint(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
NOTICE:  The second raster provided has no bands
 rid | rid | st_disjoint
-----+-----+-------------
   2 |   1 |
   2 |   2 | f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Disjoint(r1.rast, r2.rast) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_disjoint
-----+-----+-------------
   2 |   1 | t
   2 |   2 | f
SELECT ST_Intersects(rast, 2, rast, 3) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2;
t
SELECT ST_Overlaps(rast, 1, rast, 2) FROM dummy_rast WHERE rid = 2;
f
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Touches(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_touches
-----+-----+------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | f
SELECT ST_SameAlignment(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
    ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0)
) as sm;
t
SELECT ST_SameAlignment(A.rast,b.rast)
 FROM dummy_rast AS A CROSS JOIN dummy_rast AS B;
NOTICE:  The two rasters provided have different SRIDs
NOTICE:  The two rasters provided have different SRIDs
 t
 f
 f
 f
SELECT
    ST_SameAlignment(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1.1, 1.1, 0, 0)
    ),
    ST_NotSameAlignmentReason(ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
        ST_MakeEmptyRaster(1, 1, 0, 0, 1.1, 1.1, 0, 0)
    )
;
st_samealignment |            st_notsamealignmentreason
------------------+-------------------------------------------------
 f                | The rasters have different scales on the X axis
(1 row)
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_Within(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_within
-----+-----+-----------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_DWithin(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1, 3.14) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_dwithin
-----+-----+------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
SELECT r1.rid, r2.rid, ST_DFullyWithin(r1.rast, 1, r2.rast, 1, 3.14) FROM dummy_rast r1 CROSS JOIN dummy_rast r2 WHERE r1.rid = 2;
rid | rid | st_dfullywithin
-----+-----+-----------------
   2 |   1 | f
   2 |   2 | t
# environment variables for postmaster process
# This file has the same syntax as postgresql.conf:
#  VARIABLE = simple_value
#  VARIABLE2 = 'any value!'
# I. e. you need to enclose any value which does not only consist of letters,
# numbers, and '-', '_', '.' in single quotes. Shell commands are not
# evaluated.
POSTGIS_GDAL_ENABLED_DRIVERS = 'ENABLE_ALL'

POSTGIS_ENABLE_OUTDB_RASTERS = 1

GDAL_DISABLE_READDIR_ON_OPEN = 'TRUE'

...
# - Kernel Resource Usage -

max_files_per_process = 65536           # min 25
                                        # (change requires restart)
...

$ sysctl -a | grep fs.file-max
fs.file-max = 131072

$ echo "fs.file-max = 6145324" >> /etc/sysctl.d/fs.conf

$ cat /etc/sysctl.d/fs.conf
fs.file-max = 6145324

$ sysctl -p --system
* Applying /etc/sysctl.d/fs.conf ...
fs.file-max = 2097152
* Applying /etc/sysctl.conf ...

$ sysctl -a | grep fs.file-max
fs.file-max = 6145324

$ ps aux | grep postgres
postgres 31713  0.0  0.4 179012 17564 pts/0    S    Dec26   0:03 /home/dustymugs/devel/postgresql/sandbox/10/usr/local/bin/postgres -D /home/dustymugs/devel/postgresql/sandbox/10/pgdata
postgres 31716  0.0  0.8 179776 33632 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:01 postgres: checkpointer process
postgres 31717  0.0  0.2 179144  9416 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:05 postgres: writer process
postgres 31718  0.0  0.2 179012  8708 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:06 postgres: wal writer process
postgres 31719  0.0  0.1 179568  7252 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:03 postgres: autovacuum launcher process
postgres 31720  0.0  0.1  34228  4124 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:09 postgres: stats collector process
postgres 31721  0.0  0.1 179308  6052 ?        Ss   Dec26   0:00 postgres: bgworker: logical replication launcher

$ cat /proc/31718/limits
Limit                     Soft Limit           Hard Limit           Units
Max cpu time              unlimited            unlimited            seconds
Max file size             unlimited            unlimited            bytes
Max data size             unlimited            unlimited            bytes
Max stack size            8388608              unlimited            bytes
Max core file size        0                    unlimited            bytes
Max resident set          unlimited            unlimited            bytes
Max processes             15738                15738                processes
Max open files            1024                 4096                 files
Max locked memory         65536                65536                bytes
Max address space         unlimited            unlimited            bytes
Max file locks            unlimited            unlimited            locks
Max pending signals       15738                15738                signals
Max msgqueue size         819200               819200               bytes
Max nice priority         0                    0
Max realtime priority     0                    0
Max realtime timeout      unlimited            unlimited            us

...
case "$1" in
    start|stop|restart|reload)
        if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then
            create_socket_directory
        fi
    if [ -z "`pg_lsclusters -h`" ]; then
        log_warning_msg 'No PostgreSQL clusters exist; see "man pg_createcluster"'
        exit 0
    fi

    ulimit -H -n 262144
    ulimit -n 131072

    for v in $versions; do
        $1 $v || EXIT=$?
    done
    exit ${EXIT:-0}
        ;;
    status)
...

...
[Service]

LimitNOFILE=131072

...

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
...

systemctl daemon-reload

Алекс Боднару	Джеральд Феной	Матіас Бей
Алекс Майрхофер	Джино Лукрезі	Максим Гійо
Андреа Пері	Грег Троксел	Максима ван Ноппен
Андреас Форо Толлефсен	Гійом Леларж	Максим Шеманс
Андреас Нойман	Джузеппе Брокколо	Меган Ма
Ендрю Герт	Хан Ван	Майкл Фур
Енн Гісла	Ганс Лемует	Майк Тоус
Антуан Бажоле	Харібабу Коммі	Натан Вагнер
Артур Лесуа	Хавард Твейте	Натаніель Клей
Артур Закіров	ІІДА Тетсуші	Микита Шульга
Айо Адесугба	Інгвільд Нюстен	Норман Вайн
Барбара Філліпот	Джекі Ленг	Патрісія Тозер
Бен Джубб	Джеймс Аддісон	Рафал Магда
Бернхард Райтер	Джеймс Марка	Ральф Мейсон
Бйорн Ессер	Ян Катінс	Ремі Кура
Брайан Хемлін	Ян Тожнар	Річард Грінвуд
Брюс Ріндал	Джейсон Сміт	Роберт Куп
Бруно Вольф III	Джефф Адамс	Роджер Крю
Брайс Л. Нордгрен	Джелте Феннема	Рон Майер
Карл Андерсон	Джим Джонс	Сем Пітерс
Чарлі Сейвідж	Джо Конвей	Себастьян Коувенберг
Кріс Майо	Йонне Саволайнен	Сергій Шульбаков
Крістіан Шредер	Хосе Карлос Мартінес Лларі	Сергій Федосєєв
Крістоф Берг	Йорг Хабеніхт	Шінічі Сугіяма
Крістоф Менх-Тегедер	Жюльєн Руо	Шоаїб Бурк
Дейн Спрінгмейер	Кашиф Расул	Сільвіо Гроссо
Даніель Нюландер	Клаус Ферстер	Стефан Корнеліу Петреа
Дапен Ван	Кріс Юрка	Стеффен Макке
Деріл Герцманн	Лаурентіу Нікола	Степан Кузьмін
Дейв Фурі	Лауренц Альбе	Стівен Фрост
Девід Гарньє	Ларс Роессігер	Стівен Оттенс
Девід Скі	Лео Хсу	Талха Різван
Девід Течер	Лоїк Дачарі	Терамото Ікухіро
Денис Ковшун	Лука С. Перчіч	Том Гленсі
Діан М. Фей	Лукас С. Вілла Реаль	Том ван Тільбург
Дмитро Василєв	Максим Коротков	Віктор Колод
Едуїн Каррільо	Марія Аріас де Рейна	Вінсент Бре
Естебан Зімані	Марк Дюкубу	Вінсент Мора
Євген Антиміров	Марк Сондхайм	Вінсент Пікаве
Навіть Руо	Маркус Шабер	Вольф Томаш
Флоріан Ваймер	Маркус Ваннер	Зуо Ченвей
Френк Вармердам	Метт Амос
Джордж Сільва	Метт Бретл

4.3.4.1.	Do you calculate on the sphere or the spheroid?
	By default, all distance and area calculations are done on the spheroid. You should find that the results of calculations in local areas match up well with local planar results in good local projections. Over larger areas, the spheroidal calculations will be more accurate than any calculation done on a projected plane. The difference is that the spheroid takes into account the curvature and non-spherical shape of the Earth, whereas planar calculations assume a flat surface. All the geography functions have the option of using a sphere calculation, by setting a final boolean parameter to 'FALSE'. This will somewhat speed up calculations, particularly for cases where the geometries are very simple.
4.3.4.2.	What about the date-line and the poles?
	All the calculations have no conception of date-line or poles, the coordinates are spherical (longitude/latitude) so a shape that crosses the dateline is, from a calculation point of view, no different from any other shape.
4.3.4.3.	What is the longest arc you can process?
	We use great circle arcs as the "interpolation line" between two points. That means any two points are actually joined up two ways, depending on which direction you travel along the great circle. All our code assumes that the points are joined by the shorter of the two paths along the great circle. As a consequence, shapes that have arcs of more than 180 degrees will not be correctly modelled.
4.3.4.4.	Why is it so slow to calculate the area of Europe / Russia / insert big geographic region here ?
	Because the polygon is so darned huge! Big areas are bad for two reasons: their bounds are huge, so the index tends to pull the feature no matter what query you run; the number of vertices is huge, and tests (distance, containment) have to traverse the vertex list at least once and sometimes N times (with N being the number of vertices in the other candidate feature). As with GEOMETRY, we recommend that when you have very large polygons, but are doing queries in small areas, you "denormalize" your geometric data into smaller chunks so that the index can effectively subquery parts of the object and so queries don't have to pull out the whole object every time. Please consult ST_Subdivide function documentation. Just because you can store all of Europe in one polygon doesn't mean you should.

(a)	(b)
(c)	(d)

(h)	(i)	(j)
(k)	(l)	(m)

	Interior	Boundary	Exterior
Interior	dim( I(a) ∩ I(b) )	dim( I(a) ∩ B(b) )	dim( I(a) ∩ E(b) )
Boundary	dim( B(a) ∩ I(b) )	dim( B(a) ∩ B(b) )	dim( B(a) ∩ E(b) )
Exterior	dim( E(a) ∩ I(b) )	dim( E(a) ∩ B(b) )	dim( E(a) ∩ E(b) )


	Цей параметр наразі не працює, оскільки пакет встановлюється лише в каталог інсталяції PostgreSQL. Відвідайте http://trac.osgeo.org/postgis/ticket/635 , щоб відстежити цю помилку.


	`make check` використовує psql для виконання тестів і, отже, може використовувати змінні середовища psql. Найпоширеніші змінні, які корисно замінити, — це `PGUSER`,`PGPORT` та `PGHOST`. Див. Змінні середовища psql


	Якщо ви налаштували PostGIS, використовуючи нестандартні розташування PostgreSQL, GEOS або Proj, можливо, вам доведеться додати розташування їхніх бібліотек до змінної середовища `LD_LIBRARY_PATH`.


	`postgis_comments.sql`, `raster_comments.sql`, `topology_comments.sql` було виокремлено з типових цілей побудови та інсталяції, оскільки з ними виникає додаткова залежність від xsltproc.


	Якщо ви використовуєте Windows не беріть перелік драйверів в лапки


	Зазвичай це потрібно лише в тому випадку, якщо ви не можете або не хочете встановлювати PostGIS у каталозі розширень PostgreSQL (наприклад, під час тестування, розробки або в обмеженому середовищі).


	All floating point comparisons within the SQL-MM implementation are performed to a specified tolerance, currently 1E-8.


	PostGIS follows the SFA standard by prefixing spatial functions with "ST_". This was intended to stand for "Spatial and Temporal", but the temporal part of the standard was never developed. Instead it can be interpreted as "Spatial Type".


	PostGIS extended formats are currently a superset of the OGC ones, so that every valid OGC WKB/WKT is also valid EWKB/EWKT. However, this might vary in the future, if the OGC extends a format in a way that conflicts with the PosGIS definition. Thus you SHOULD NOT rely on this compatibility!


	If a function reports an error with valid inputs, then you may have found an error in either PostGIS or one of the libraries it uses, and you should report this to the PostGIS project. The same is true if a PostGIS function returns an invalid geometry for valid input.

Приведення типів в	Поведінка
box3d	автоматичне
geometry	автоматичне

Приведення типів в	Поведінка
box	автоматичне
box2d	автоматичне
geometry	автоматичне

Приведення типів в	Поведінка
box	автоматичне
box2d	автоматичне
box3d	автоматичне
bytea	автоматичне
geography	автоматичне
text	автоматичне

5.3.1.	What is the total length of all roads, expressed in kilometers?
	You can answer this question with a very simple piece of SQL: SELECT sum(ST_Length(geom))/1000 AS km_roads FROM bc_roads; km_roads ------------------ 70842.1243039643
5.3.2.	How large is the city of Prince George, in hectares?
	This query combines an attribute condition (on the municipality name) with a spatial calculation (of the polygon area): SELECT ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares FROM bc_municipality WHERE name = 'PRINCE GEORGE'; hectares ------------------ 32657.9103824927
5.3.3.	What is the largest municipality in the province, by area?
	This query uses a spatial measurement as an ordering value. There are several ways of approaching this problem, but the most efficient is below: SELECT name, ST_Area(geom)/10000 AS hectares FROM bc_municipality ORDER BY hectares DESC LIMIT 1; name \| hectares ---------------+----------------- TUMBLER RIDGE \| 155020.02556131 Note that in order to answer this query we have to calculate the area of every polygon. If we were doing this a lot it would make sense to add an area column to the table that could be indexed for performance. By ordering the results in a descending direction, and them using the PostgreSQL "LIMIT" command we can easily select just the largest value without using an aggregate function like MAX().
5.3.4.	What is the length of roads fully contained within each municipality?
	This is an example of a "spatial join", which brings together data from two tables (with a join) using a spatial interaction ("contained") as the join condition (rather than the usual relational approach of joining on a common key): SELECT m.name, sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 as roads_km FROM bc_roads AS r JOIN bc_municipality AS m ON ST_Contains(m.geom, r.geom) GROUP BY m.name ORDER BY roads_km; name \| roads_km ----------------------------+---------- SURREY \| 1539.476 VANCOUVER \| 1450.331 LANGLEY DISTRICT \| 833.793 BURNABY \| 773.769 PRINCE GEORGE \| 694.376 ... This query takes a while, because every road in the table is summarized into the final result (about 250K roads for the example table). For smaller datasets (several thousand records on several hundred) the response can be very fast.
5.3.5.	Create a new table with all the roads within the city of Prince George.
	This is an example of an "overlay", which takes in two tables and outputs a new table that consists of spatially clipped or cut resultants. Unlike the "spatial join" demonstrated above, this query creates new geometries. An overlay is like a turbo-charged spatial join, and is useful for more exact analysis work: CREATE TABLE pg_roads as SELECT ST_Intersection(r.geom, m.geom) AS intersection_geom, ST_Length(r.geom) AS rd_orig_length, r.* FROM bc_roads AS r JOIN bc_municipality AS m ON ST_Intersects(r.geom, m.geom) WHERE m.name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';
5.3.6.	What is the length in kilometers of "Douglas St" in Victoria?
	SELECT sum(ST_Length(r.geom))/1000 AS kilometers FROM bc_roads r JOIN bc_municipality m ON ST_Intersects(m.geom, r.geom WHERE r.name = 'Douglas St' AND m.name = 'VICTORIA'; kilometers ------------------ 4.89151904172838
5.3.7.	What is the largest municipality polygon that has a hole?
	SELECT gid, name, ST_Area(geom) AS area FROM bc_municipality WHERE ST_NRings(geom) > 1 ORDER BY area DESC LIMIT 1; gid \| name \| area -----+--------------+------------------ 12 \| SPALLUMCHEEN \| 257374619.430216


	Для геодезичних координат `X` є довготою, а `Y` — широтою


	Функції ST_Point, ST_PointZ, ST_PointM та ST_PointZM можна використовувати для створення точок із заданим SRID.


	Функції ST_PointM та ST_PointZM можна використовувати для створення точок із значенням M та заданим SRID.


	ST_AsEWKT використовується для виведення тексту, оскільки ST_AsTextне підтримує значення M.


	Ця функція не приймає MultiLineStrings. Використовуйте ST_LineMergeдля створення LineString або ST_Dumpдля вилучення LineStrings.


	Конструкція CASE використовується, оскільки передача нульового масиву в ST_MakePolygon призводить до повернення значення NULL.


	Ключове слово LATERAL є імпліцитним для функцій, що повертають набір, коли вони посилаються на попередню таблицю в списку FROM. Тому CROSS JOIN LATERAL, CROSS JOIN або просто є еквівалентними конструкціями для цього прикладу.


	Ця функція також вказує, чи вимірюється геометрія, повертаючи рядок у вигляді 'POINTM'.


	До версії 2.0.0 ця функція викликає виняток, якщо використовується з `GEOMETRYCOLLECTION`. Починаючи з версії 2.0.0, вона повертає NULL (непідтримуваний вхідний параметр).

PostGIS 3.7.0alpha1 Посібник користувача

Група розробників PostGIS

Chapter 1. Вступ

1.1. Керівний комітет проекту

1.2. Основні учасники

1.3. Основні учасники минулого

1.4. Інші автори

Chapter 2. Встановлення PostGIS

2.1. Коротка версія

2.2. Компіляція та встановлення з вихідного коду

2.2.1. Отримання вихідного коду

2.2.2. Вимоги до встановлення

2.2.3. Конфігурація збірки

2.2.4. Збірка

2.2.5. Збірка розширень PostGIS та їх розгортання

2.2.6. Тестування

2.2.7. Встановлення

2.3. Поширені проблеми під час встановлення

Chapter 3. Адміністрування PostGIS

3.1. Налаштування продуктивності

3.1.1. Запуск

3.1.2. Час роботи

3.2. Налаштування підтримки растрів

3.3. Створення просторових баз даних

3.3.1. Активувати просторове розширення в базі данних за допомогою EXTENSION

3.3.2. Активувати просторове розширення бази даних без використання EXTENSION (не рекомендується)

3.4. Оновлення просторових баз даних

3.4.1. М'яке оновлення

3.4.1.1. М'яке оновлення за допомогою розширень

3.4.1.2. М'яке оновлення без розширень

3.4.1.3. Жорстке оновлення

Chapter 4. Data Management

4.1. Spatial Data Model

4.1.1. OGC Geometry

4.1.1.1. Point

4.1.1.2. LineString

4.1.1.3. LinearRing

4.1.1.4. Polygon

4.1.1.5. MultiPoint

4.1.1.6. MultiLineString

4.1.1.7. MultiPolygon

4.1.1.8. GeometryCollection

4.1.1.9. PolyhedralSurface

4.1.1.10. Triangle

4.1.1.11. TIN

4.1.2. SQL/MM Part 3 - Curves

4.1.2.1. CircularString

4.1.2.2. CompoundCurve

4.1.2.3. CurvePolygon

4.1.2.4. MultiCurve

4.1.2.5. MultiSurface

4.1.3. WKT and WKB

4.2. Geometry Data Type

4.2.1. PostGIS EWKB and EWKT

4.3. Geography Data Type

4.3.1. Creating Geography Tables

4.3.2. Using Geography Tables

4.3.3. When to use the Geography data type

4.3.4. Geography Advanced FAQ

4.4. Перевірка геометрії

4.4.1. Simple Geometry

4.4.2. Valid Geometry

4.4.3. Managing Validity

4.5. Spatial Reference Systems

4.5.1. SPATIAL_REF_SYS Table

4.5.2. User-Defined Spatial Reference Systems

4.6. Spatial Tables

4.6.1. Creating a Spatial Table

4.6.2. GEOMETRY_COLUMNS View

4.6.3. Manually Registering Geometry Columns

4.7. Loading Spatial Data

4.7.1. Using SQL to Load Data

4.7.2. Using the Shapefile Loader

4.8. Extracting Spatial Data

4.8.1. Using SQL to Extract Data

4.8.2. Using the Shapefile Dumper

4.9. Spatial Indexes

4.9.1. GiST Indexes

4.9.2. BRIN Indexes

4.9.3. SP-GiST Indexes


	У виняткових випадках (тобто, якщо у вхідних даних є лише одна вершина) повернутий ланцюжок ліній буде формально недійсним (не має внутрішньої частини). Результат все одно залишається топологічно правильним.


	До версії 1.3.4 ця функція виходила з ладу при використанні з геометріями, що містять КРИВІ. Ця проблема вирішена у версії 1.3.4+


	This only works for POLYGON geometries, not MULTIPOLYGONs. Use ST_Dump to extract polygon elements from polygonal geometries: `ST_DumpRings((ST_Dump(geom)).geom )`


	Ця функція не підтримує MULTIPOLYGON. Для MULTIPOLYGON використовуйте разом з ST_GeometryNабо ST_Dump


	Індекс базується на 1, як і в специфікаціях OGC, починаючи з версії 0.8.0. У попередніх версіях це реалізовано на основі 0.


	Щоб витягти всі елементи геометрії, ST_Dumpє більш ефективним і працює для атомних геометрій.


	SQL-MM визначає результат `ST_IsClosed(NULL)` як 0, тоді як PostGIS повертає `NULL`.


	Ця функція аналізує тип геометрії. Це означає, що вона поверне `TRUE` для колекцій, які порожні або містять один елемент.


	SQL-MM визначає результат ST_IsEmpty(NULL) як 0, тоді як PostGIS повертає NULL.


	Змінено: 2.0.0 У попередніх версіях PostGIS ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(EMPTY)') було дозволено. Тепер це є незаконним у PostGIS 2.0.0 для кращої відповідності стандартам SQL/MM